High school year 9 project
Meningitis affect around 3,500 people annually, in UK alone. It is the inflammation of the meninges. Main caused through viral or bacterial pathogens.
Measles, also called rubeola, is a highly contagious respiratory infection that's caused by a virus. It causes a total-body skin rash and flu-like symptoms, including a fever, cough, and runny nose. Though rare in the United States, 20 million cases happen worldwide every year.
Since measles is caused by a virus, there is no specific medical treatment for it and the virus has to run its course. But a child who is sick should drink plenty of fluids, get lots of rest, and be kept from spreading the infection to others.
Signs and Symptoms
While measles is probably best known for its full-body rash, the first symptoms of the infection are usually a hacking cough, runny nose, high fever, and red eyes. Children who get the disease also may have Koplik's spots, small red spots with blue-white centers that appear inside the mouth.
measles_illustration
The measles rash breaks out 3-5 days after symptoms start, and can coincide with high fevers up to 104°F (40°C). The red or reddish-brown rash usually first shows up as flat red spots on the forehead. It spreads to the rest of the face, then down the neck and torso to the arms, legs, and feet. The fever and rash gradually go away after a few days.
Contagiousness
Measles is highly contagious — 90% of people who haven't been vaccinated for measles will get it if they are near an infected person. Measles spreads when people breathe in or have direct contact with virus-infected fluid, such as the droplets sprayed into the air when someone with measles sneezes or coughs. A person who is exposed to the virus might not show symptoms until 8-10 days later.
People with measles are contagious (can spread the disease) from 4 days before the rash appears until about 4 days after it does, and are most contagious while they have a fever, runny nose, and cough. Those with weakened immune systems due to other conditions (like HIV and AIDS) may be contagious until they recover from measles.
High school year 9 project
Meningitis affect around 3,500 people annually, in UK alone. It is the inflammation of the meninges. Main caused through viral or bacterial pathogens.
Measles, also called rubeola, is a highly contagious respiratory infection that's caused by a virus. It causes a total-body skin rash and flu-like symptoms, including a fever, cough, and runny nose. Though rare in the United States, 20 million cases happen worldwide every year.
Since measles is caused by a virus, there is no specific medical treatment for it and the virus has to run its course. But a child who is sick should drink plenty of fluids, get lots of rest, and be kept from spreading the infection to others.
Signs and Symptoms
While measles is probably best known for its full-body rash, the first symptoms of the infection are usually a hacking cough, runny nose, high fever, and red eyes. Children who get the disease also may have Koplik's spots, small red spots with blue-white centers that appear inside the mouth.
measles_illustration
The measles rash breaks out 3-5 days after symptoms start, and can coincide with high fevers up to 104°F (40°C). The red or reddish-brown rash usually first shows up as flat red spots on the forehead. It spreads to the rest of the face, then down the neck and torso to the arms, legs, and feet. The fever and rash gradually go away after a few days.
Contagiousness
Measles is highly contagious — 90% of people who haven't been vaccinated for measles will get it if they are near an infected person. Measles spreads when people breathe in or have direct contact with virus-infected fluid, such as the droplets sprayed into the air when someone with measles sneezes or coughs. A person who is exposed to the virus might not show symptoms until 8-10 days later.
People with measles are contagious (can spread the disease) from 4 days before the rash appears until about 4 days after it does, and are most contagious while they have a fever, runny nose, and cough. Those with weakened immune systems due to other conditions (like HIV and AIDS) may be contagious until they recover from measles.
Scabies is a superficial epidermal infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis.
Etiologic Agent:
S. scabiei var. hominis. Thrive and multiply only on human skin, i.e., obligate human parasite.
Transmission
Skin-to-skin contact
Fomites: Mites can remain alive for >2 days on clothing or in bedding; hence, scabies can be acquired without skin-to-skin contact.
intimate personal contact, such as having sexual intercourse
Scabietic (Scabious) Nodule: Inflammatory papule or nodule ;burrow sometimes seen on the surface of a very early lesion. • Distribution : Areola, axillae, scrotum, penis.
Earlier in the month, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence issued a new guideline on bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease in children. At the symposium we had two members of the Guideline Development Group. As well as our own Linda Glennie, we were joined by Dr Nelly Ninis, consultant paediatrician at St Mary's Hospital, who was able to explain the implications of this important guideline on the early recognition and treatment of septicaemia.
Scabies is a superficial epidermal infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis.
Etiologic Agent:
S. scabiei var. hominis. Thrive and multiply only on human skin, i.e., obligate human parasite.
Transmission
Skin-to-skin contact
Fomites: Mites can remain alive for >2 days on clothing or in bedding; hence, scabies can be acquired without skin-to-skin contact.
intimate personal contact, such as having sexual intercourse
Scabietic (Scabious) Nodule: Inflammatory papule or nodule ;burrow sometimes seen on the surface of a very early lesion. • Distribution : Areola, axillae, scrotum, penis.
Earlier in the month, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence issued a new guideline on bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease in children. At the symposium we had two members of the Guideline Development Group. As well as our own Linda Glennie, we were joined by Dr Nelly Ninis, consultant paediatrician at St Mary's Hospital, who was able to explain the implications of this important guideline on the early recognition and treatment of septicaemia.
Consultant in Genreral Paediatrics at St Mary's Hospital, Padding, London talks at Meningitis Research Foundation's Pushing the Boundaries: Life beyond limb loss day in October 2014
Esta presentación tiene como objetivo presentar información acerca de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad meningococcica (This is aimed at informing about Meningococcal disease health and prevention and everything around it.)
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are extremely serious group of diseases.
The cerebral cortex and spinal cord are confined within the restricted boundaries of the skull and bony spinal canal.
Infection, inflammation and oedema therefore have serious consequences, often leading to tissue infarction that in turn results in permanent neurologic damage or death.
Therefor, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is very important
Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges which covers the brain and the spinal cord.
It may be caused due to various viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. BACTERIAL MENINGITIS Bacterial meningitis is a serious, life-threatening disease that causes inflammation of the membranes (meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the nervous system. The meninges and the CSF encase and protect the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is caused by an infection of bacteria. The most serious form of bacterial meningitis is called acute bacterial meningitis. ** Acute bacterial meningitis develops within hours or days and can be rapidly fatal or lead to serious, permanent complications if not recognized and treated immediately.
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4. BACTERIAS THAT CAUSE MENINGITIS: 1. Neisseria meningitidis – are gram-negative, kidney bean–shaped organisms and frequently are found intracellularly. 2. Streptococcus pneumoniae - are lancet-shaped, gram-positive diplococci and are the leading cause of meningitis. 3. Haemophilus influenza type b – a pleomorphic gram-negative rod whose shape varies from a coccobacillary form to a long curved rod. **Today, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading causes of bacterial meningitis. For bacterial meningitis, it is also important to know which type of bacteria is causing the meningitis because antibiotics can prevent some types from spreading and infecting other people. Before the 1990s, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, but new vaccines being given to all children as part of their routine immunizations have reduced the occurrence of invasive disease due to H. influenzae.
5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Bacteria reach the subarachnoid space by a hematogenous route and may directly reach the meninges Once pathogens enter the subarachnoid space, an intense host inflammatory response is triggered by lipoteichoic acid and other bacterial cell wall products produced as a result of bacterial lysis Interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), and enhanced nitric oxide production play critical roles in triggering inflammatory response and ensuing neurologic damage. Infection and inflammatory response later affect penetrating cortical vessels, resulting in swelling and proliferation of the endothelial cells of arterioles. A similar process can involve the veins, causing mural thrombi and obstruction of flow. The result is an increase in intracellular sodium and intracellular water. The development of brain edema further compromises cerebral circulation, which can result in increased intracranial pressure and increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone resulting in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) occurs in most patients with meningitis and causes further retention of free water. These factors contribute to the development of focal or generalized seizures. Severe brain edema also results in a caudal shift of midline structures with their entrapment in the tentorial notch or foramen magnum. If untreated, these changes result in decortication or decerebration and can progress rapidly to respiratory and cardiac arrest.
6. BACTERIA IL-1 TNF-a Enhanced Nitric oxide Inflammatory response Neurologic damage Subarachnoid space BACTERIAL LYSIS SWELLING **obstruction of normal flow BRAIN EDEMA Increase intracranial pressure! Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone resulting in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) THE BRAIN MENINGES WILL LATER BE INFLAMMED MENINGITIS
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9. Kernig’s sign - usually performed with the patient supine with hips and knees in flexion. Extension of the knees is attempted: the inability to extend the patient’s knees beyond 135 degrees without causing pain constitutes a positive test for Kernig’s sign. Brudzinski signs - patient supine, then physician places one hand behind the patient’s head and places the other hand on the patient’s chest. The physician then raises the patient’s head (with the hand behind the head) while the hand on the chest restrains the patient and prevents the patient from rising. Flexion of the patient’s lower extremities (hips and knees) constitutes a positive sign.
10. Skin findings range from a nonspecific blanching, erythematous, maculopapular rash to a petechial or purpuric rash. **Approximately 6% of affected infants and children show signs of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and endotoxic shock. These signs are indicative of a poor prognosis.
11. MODES OF TRANSMISSION The bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis are carried by humans in the nose and throat and are spread into the air by coughing and/or sneezing. Once these bacteria are airborne, they can be picked up by anyone who breathes them into their respiratory tract. The pathogens then spread from the respiratory tract to the blood stream and to the nervous system and cause bacterial meningitis .
