B2.8 cloning
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This document discusses cloning and provides information about: - Cloning involves asexual reproduction and how plant cuttings can be cloned. - The process of cloning mammals, which involves transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into an enucleated egg cell, stimulating mitosis, and implanting the embryo into a surrogate mother. - Dolly the sheep was the first cloned mammal but it took many attempts and Dolly died relatively young.
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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETIC PROGRESS
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AS-U1-2.6 Enzyme action
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms. They increase the rate of reactions without being used up. There are two main models that explain how enzymes work - the lock and key model proposes that enzymes have a rigid structure that substrates fit into like a key in a lock, while the induced fit model suggests enzymes undergo a small conformational change upon substrate binding to better fit the substrate.
AS-U1-2.5 Proteins
Proteins are composed of amino acids that are linked together through peptide bonds. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure involves hydrogen bonding that causes the chain to fold into structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure describes the final three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups of the amino acids. Quaternary structure involves interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits.
AS-U1-2.4 Carbohydrate digestion
The document summarizes carbohydrate digestion. It states that salivary amylase in the mouth begins breaking down starch into maltose. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase further breaks down starch and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose. The small intestine also secretes sucrase and lactase to break down sucrose into glucose and fructose and lactose into glucose and galactose, respectively. Lactose intolerance occurs when people lack sufficient lactase as adults to digest lactose from milk.
AS-U1-2.3 Carbohydrates-disaccharides and polysaccharides
1. The document discusses carbohydrates, specifically monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
2. It explains that disaccharides are formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides, linking them with a glycosidic bond. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
3. Polysaccharides are polymers formed from linked monosaccharides. Examples include starch, which plants store as insoluble granules and can be hydrolyzed into glucose, and cellulose, which provides structural support in plant cells.
AS-U1-2.2 carbohydrates-monosaccharides
1. People who have parts of their small intestines removed due to bowel cancer may experience diarrhea, as the small intestines help absorb water during digestion. Removing part of the small intestines could decrease water absorption.
2. Antacids work by neutralizing excess stomach acid, which helps relieve indigestion. However, reducing stomach acid could impact digestion by decreasing the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats since stomach acid is needed for proper digestion.
3. A test for reducing sugars involves adding a food sample to Benedict's solution and heating the mixture. A color change from blue to green, yellow, brown, or red indicates the presence of reducing sugars like monosaccharides such as glucose,
AS-U1-2.1-Enzymes and the digestive system
The document discusses the structure and function of the digestive system. It describes the major organs involved, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine. It explains that both physical and chemical digestion break down large food molecules into smaller absorbable ones. Chemical digestion involves enzymes that are produced in various glands and organs that break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats through the process of hydrolysis.
B2-3.5 making use of enzymes
The document discusses the use of enzymes in industry and medicine. It explains that proteases and lipases in biological detergents help remove stubborn stains, saving consumers money. Proteases are added to baby foods to predigest them. Carbohydrases break down starch into glucose, providing a cheap source of glucose syrup. Isomerase converts glucose to fructose, which is used in slimming foods. The document also notes enzymes are used to diagnose, control, and cure diseases in medicine.
B2-3.4 speeding up digestion
The document discusses how the digestive system breaks down food molecules through the action of enzymes. It explains that the stomach produces hydrochloric acid which creates an optimal pH for protease enzymes to break down proteins. Bile is produced in the liver and neutralizes stomach acid, creating alkaline conditions preferred by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes to digest fats and other molecules. The role of bile in emulsifying fat globules, increasing their surface area for lipase enzymes to work, is also described.
B2-3.3 enzymes in digestion
The document discusses the role of enzymes in the digestive system. It describes the main organs of the digestive system and explains how digestive enzymes break down large insoluble molecules of food, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, into smaller soluble molecules. Specifically, it states that carbohydrates are broken down into sugars by carbohydrase enzymes, proteins into amino acids by protease enzymes, and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase enzymes.
B2-3.2 factors affecting enzyme action
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. They are made of proteins and have a specific 3D shape that allows only certain substrate molecules to bind to their active site. This locks the substrate in place and facilitates a reaction without using up the enzyme. For example, the enzyme catalase speeds up the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water molecules.
BTEC 4C: Infectious diseases and vaccines
The document discusses infectious diseases and how vaccination can prevent them. It defines a pathogen as a microorganism that causes disease and lists bacteria and viruses as examples. It describes how bacteria and viruses can enter the body and cause infectious diseases. It then explains how vaccinations work by exposing the body to inactive or dead forms of pathogens to allow the immune system to develop antibodies and memory cells to quickly fight off future infections without causing illness.
B2.14 enzyme action
This document discusses enzymes and the "lock and key" hypothesis of how they work. It explains that enzymes have a specific 3D shape and active site that allows substrate molecules to bind. Once bound, enzymes catalyze reactions by breaking or forming bonds in the substrate. This changes the substrate into product molecules, which are then released. The activity of enzymes can be affected by factors like temperature and pH that can cause their shapes to denature.
B2.12 enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in the body without being used up in the process. They are specific to different reactions and play roles both inside and outside of cells. Enzymes inside cells help with digestion and cellular processes, while enzymes outside cells aid in processes like digestion in microorganisms and the breakdown of stains in biological detergents.
B2.11 mutations
The document discusses mutations at the genetic level. It begins by defining a mutation as "a change in the sequence of DNA bases." It then provides the example of congenital hypertrichosis, where individuals are completely covered in hair except for the hands and feet, and there is no cure. The document instructs students to research another example of a genetic mutation for homework. It emphasizes that mutations can be harmful or beneficial to organisms.
B2.10 proteins
Transcription and translation are two processes that make proteins from DNA. During transcription, mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus. The DNA unzips and one strand acts as a template for mRNA. During translation, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosome decodes the mRNA codon by codon and tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid, forming a polypeptide chain. The chain folds into the unique 3D structure of a protein.
B2.9 stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into many different types of cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which come from embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells may be used to treat diseases but there are ethical concerns about using embryonic stem cells.
B2.7 mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and results in growth and repair of the body. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells that are not identical to the parent cell and is required for sexual reproduction to make gametes like eggs and sperm.
B2.6 genetic engineering
Genetic engineering allows scientists to remove a gene from one organism and insert it into the DNA of another organism. This process can be used for genetic engineering. For example, the gene that makes jellyfish glow in the dark has been used in genetic engineering. The document then provides background information on genetic engineering and examples of how it is used.
B2.5 dna discovery
The document provides information about DNA discovery and the Human Genome Project. It discusses the roles of James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins in discovering the structure of DNA. It describes the Human Genome Project, which sequenced the entire human genome, and some ways its findings have been applied. It also addresses some ethical issues raised by the project. The document includes questions for students to answer about DNA, cells, and the roles of scientists in DNA discovery.
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AS-U1-2.3 Carbohydrates-disaccharides and polysaccharides
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Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdf
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon God
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
English - The Book of 1st Samuel the Prophet.pdf
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
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Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
Is Lucid Dreaming Dangerous? Risks and Benefits!
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
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B2.8 cloning
- 1. Cloning WALT: To understand how organisms are cloned and to consider the ethical issues behind this. WILF: ~ Recall that cloning involves asexual reproduction. (E/D) ~ Describe how plant cuttings can be cloned. (C) ~ Discuss the advantages, disadvantages and possible problems with cloning mammals. (B) ~ Explain the process of how mammals can be cloned. (B) ~ Explain with reference to mitosis why clones are genetically identical. (A/A*) Keywords asexual reproduction clone implanted enucleated
- 2. How do you clone plants? Asexual reproduction.
- 3. How do you clone a mammal?
- 4. Cloning mammals Dolly the sheep was the first large mammal to be produced in 1996. However it did take 237 cloning attempts and Dolly died relatively young in 2003. CopyCat is the only surviving clone following 87 attempts.
- 5. Your task… …is to produce a poster showing the arguments for and against cloning. Checklist ~ a definition of cloning ~ how plants can be cloned? ~ advantages and disadvantages of cloning mammals ~ your opinion on cloning
- 6. Describe the stages involved in cloning a mammal. (3m) ~ Nucleus from cell of wanted clone is transferred into enucleated egg cell. ~ The egg cell is the stimulated to start mitosis ~ Embryo grows and is placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother