B2.10 proteins
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Transcription and translation are two processes that make proteins from DNA. During transcription, mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus. The DNA unzips and one strand acts as a template for mRNA. During translation, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosome decodes the mRNA codon by codon and tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid, forming a polypeptide chain. The chain folds into the unique 3D structure of a protein.
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RNA and protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA through the enzymatic action of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide or protein chain. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.
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This document discusses RNA and protein synthesis. It defines RNA, its types including mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to amino acids to form a protein. Codons on mRNA pair with anticodons on tRNA to specify which amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. Examples are given to demonstrate transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to amino acids.
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1) The document discusses the key biomolecules - nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA contains the cell's genetic code and RNA is involved in protein production.
2) DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group. There are three types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
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1) Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains through the process of translation.
2) Messenger RNA carries codons that are read by ribosomes to direct the binding of transfer RNA molecules and the addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
3) The central dogma of molecular biology is that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, with DNA containing the genetic instructions and proteins performing most functions in cells.
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RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and the base uracil replacing thymine. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy from DNA. Translation involves tRNA carrying amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together according to the mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain.
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2. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying a gene from DNA into mRNA. RNA processing converts pre-mRNA into mRNA by adding a 5' cap, poly-A tail, and splicing introns.
3. Translation occurs on ribosomes and involves mRNA being read three nucleotides at a time by tRNA to add the corresponding amino acids, forming a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached.
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Transcription and translation are the two processes by which DNA is used to synthesize proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase using a DNA strand as a template to produce a complementary mRNA molecule. Translation then uses the mRNA to direct the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain via tRNA molecules and ribosomes according to the mRNA's codon sequence. Overall, each gene corresponds to a single protein produced through these sequential processes of transcription and translation.
The genetic material
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division. Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template by copying one of the DNA strands. Translation then uses the mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code, where three-nucleotide codons correspond to specific amino acids.
Central dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA complement of a DNA sequence, replacing thymine with uracil. Translation involves tRNAs bringing amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked together into polypeptides based on the mRNA code. The ribosome facilitates decoding the mRNA into a protein product.
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdf
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a
phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is
composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below
DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication
take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression)
Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene
Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is
a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
Solution
Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of
prokaryotic cells
When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the
polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
What is codon?
Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either
DNA or RNA.
What is anticodon?
It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on
tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of
amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It
is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis.
Point mutation
In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene
sequence.
Frame shift mutation
Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint
The document summarizes key concepts about DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It discusses:
1) The structure of DNA as a double helix with nucleotides containing nitrogen bases that allow the strands to replicate.
2) Chromosomes contain DNA and package it tightly for storage in eukaryotic cells. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
3) RNA acts as a messenger to transfer DNA instructions to the cell. Transcription and translation lead to protein synthesis on ribosomes according to the genetic code.
4) Mutations can occur through changes to nucleotides and can impact protein function, though most do not affect the organism.
Dna replication copy
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each strand as a template to create a new partner strand through complementary base pairing. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the new strands to replicate the DNA. This ensures each daughter cell has an exact copy of the original DNA.
3.5 transcription & translation
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with sugars, bases, and phosphates. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA exists as two strands, while RNA exists as a single strand. The genetic code uses three-base sequences called codons to specify the twenty amino acids. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and amino acids to assemble polypeptides specified by mRNA codons. Originally it was believed one gene specified one polypeptide, but exceptions to this rule have been discovered.
Gene expression&regulation part ii
The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
Transcription and Translation.pptx
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, a copy of mRNA is generated from DNA in the nucleus. This mRNA is then used as a template during translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Three key events occur during translation - initiation, elongation, and termination to produce the final protein product.
Bc bio12 chapter4_section4.3
The document discusses gene expression and the processes of transcription and translation. It describes how DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then mRNA is processed and exported to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making mRNA complementary to the DNA template. Translation involves tRNAs bringing amino acids to the ribosome in the sequence specified by mRNA codons to produce a protein.
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AS-U1-2.2 carbohydrates-monosaccharides
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B2.12 enzymes
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B2.11 mutations
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B2.6 genetic engineering
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B2.10 proteins
- 1. Quick recap! Write down the following: The shape of a DNA molecule is… The four DNA bases are… These bases are joined by… A gene is a short section of DNA coding for a…
- 2. Protein manufacture WALT: To describe the processes involved in making proteins. WILF: ~ Recall how proteins are made up of amino acids. (D) ~ Spot how the order of bases in DNA controls the sequence of amino acids produced in a protein. (D) ~ Describe how the sequence of amino acids joined together is unique in each protein. (C) ~ Explain the stages involved in transcription. (B) ~ Explain the stages involved in translation. (B) ~ Compare these two processes. (A/A*)
- 3. Protein manufacture Making proteins Protein synthesis This happens in two stages: Transcription ‘Copying’ Translation
- 4. Transcription Where? Inside the nucleus. What? The weak hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands are broken and the strands separate. One DNA strand is used as a template. Complementary bases pair up to the template, forming messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA does not have the base thymine (T). Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) instead. mRNA
- 5. What would be the mRNA be? ACTTAGCG UGAAUCGC Remember mRNA has no thymine, you replace this with uracil (U).
- 6. So far… ~ DNA has been unzipped. ~ One DNA strand has acted like a template. ~ messenger RNA bases have paired up with the template, remember A-U and C-G ~ the DNA strand has been ‘copied’ onto the mRNA ~ this now leaves the nucleus
- 7. Protein manufacture Making proteins Protein synthesis This happens in two stages: Transcription ‘Copying’ Translation ‘Changing into something different’
- 8. Translation tRNA Where? In the cytoplasm. amino acids Protein (polypeptide) mRNA ribosome The mRNA is decoded in groups of 3 (triplet or codon)
- 9. So translation… ~the mRNA attached to a ribosome. ~ the ribosome decodes the mRNA in groups of 3. ~ for each codon or triplet, a tRNA molecule brings a specific amino acid. ~ this continues forming a chain of amino acids or polypeptide.
- 10. Why? enzymes The amino acid chain or polypeptide can muscle tissue then twist and fold in order to form a hormones protein. Proteins are used throughout the body.
- 11. DNA double helix is separated. The mRNA acts as a code for tRNA. = Translation mRNA joins onto a ribosome. Amino acids on A chain of amino neighbouring acids is a poly- tRNA join peptide. together. mRNA is made using DNA strand. = Transcription. mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm. The poly-peptide chain folds to form a protein which is used in the cell or exported to the body.
- 12. True or false? 1. Transcription and translation are two processes which make proteins. 2. mRNA has the following bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. 3. Transcription takes place inside the nucleus. 4. Translation takes place inside the nucleus. 5. The mRNA strand is decoded by the ribosomes in groups of 4.
- 13. So far… ~ DNA has been unzipped. ~ One DNA strand has acted like a template. ~ messenger RNA bases have paired up with the template, remember A-U and C-G ~ the DNA strand has been ‘copied’ onto the mRNA ~ this now leaves the nucleus
- 14. Translation tRNA Where? In the cytoplasm. amino acids Protein (polypeptide) mRNA ribosome The mRNA is decoded in groups of 3 (triplet or codon)
- 15. So translation… ~the mRNA attached to a ribosome. ~ the ribosome decodes the mRNA in groups of 3. ~ for each codon or triplet, a tRNA molecule brings a specific amino acid. ~ this continues forming a chain of amino acids or polypeptide.
- 16. Why? enzymes The amino acid chain or polypeptide can muscle tissue then twist and fold in order to form a hormones protein. Proteins are used throughout the body.
- 17. Describe as fully as you can how different proteins are made from the genetic code of DNA. (6m)
Editor's Notes
- Proteins are made up of amino acids.
- UGAAUCGC
- mRNA is small enough to move out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell.
- Compare the processes of transcription and translation.
- 1. T 2. F (Uracil not thymine) 3. T 4. F (cytoplasm) 5. F (3)
- mRNA is small enough to move out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell.