Landslide is one of the major sediment disasters causing natural catastrophes frequently.
Monitoring the inclination of land is important to prevent and reduce the negative effects of landslide. While
considering the large scale installation, the monitoring system should be stable and inexpensive. This paper
deals with the development of a new low cost inclination measurement system and its application to a
wireless sensor network for disaster prevention .When tested, inclination with a gradient of 0.002°of
minimum accuracy was noted. Measurement data were compared with the data from commercial
inclinometer.
FLIR i50 Thermal Imaging Infrared Camera - Datasheet ManualAngus Sankaran
The FLIR i50 is a lightweight infrared camera and visual digital camera combined into one device. It features a 140x140 pixel infrared resolution and 2.3 megapixel digital camera with built-in LED lights. The unique feature is its ability to display the infrared and visual images simultaneously using its Picture-in-Picture mode. It operates for 5 hours on a single battery charge and stores infrared and visual images professionally for analysis on a computer later.
Real Time Seismic Monitoring System for Earthquake Using GPS TechnologyIOSR Journals
GPS technology is used to precisely monitor earthquakes in real-time by measuring the movement of tectonic plates. GPS receivers stationed near active fault lines record precise movements within 5mm by tracking signals from GPS satellites. This data is analyzed using special software to calculate location, magnitude, and other details about earthquakes with pinpoint accuracy. The Real-Time Earthquake Analysis for Disaster Mitigation Network uses GPS satellites and ground-based receivers to automatically calculate earthquake characteristics within minutes to aid early warning and disaster response efforts. Precise GPS monitoring provides critical information to minimize damage and loss of life from earthquakes.
Remote sensing for change detection (presentation) - Prepared by A F M Fakhru...A F M Fakhrul Azam Shaikat
Change detection, in the Remote Sensing discipline, is the analytical process that aims to detect changes, over time and space of the land cover or/and land use....
Advantages and disadvantages of Remote SensingEr Abhi Vashi
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing. Some key advantages include large area coverage allowing regional surveys, repetitive coverage enabling monitoring of dynamic themes, and data being acquired at different scales and resolutions. Disadvantages include remote sensing being expensive for small areas, requiring specialized training, and human errors potentially being introduced. The document provides 15 advantages and 9 disadvantages of remote sensing in detail.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).
Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Cloud IoT Based Greenhouse Monitoring SystemIJERA Editor
This project explains the design and implementation of an electronic system based on GSM (Global System for
Mobile communication), cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) for sensing the climatic parameters in
the greenhouse. Based on the characteristics of accurate perception, efficient transmission and intelligent
synthesis of Internet of Things and cloud computing, the system can obtain real-time environmental information
for crop growth and then be transmitted. The system can monitor a variety of environmental parameters in
greenhouse effectively and meet the actual agricultural production requirements. Devices such as temperature
sensor, light sensor, relative humidity sensor and soil moisture sensor are integrated to demonstrate the proposed
system. This research focuses on developing a system that can automatically measure and monitor changes of
temperature, light, Humidity and moisture level in the greenhouse. The quantity and quality of production in
greenhouses can be increased. The procedure used in our system provides the owner with the details online
irrespective of their presence onsite. The main system collects environmental parameters inside greenhouse
tunnel every 30 seconds. The parameters that are collected by a network of sensors are being logged and stored
online using cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) together called as CloudIoT.
Passive remote sensing is a class of Remote Sensing that make use of Passive Remote Sensors. The sensors are used to detect natural radiations that are emitted by the object or by its surrounding areas. The most common source of energy that is measured by Passive Remote Sensors is “Reflected Sunlight”.
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object without physical contact. It is used in numerous fields including geography, earth sciences, and military applications. Remote sensing can be active, using emitted signals like radar, or passive, using reflected sunlight. Various techniques are used like radar, lidar, radiometers, and multispectral imaging from satellites and aircraft. These techniques can monitor vegetation condition, detect water stress, map land use, and more through indicators like chlorophyll content, water content, and leaf fluorescence. Both advantages like broad spatial coverage and disadvantages like need for ground truthing exist.
FLIR i50 Thermal Imaging Infrared Camera - Datasheet ManualAngus Sankaran
The FLIR i50 is a lightweight infrared camera and visual digital camera combined into one device. It features a 140x140 pixel infrared resolution and 2.3 megapixel digital camera with built-in LED lights. The unique feature is its ability to display the infrared and visual images simultaneously using its Picture-in-Picture mode. It operates for 5 hours on a single battery charge and stores infrared and visual images professionally for analysis on a computer later.
Real Time Seismic Monitoring System for Earthquake Using GPS TechnologyIOSR Journals
GPS technology is used to precisely monitor earthquakes in real-time by measuring the movement of tectonic plates. GPS receivers stationed near active fault lines record precise movements within 5mm by tracking signals from GPS satellites. This data is analyzed using special software to calculate location, magnitude, and other details about earthquakes with pinpoint accuracy. The Real-Time Earthquake Analysis for Disaster Mitigation Network uses GPS satellites and ground-based receivers to automatically calculate earthquake characteristics within minutes to aid early warning and disaster response efforts. Precise GPS monitoring provides critical information to minimize damage and loss of life from earthquakes.
Remote sensing for change detection (presentation) - Prepared by A F M Fakhru...A F M Fakhrul Azam Shaikat
Change detection, in the Remote Sensing discipline, is the analytical process that aims to detect changes, over time and space of the land cover or/and land use....
Advantages and disadvantages of Remote SensingEr Abhi Vashi
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing. Some key advantages include large area coverage allowing regional surveys, repetitive coverage enabling monitoring of dynamic themes, and data being acquired at different scales and resolutions. Disadvantages include remote sensing being expensive for small areas, requiring specialized training, and human errors potentially being introduced. The document provides 15 advantages and 9 disadvantages of remote sensing in detail.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).
Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Cloud IoT Based Greenhouse Monitoring SystemIJERA Editor
This project explains the design and implementation of an electronic system based on GSM (Global System for
Mobile communication), cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) for sensing the climatic parameters in
the greenhouse. Based on the characteristics of accurate perception, efficient transmission and intelligent
synthesis of Internet of Things and cloud computing, the system can obtain real-time environmental information
for crop growth and then be transmitted. The system can monitor a variety of environmental parameters in
greenhouse effectively and meet the actual agricultural production requirements. Devices such as temperature
sensor, light sensor, relative humidity sensor and soil moisture sensor are integrated to demonstrate the proposed
system. This research focuses on developing a system that can automatically measure and monitor changes of
temperature, light, Humidity and moisture level in the greenhouse. The quantity and quality of production in
greenhouses can be increased. The procedure used in our system provides the owner with the details online
irrespective of their presence onsite. The main system collects environmental parameters inside greenhouse
tunnel every 30 seconds. The parameters that are collected by a network of sensors are being logged and stored
online using cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) together called as CloudIoT.
Passive remote sensing is a class of Remote Sensing that make use of Passive Remote Sensors. The sensors are used to detect natural radiations that are emitted by the object or by its surrounding areas. The most common source of energy that is measured by Passive Remote Sensors is “Reflected Sunlight”.
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object without physical contact. It is used in numerous fields including geography, earth sciences, and military applications. Remote sensing can be active, using emitted signals like radar, or passive, using reflected sunlight. Various techniques are used like radar, lidar, radiometers, and multispectral imaging from satellites and aircraft. These techniques can monitor vegetation condition, detect water stress, map land use, and more through indicators like chlorophyll content, water content, and leaf fluorescence. Both advantages like broad spatial coverage and disadvantages like need for ground truthing exist.
The document discusses lighting simulation tools used in an architectural lighting course. It describes SketchUp, Ecotect, and Radiance software that students will learn. Ecotect is demonstrated for daylight factor analysis and shading studies. Limitations are noted regarding sky models and accounting for multiple reflections in Ecotect simulations.
"Complementing Snow Cover Estimation with Analysis of Web Public Images"PasiniPolimi
Roman Fedorov invited lecture "Complementing Snow Cover Estimation with Analysis of Web Public Images" on Nov 09, 2015 in "Remote Sensing" class held by M. Cross, University of Colorado Denver, USA.
Different experimental techniques for solar fluxManoj maurya
The document describes several experimental techniques for measuring solar flux density, including direct and indirect methods. Indirect methods use cameras to measure reflected light from a target, while direct methods use sensors mounted on a moving bar. Specific techniques are discussed, such as using a moving bar target and camera, stationary stripe targets with a moving focus, and stationary sensors. The PHLUX method is also described, which uses camera images and calibration to determine flux density on a receiver surface without additional sensors. Overall the document provides an overview of different experimental approaches for measuring solar flux and details key techniques.
A Thin Stretchable Interface for Tangential Force Measurement (UIST 2012)sugiuralab
1) The document describes a thin, stretchable interface using photoreflectors that can measure tangential forces like human skin.
2) It consists of a thin stretchable material instrumented with infrared LEDs and phototransistors to measure stretch.
3) The interface can be used to add skin-like sensing to various objects like smartphones, robots, and furniture to enable new types of natural interactions.
Smart IR temperature sensors integrate sensors and digital circuits to process environmental information without human interference. They combine IR temperature measurement with high-speed digital technologies. The new smart sensors are the smallest available and allow all settings and monitoring to be controlled remotely from a computer. Smart IR sensors use digital electronics for fast response and software for remote setup, diagnostics, and calibration. An example application is using a smart IR sensor to control a space heater by averaging the temperature in its field of view for more accurate heating than just its own temperature. Smart sensors provide benefits like seeing what's in front and adding safety features.
From Virtual to Real World: Applying Animation to Design the Activity Recogni...sugiuralab
This document discusses using virtual simulation and animation to help design activity recognition systems. It allows testing different sensor positions virtually before collecting real sensory data. The system uses Unity 3D to simulate sensor data streams and test classifiers. This provides accuracy feedback to help evaluate different sensor placements. The virtual sensors and trained classifiers can then be applied to a real activity recognition system. Case studies show applications for daily activity, exercise, and motion recognition with customizable sensor positions. The virtual approach aims to improve the process of designing human activity recognition systems.
Forest-Fires Surveillance System Based On Wireless Sensor NetworkIJERA Editor
We present the design and evaluation of a wireless sensor network for early detection of forest fires. Wild fires
cause to damage on forest and a mountain which have valuable natural resources during the dry winter season
Where it becomes very paramount to cover the area caused by fire by the forest fighters. Current surveillance
systems utilize a camera, an infrared sensor system and a satellite system. These systems cannot support
authentic time surveillance, monitoring and automatic alarm. Even though it gives information about fire caused
area,but asthe forest looks same in all areas as it is covered with dense trees it is very hard to recognize the exact
area andimage transmition through the transmitter to the officers computer takes too much time .It takes too
much time to load the image. Which in turns waste the time and fire caused area goes on increasing. Taking in
toconsideration all this faults of the prior system in the forest we have designed our modified project.In our
project, we develop a forest fires surveillance system.
Application of Remote Sensing in AgricultureUTTAM KUMAR
Remote sensing has been found to be a valuable tool in evaluation, monitoring and management of land, water and crop resources. The launching of the Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS) has enhanced the capabilities for better utilization of this technology and significant progress has been made in soil and land cover mapping, land degradation studies, monitoring of waste land, assessment of crop conditions crop acreage and production estimates
The document provides details about a course on fundamentals of remote sensing, including:
- The course code, module name and code, university, and department offering the course.
- An outline of the course content and schedule, divided into 3 weeks covering topics like introduction to remote sensing, electromagnetic energy and remote sensing, satellites and image characteristics, and GPS.
- Recommended assessments including tests, lab exercises, and a group project to evaluate students' understanding of the material.
IRJET - Automated Monitoring and Controlling of GreenhouseIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated system for monitoring and controlling the environment inside a greenhouse. The system uses sensors like DHT11, soil moisture, LDR, and flame sensors connected to an Arduino board to measure temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and detect fires. If any of the measured parameters exceed predefined thresholds, devices like cooling fans, exhaust fans, and water pumps are automatically controlled to maintain optimum environmental conditions for plant growth. All sensor data is sent to users through SMS or stored on a server. The system aims to optimize water and nutrient use for irrigation and allow remote monitoring through a website or mobile app.
IRJET- IoT based Modern Greenhouse with GSM Module using Arduino PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart greenhouse system that uses sensors and a GSM module connected to an Arduino board for automated monitoring and control. The system uses sensors like a biosensor to detect enzymes and pesticides, a humidity sensor to monitor moisture levels, a fire sensor to detect fires, and a temperature sensor to regulate cooling fans if temperatures rise above a set level. An LDR sensor is also used to control lighting. The GSM module allows the system to send text messages to notify farmers if the plants need watering. The system aims to automate greenhouse operations and replace direct human supervision, allowing farmers in rural areas to benefit from precision agriculture.
Detection of Duplicate Address in Mobile Adhoc Networks for On Demand Routing...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
An Eavesdropping Model for Securing Communications over Wireless Broadcast Ne...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Significancy Test For The Control Parameters Considered In Weld Bead Geometry...IJMER
Here in this work, an attempt has been made to find the interaction between control
parameters and weld bead geometry for fillet welding in mild steel specimen using Gas Metal Arc
Welding process. Accordingly control parameters have been adjusted to find the optimal bead geometry.
Initially the equations involving control parameters and bead geometry were developed by multiple
regression analysis method. The ANOVA technique is then employed to calculate the significant
difference between the means of the control parameters ,Also this justifies the range of the control
parameters considered for the experiment.
Exploring the Potentials of blacksmithing for Rural Industrialization in Bau...IJMER
Nigeria like any other developing country is being faced by a number of developmental
challenges, such as social, economic and technological. The country is blessed with numerous resource
potentials one of which is the human resource, where in 1996 it was estimated to have a population of
nearly 170 million people. This abundant human resource could effectively be harnessed for the
technological advancement of the country through the utilization of indigenous technologies for the
adaptation and imitation of technologies of advanced countries. This paper presents the status of
indigenous technology and the role of blacksmithing on technological development in Bauchi State. The
paper explores the available skills of the existing blacksmiths of Bauchi State for rural
industrialization. Results show that production of agricultural tools is more prominent in the Northern
zone of the state, while the Southern zone specializes in the production of industrial tools. It is
recommended that if the enabling environment is provided this human resource potential could be
adopted for rural industrialization through the establishment of specialized small scale industries for
the production of high quality tools and products for use in various sectors of the economy. This will
provide employment opportunities for the people of the state as well as contributing to industrial
development of Nigeria.
Modified Procedure for Construction and Selection of Sampling Plans for Vari...IJMER
Linear Trend is Technique to generate the values for observerd frequency distribution and it
will give the accuracy of the smoothing obtained depends on the number of available data sets. In this
article ,an attempt was made to estimate the modified liner trend value generator for construction and
selection of sampling plans for variable inspection scheme indexed through the MAAOQ over the Liner
Trend .We compare the constructed sampling plans indexed through MAAOQ over Linear Trend with
the basic sampling plans indexed with AOQL. And also obtain the performance of the operating
characteristic curves.
Voice over IP (VOIP) Security Research- A ResearchIJMER
This document summarizes research on Voice over IP (VoIP) security. It begins with an overview of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), a commonly used VoIP standard, and a taxonomy of VoIP security threats. It then surveys existing research on VoIP security classified according to the threat categories. The research covers threats like eavesdropping, denial of service attacks, toll fraud, and spam over IP telephony (SPIT). Approaches studied include encryption, authentication, reputation systems, audio fingerprinting, and Turing tests to detect automated SPIT callers. The goal is to identify gaps and guide future work on analyzing VoIP attackers and improving the security and resilience of VoIP systems.
The document discusses programmed instruction, which is a systematic, self-paced method of instruction designed to ensure learning. It breaks content into small steps with built-in feedback. There are different types, including linear, branched, and mathetics programming. Programmed instruction aims to place the learner at the center and allow them to construct knowledge through active participation, as opposed to passive absorption of information. While it shows promise, programmed instruction has seen limited application in Indian classrooms.
Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Charge-Transfer Complexes Forme...IJMER
1) The document describes the formation and characterization of three charge-transfer complexes formed from the reaction of 2-amino-6-ethylpyridine with different π-electron acceptors.
2) Spectroscopic analysis revealed the complexes had formulas of [(2A6EPy)(TCNE)2], [(2A6EPy)2(DDQ)], and [(2A6EPy)4(TBCHD)], which were supported by elemental analysis.
3) The complexes showed intense absorption bands in the visible region associated with electronic transitions. Thermal and spectroscopic properties of the complexes were analyzed.
GPS cycle slips detection and repair through various signal combinationsIJMER
This document discusses methods for detecting and repairing GPS cycle slips. It examines using various combinations of GPS signals as test quantities for detection, including carrier phase observations alone and in combination with pseudorange observations. It finds that graphical detection works for larger slips but statistical tests are superior for detecting smaller slips. For repairing slips, it evaluates using time differences of the original carrier phases and finds that all methods can be used except averaging all data for the first and second differences due to low accuracy. The overall goal is to detect and repair cycle slips to improve positioning accuracy from carrier phase observations.
The properties of polynomial hermitian, polynomial normal and polynomial unitary
matrices are discussed. A characterization for polynomial normal matrix is obtained
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
The document discusses lighting simulation tools used in an architectural lighting course. It describes SketchUp, Ecotect, and Radiance software that students will learn. Ecotect is demonstrated for daylight factor analysis and shading studies. Limitations are noted regarding sky models and accounting for multiple reflections in Ecotect simulations.
"Complementing Snow Cover Estimation with Analysis of Web Public Images"PasiniPolimi
Roman Fedorov invited lecture "Complementing Snow Cover Estimation with Analysis of Web Public Images" on Nov 09, 2015 in "Remote Sensing" class held by M. Cross, University of Colorado Denver, USA.
Different experimental techniques for solar fluxManoj maurya
The document describes several experimental techniques for measuring solar flux density, including direct and indirect methods. Indirect methods use cameras to measure reflected light from a target, while direct methods use sensors mounted on a moving bar. Specific techniques are discussed, such as using a moving bar target and camera, stationary stripe targets with a moving focus, and stationary sensors. The PHLUX method is also described, which uses camera images and calibration to determine flux density on a receiver surface without additional sensors. Overall the document provides an overview of different experimental approaches for measuring solar flux and details key techniques.
A Thin Stretchable Interface for Tangential Force Measurement (UIST 2012)sugiuralab
1) The document describes a thin, stretchable interface using photoreflectors that can measure tangential forces like human skin.
2) It consists of a thin stretchable material instrumented with infrared LEDs and phototransistors to measure stretch.
3) The interface can be used to add skin-like sensing to various objects like smartphones, robots, and furniture to enable new types of natural interactions.
Smart IR temperature sensors integrate sensors and digital circuits to process environmental information without human interference. They combine IR temperature measurement with high-speed digital technologies. The new smart sensors are the smallest available and allow all settings and monitoring to be controlled remotely from a computer. Smart IR sensors use digital electronics for fast response and software for remote setup, diagnostics, and calibration. An example application is using a smart IR sensor to control a space heater by averaging the temperature in its field of view for more accurate heating than just its own temperature. Smart sensors provide benefits like seeing what's in front and adding safety features.
From Virtual to Real World: Applying Animation to Design the Activity Recogni...sugiuralab
This document discusses using virtual simulation and animation to help design activity recognition systems. It allows testing different sensor positions virtually before collecting real sensory data. The system uses Unity 3D to simulate sensor data streams and test classifiers. This provides accuracy feedback to help evaluate different sensor placements. The virtual sensors and trained classifiers can then be applied to a real activity recognition system. Case studies show applications for daily activity, exercise, and motion recognition with customizable sensor positions. The virtual approach aims to improve the process of designing human activity recognition systems.
Forest-Fires Surveillance System Based On Wireless Sensor NetworkIJERA Editor
We present the design and evaluation of a wireless sensor network for early detection of forest fires. Wild fires
cause to damage on forest and a mountain which have valuable natural resources during the dry winter season
Where it becomes very paramount to cover the area caused by fire by the forest fighters. Current surveillance
systems utilize a camera, an infrared sensor system and a satellite system. These systems cannot support
authentic time surveillance, monitoring and automatic alarm. Even though it gives information about fire caused
area,but asthe forest looks same in all areas as it is covered with dense trees it is very hard to recognize the exact
area andimage transmition through the transmitter to the officers computer takes too much time .It takes too
much time to load the image. Which in turns waste the time and fire caused area goes on increasing. Taking in
toconsideration all this faults of the prior system in the forest we have designed our modified project.In our
project, we develop a forest fires surveillance system.
Application of Remote Sensing in AgricultureUTTAM KUMAR
Remote sensing has been found to be a valuable tool in evaluation, monitoring and management of land, water and crop resources. The launching of the Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS) has enhanced the capabilities for better utilization of this technology and significant progress has been made in soil and land cover mapping, land degradation studies, monitoring of waste land, assessment of crop conditions crop acreage and production estimates
The document provides details about a course on fundamentals of remote sensing, including:
- The course code, module name and code, university, and department offering the course.
- An outline of the course content and schedule, divided into 3 weeks covering topics like introduction to remote sensing, electromagnetic energy and remote sensing, satellites and image characteristics, and GPS.
- Recommended assessments including tests, lab exercises, and a group project to evaluate students' understanding of the material.
IRJET - Automated Monitoring and Controlling of GreenhouseIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated system for monitoring and controlling the environment inside a greenhouse. The system uses sensors like DHT11, soil moisture, LDR, and flame sensors connected to an Arduino board to measure temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and detect fires. If any of the measured parameters exceed predefined thresholds, devices like cooling fans, exhaust fans, and water pumps are automatically controlled to maintain optimum environmental conditions for plant growth. All sensor data is sent to users through SMS or stored on a server. The system aims to optimize water and nutrient use for irrigation and allow remote monitoring through a website or mobile app.
IRJET- IoT based Modern Greenhouse with GSM Module using Arduino PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart greenhouse system that uses sensors and a GSM module connected to an Arduino board for automated monitoring and control. The system uses sensors like a biosensor to detect enzymes and pesticides, a humidity sensor to monitor moisture levels, a fire sensor to detect fires, and a temperature sensor to regulate cooling fans if temperatures rise above a set level. An LDR sensor is also used to control lighting. The GSM module allows the system to send text messages to notify farmers if the plants need watering. The system aims to automate greenhouse operations and replace direct human supervision, allowing farmers in rural areas to benefit from precision agriculture.
Detection of Duplicate Address in Mobile Adhoc Networks for On Demand Routing...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
An Eavesdropping Model for Securing Communications over Wireless Broadcast Ne...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Significancy Test For The Control Parameters Considered In Weld Bead Geometry...IJMER
Here in this work, an attempt has been made to find the interaction between control
parameters and weld bead geometry for fillet welding in mild steel specimen using Gas Metal Arc
Welding process. Accordingly control parameters have been adjusted to find the optimal bead geometry.
Initially the equations involving control parameters and bead geometry were developed by multiple
regression analysis method. The ANOVA technique is then employed to calculate the significant
difference between the means of the control parameters ,Also this justifies the range of the control
parameters considered for the experiment.
Exploring the Potentials of blacksmithing for Rural Industrialization in Bau...IJMER
Nigeria like any other developing country is being faced by a number of developmental
challenges, such as social, economic and technological. The country is blessed with numerous resource
potentials one of which is the human resource, where in 1996 it was estimated to have a population of
nearly 170 million people. This abundant human resource could effectively be harnessed for the
technological advancement of the country through the utilization of indigenous technologies for the
adaptation and imitation of technologies of advanced countries. This paper presents the status of
indigenous technology and the role of blacksmithing on technological development in Bauchi State. The
paper explores the available skills of the existing blacksmiths of Bauchi State for rural
industrialization. Results show that production of agricultural tools is more prominent in the Northern
zone of the state, while the Southern zone specializes in the production of industrial tools. It is
recommended that if the enabling environment is provided this human resource potential could be
adopted for rural industrialization through the establishment of specialized small scale industries for
the production of high quality tools and products for use in various sectors of the economy. This will
provide employment opportunities for the people of the state as well as contributing to industrial
development of Nigeria.
Modified Procedure for Construction and Selection of Sampling Plans for Vari...IJMER
Linear Trend is Technique to generate the values for observerd frequency distribution and it
will give the accuracy of the smoothing obtained depends on the number of available data sets. In this
article ,an attempt was made to estimate the modified liner trend value generator for construction and
selection of sampling plans for variable inspection scheme indexed through the MAAOQ over the Liner
Trend .We compare the constructed sampling plans indexed through MAAOQ over Linear Trend with
the basic sampling plans indexed with AOQL. And also obtain the performance of the operating
characteristic curves.
Voice over IP (VOIP) Security Research- A ResearchIJMER
This document summarizes research on Voice over IP (VoIP) security. It begins with an overview of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), a commonly used VoIP standard, and a taxonomy of VoIP security threats. It then surveys existing research on VoIP security classified according to the threat categories. The research covers threats like eavesdropping, denial of service attacks, toll fraud, and spam over IP telephony (SPIT). Approaches studied include encryption, authentication, reputation systems, audio fingerprinting, and Turing tests to detect automated SPIT callers. The goal is to identify gaps and guide future work on analyzing VoIP attackers and improving the security and resilience of VoIP systems.
The document discusses programmed instruction, which is a systematic, self-paced method of instruction designed to ensure learning. It breaks content into small steps with built-in feedback. There are different types, including linear, branched, and mathetics programming. Programmed instruction aims to place the learner at the center and allow them to construct knowledge through active participation, as opposed to passive absorption of information. While it shows promise, programmed instruction has seen limited application in Indian classrooms.
Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Charge-Transfer Complexes Forme...IJMER
1) The document describes the formation and characterization of three charge-transfer complexes formed from the reaction of 2-amino-6-ethylpyridine with different π-electron acceptors.
2) Spectroscopic analysis revealed the complexes had formulas of [(2A6EPy)(TCNE)2], [(2A6EPy)2(DDQ)], and [(2A6EPy)4(TBCHD)], which were supported by elemental analysis.
3) The complexes showed intense absorption bands in the visible region associated with electronic transitions. Thermal and spectroscopic properties of the complexes were analyzed.
GPS cycle slips detection and repair through various signal combinationsIJMER
This document discusses methods for detecting and repairing GPS cycle slips. It examines using various combinations of GPS signals as test quantities for detection, including carrier phase observations alone and in combination with pseudorange observations. It finds that graphical detection works for larger slips but statistical tests are superior for detecting smaller slips. For repairing slips, it evaluates using time differences of the original carrier phases and finds that all methods can be used except averaging all data for the first and second differences due to low accuracy. The overall goal is to detect and repair cycle slips to improve positioning accuracy from carrier phase observations.
The properties of polynomial hermitian, polynomial normal and polynomial unitary
matrices are discussed. A characterization for polynomial normal matrix is obtained
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
Crack in component if undetected may lead to catastrophic failure of the component. The
cracked rotor problem received the first attention in 1970 and after that the interest among the
researchers started. The vibration behavior of cracked structures, in particular cracked rotors, is
important to study as the introduction of the crack alters the vibration characteristics of the structure.
The problem of damage and crack detection in structural components has acquired important role in past
few years. However, cracked rotor studies are mainly deals with single crack. For multiple cracked
structures the problem of crack sizing and location becomes more complex. Only few authors have
pointed out the multiple crack assessment in the rotor. The proposed work is on vibration analysis of
multiple cracked shaft beam. An Euler Bernoulli beam fixed at one end with two transverse cracks is
considered. The vibration characteristics of the shaft are studied using Experimental Modal Analysis and
Finite Element Analysis. The mode shapes and natural frequencies of the beams are studied and their
variation with change in position and depth of the crack is also studied. The study shows good agreement
of the results obtained using Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Modal Analysis.
The document discusses the small business marketing technique of risk reversal, where customers are offered something with no risk, such as a money-back guarantee or free trial period. It provides examples of companies offering 60-day money-back guarantees or free 60-day trials of software. The author explains that making a limited-time offer, such as in celebration of an event, can spark people into action and help filter out non-serious customers. Their own company provides a free one-month trial of its membership site through November 22nd to attract new subscribers.
Performance Analysis of Trust-Aware Routing Framework for Wireless Mesh NetworksIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document summarizes a research paper about using a Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) based STATCOM to enhance power quality in a thirty bus power system. It first provides background on power quality issues and how Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like STATCOMs can help address them. It then describes the components and operation of a conventional STATCOM and introduces the ZSI as an alternative inverter topology. The research presented in the paper models and simulates a thirty bus system both with and without a ZSI-based STATCOM to study improvements in voltage regulation and reactive power compensation.
This document summarizes a research paper on using a multilevel converter topology for AC-DC harmonic immunity in VSC HVDC transmission. Key points:
- Voltage-source converter (VSC) based HVDC systems use multilevel converters to achieve high voltage switching capabilities. Cascaded H-bridge converters allow utilization of different DC voltages on individual cells.
- Selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation (SHE-PWM) techniques offer the lowest possible number of switching transitions and losses for VSC HVDC. The paper discusses optimized modulation patterns providing controlled harmonic immunity between AC and DC sides for a two-level converter with a rippled DC link voltage.
- Simulation and experimental results presented confirm the
Impact of the Hydrographic Changing in the Open Drains Cross Sections on the ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document summarizes a study on the bogie and suspension system of the Indian Railways' WAP-4 electric locomotive. Key points:
- The WAP-4 locomotive was introduced in 1994 to haul heavier passenger trains at higher speeds of up to 140 km/h.
- It has a Co-Co wheel arrangement with 6 traction motors powered by a transformer and silicon rectifiers. The bogies use Flexicoil design with primary and secondary springs suspending the axle boxes and bogie frame.
- Over 800 WAP-4 locomotives are in service. Newer versions have improved diagnostics, static converters, and roof-mounted dynamic brakes. The locomotive can haul
Repairing of Concrete by Using Polymer-Mortar CompositesIJMER
This document discusses research into using polymer-mortar composites for concrete repair. Two sets of mixtures were prepared with different cement-sand ratios and percentages of epoxy polymer added. Tests were conducted to determine the composites' compressive, flexural, and bonding strengths. The highest compressive strength was 102.889MPa for a 1:1 cement-sand ratio with 40% polymer. Bonding strength was highest for a 40:60 polymer-mortar ratio. The results indicate that proportional mixing of cement, sand and polymer play a key role in the composite's strength properties for use in concrete repairs.
Effect of Air Entrainment on Compressive Strength, Density, and Ingredients o...IJMER
The micro air bubbles in concrete mix act as fine aggregates which lead to reduction of the
aggregates. The reduction of fine aggregates will cause reduction of water required for concrete mix
without impairing the strength of concrete mix. This reduction has to be considered in designing an air
entrained concrete mix. Theoretical (equations) and experimental study have been carried out to study the
effect of air entrainment on compressive strength, density and ingredients of fresh concrete mix. During
all the study, water cement ratio (w/c) was maintained constant at 0.5 to study the affection of air
entrainment (a %) on concrete mix. The results have shown substantial decreasing in cement, water,
aggregates and concrete density followed with decreasing in compressive strength of concrete. The results
of this study has given more promising to use it as a guide for concrete mix design to choose the most
appropriate concrete mix design economically.
This document describes a prototype for an intelligent fire sprinkler system that uses an infrared camera and targeting mechanism to detect and locally suppress fires. The system processes IR images to identify heat sources, then aims a water nozzle to hit the source. This reduces water damage compared to traditional sprinklers. A proof-of-concept was built with retail components, and a study found the system could be commercially viable despite higher costs than traditional sprinklers, as it provides added protection for sensitive spaces.
This document describes a landslide warning system that uses sensors, a microcontroller, GPS, and Zigbee wireless communication. Three sensors (an angle sensor, liquid level sensor, and temperature sensor) are connected to an ARM microcontroller to collect data on slope angle, water depth, and temperature. The microcontroller sends this sensor data along with location information from a GPS module to a Zigbee transmitter. The Zigbee transmits the data to a receiver Zigbee connected to an LCD and GSM module. The LCD displays the sensor readings and location at the receiver station, and the GSM sends an SMS alert about the landslide risk to warn people. The system was tested and able to accurately detect landslide
Design and development of sapling monitoring systemIJCSEA Journal
The measurement of a plant growth without interrupting its natural growth is essential since its diameter and height are related to the development of a tree as well as the water contents. Therefore main objective of this project is to find the diameter and height of a plant. Hence in this proposed work, an interface between a C3008 smart camera and a computer has been developed. Main advantage of this camera module is that it has digital output and digital video port that supplies a continuous 8-16 bit range of data stream. It is used to capture the image of a plant at different intervals of time. A MATLAB GUI has been developed for performing Sobel Edge Detection on a plant image to determine its height, maximum and minimum width. Such programs enable us to automatically measure and record the various parameters of a plant. The results attained prove that the system is capable of measuring the changes (diameter and height changes) of plant’s growth accurately.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an overview of fingerprint recognition technology (FRT). It begins with definitions of biometrics and FRT. It then discusses the history of fingerprint analysis and why fingerprints are used for identification. The document describes different fingerprint sensing technologies including optical, silicon-based capacitive, ultrasound, thermal, and piezoelectric sensors. It also covers fingerprint feature extraction, matching, storage and compression, challenges of variability, and applications of FRT. The presentation concludes with emerging 3D fingerprint technologies and references for further information.
The document describes the development of a low-cost Landslide and Earthquake Monitoring and Warning System (LEMWS). Key components include low-cost MEMS sensors to measure soil moisture, accelerations, and tilt. Data from the sensors is transmitted to the cloud via a microcontroller and GSM module. Thresholds for the sensors were determined through experiments. When thresholds were breached, alerts were sent by SMS. The total estimated cost for a deployment across a hill is INR 25,000, making it significantly cheaper than existing systems. The system was able to successfully detect landslides in a lab-scale experiment.
Policing of the Environment by using an Integrated systemIRJET Journal
The document describes a system for monitoring environmental conditions using sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). The system uses sensors to measure temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, light intensity, and noise levels. The sensor data is sent to an Arduino microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen. It is also sent via WiFi to the cloud using an ESP8266 module and made available online. The system allows continuous, remote monitoring of environmental parameters to police or assess the environment.
Implementation of multiple 3D scans for error calculation on object digital r...IJERA Editor
Laser scanning is a widespread methodology of visualizing the natural environment and the manmade structures that exist in it. Laser scanners accomplish to digitalize our reality by making highly accurate measurements. Using these measurements they create a set of points in 3D space which is called point cloud and depicts an entire area or object or parts of them. Triangulation laser scanners use the triangle theories and they mainly are used to visualize handheld objects at a very close range from them. In many cases, users of such devices take for granted the accuracy specifications provided by laser scanner manufacturers and respective software and for many applications this is enough. In this paper we use point clouds, collected by a triangulation laser scanner under a repetition method, of two cubes that are geometrically similar to each other but differ in material. At first, the data of each repetition are being compared to each other to examine the consistency of the scanner under multiple measurements of the same scene. Then, the reconstruction of the objects‟ geometry is achieved and the results are being compared to the data derived by a digital caliper. The errors of calculated dimensions were estimated by the use of error propagation law.
Thermal cameras are useful devices that are used in many different situations, such as quality control, system maintenance, structural repair, security, medical, monitoring, treatment and diagnose human health or to research and develop advanced technological components. It provides visual temperature information that cannot be perceived by the human senses. Gade & Moeslund (2014) specified that Thermal cameras are passive sensors that capture the infrared radiation emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero. This type of camera was originally developed as a surveillance and night vision tool for the military, but recently the price has dropped, significantly opening up a broader field of applications.
Our study shows With basic functions that can be used such as non-contact body temperature measurement, maintenance, maintenance, quality inspection and repair of electronic, electromechanical, telephone, chip, IC, over temperature detection, electrical system lines, underground cables, recessed walls, utilities, gas leak detection, ventilation furnaces, fireplaces, etc., the device can be a useful and effective civil tool.
THE ACCURACY OF MOBILE PHONE CAMERA INSTEAD OF HIGH RESOLUTION CAMERA IN DIGI...IAEME Publication
With the rapid development in the resolution of mobile phone cameras and low cost of this mobile phone camera, it is important to determine the possibility of using it in digital close range photogrammetry. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the accuracy of mobile phone camera and comparison with the accuracy of high resolution camera in digital close range photogrammetry. Experimental test has been carried out to study the effect of using the mobile
phone cameras on the accuracy instead of high resolution camera.
This document discusses the applicability of image processing for evaluating surface roughness. It examines how several parameters can affect the accuracy and reliability of results, including the camera's pixel resolution, height and angle relative to the surface, lighting intensity, shutter speed, and image capture conditions. The study found that variation in results reached 33% when parameters changed. It recommends carefully controlling parameters like ensuring normal camera angle and adequate, consistent lighting. An artificial neural network analysis correlated parameters to grayscale values with 92.8% accuracy. The document concludes that multiple factors must be considered for image processing to accurately assess surface roughness.
Review on vibration analysis with digital image processingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing vibrations using digital image processing. It discusses using cameras to capture images of vibrating plates and analyzing the images using algorithms to determine resonant frequencies and mode shapes. MATLAB is used for the image processing and analysis. The document reviews several related studies on using techniques like electronic speckle pattern interferometry to characterize vibrations of plates and structures non-contact. It also presents a case study on using digital image processing to characterize the vibration of a tuning fork by measuring its amplitude response over different excitation frequencies.
IRJET- Development and Monitoring of a Fall Detection System through Wear...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that developed and monitored a fall detection system using a wearable sensor belt. The system uses an IoT-based technology with a wearable belt containing an accelerometer to detect falls in elderly patients. When a fall is detected, it sends an alert to caregivers and also senses the location using GPS. The accelerometer data is sent to the cloud for monitoring visually using VPython. The system aims to quickly detect falls and send alerts to caregivers to allow for faster medical treatment and reduce health risks for elderly fall victims.
IRJET- Fire Detection using Infrared Images for Uav-Based Forest Fire Sur...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system for detecting forest fires using infrared images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The system uses a simple fire detection algorithm based on thresholding infrared images to detect areas of high heat that could indicate a fire. Multiple UAVs can work collaboratively to monitor large forest areas. The system was tested using controlled forest fires involving three UAVs: two autonomous helicopters and one blimp. The algorithm detects fires by analyzing differences in pixel intensities between consecutive image frames to identify changes that indicate areas of high heat and potential fires.
TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT USING NIR DIGITAL CAMERAS AND GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE: A re...IRJET Journal
The document discusses several studies related to measuring water quality parameters like turbidity using digital imaging and image processing techniques. Specifically:
1. One study developed a method using two near-infrared cameras to capture scattered and transmitted light images when light passes through turbid solutions. Image processing was used to determine turbidity levels with high accuracy.
2. Another study proposed using a digital camera combined with a fuzzy neural network algorithm to measure turbidity accurately and efficiently based on color component analysis of images.
3. Additional studies explored using smartphone cameras and mobile apps to estimate turbidity and other water quality indicators by analyzing reflective light properties captured in images.
This document summarizes an article that proposes an IoT-based intelligent modeling system for fire prevention and safety in smart homes. The system uses a wireless sensor network with multiple sensors to detect fires early and reduce false alarms by using Global System for Mobile Communications. It detects fires efficiently by requiring confirmation from two sources - the user responding to a GSM alert or two or more sensors detecting fire. The system was evaluated through simulation and showed it could detect fires early even if a sensor failed while keeping energy consumption low.
Thermal Imaging in Surgical Site Infection (SSI) DetectionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using thermal imaging to detect surgical site infections (SSIs) earlier than current methods. The study collected thermal and digital images of abdominal surgical sites from 6 subjects. It analyzed the images using image processing software to extract temperature and texture features from regions of interest. It found that infected sites had lower average temperatures and different texture features like contrast, homogeneity, and kurtosis compared to uninfected sites. By analyzing differences in these features between infected and uninfected regions, the study aims to predict SSIs earlier than current methods based on visual inspection alone. Thermal imaging is a non-invasive method that could help detect SSIs earlier and improve patient outcomes.
This document describes the design and construction of an earthquake detection and location reporting system that displays earthquake data on Google Maps. The system uses an IMU sensor to detect earthquakes and a GPS module to determine the location. When an earthquake is detected, the sensor data is sent to an Arduino Uno controller which then sends it over WiFi to a server. The server stores the data, including the magnitude, time, and location in a MySQL database. This stored data is then displayed on Google Maps through a web interface, allowing users to see the location and details of detected earthquakes. The goal is to provide timely earthquake information to help emergency responders.
Similar to Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 1|
Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement
using spirit level
G. Anne Nisha1
, Nalin Warnajith2
, Hiroshi Tsuchida3
, Atsushi Minato4
1, 2, 4
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 3
Geotech Co.Hitachnaka, Hitachi, Japan
I. Introduction
Large number of landslides occurs around the world and it is very important to accurately measure the
slight change in ground or sediment-related disaster in order to predict and prevent it. Landslide hazard
monitoring and analysis can provide useful information for the catastrophic loss reduction and assist in the
development of guidelines for a sustainable land use planning.
As per the report of the Ministry of land, infrastructure and transport in Japan, an average of 1180
landslides occur every year induced by natural phenomena such as rain, earthquake that results in the death or
missing cases of 30 during the recent 10 years(2003-2012) [1]. Since landslides have become a major threat to the
life and property of the residents and causes damage to the structures, an advance disaster prevention and
prediction method is essential.
In the devastated area with a risk of landslide, monitoring the ground movement is necessary to predict
the risk of landside. At present, there are several commercial equipments, which can detect changes of the land
area. Even though these equipments can be used to obtain more accurate information, their cost is very high [2, 3].
So, the development of inexpensive and reliable equipments has become a social requirement at present.
As one of the prediction method, it is very important to extensively monitor the angle of inclination by
installing the equipment in high landslide prone areas such as mountains and nearby structures, quickly measure
and transmit any small variation in land position just before the disaster occurs.
Three type of surveying instruments that are commonly used in angle measurement at present are
inclinometer, accelerometer and level gauge. Even though inclinometer is used in various cases, highly accurate
products cost high and the commercially available low cost products have less accuracy. Accelerometer can
measure not only the change in movement caused by the movement of humans and machines but also it can
measure the change in motion due to gravity. So, it can detect the inclination angle of the object. Accelerometer
can measure in a larger range, but the sensitivity is relatively smaller than the level gauge. Level gauge is an
instrument to determine the angle of inclination with respect to the ground or a fixed object. Levels such as spirit
levels, laser level and digital level are widely used in areas such as civil engineering, architecture and surveying.
All these instruments are affected by electric noise which is the disadvantage.
Among them, spirit levels which are not affected by the electronic signal and temperature are widely
used due to the features like low-cost, small size and easy to use. Since it is measured by visual observation of the
human in general, it has problems of errors and man power. Here, the development of a device with low-cost and
reliable accuracy which can measure the inclination automatically is required where the spirit level was
photographed using the camera module and image processing is done on a PC.
II. Principle Of Measurement
Purpose of the study is to develop a simple and stable inclination measuring device, to predict and
prevent disasters like landslides not relying on human visual and quantitative inclination angle measurement.
Inclination measurement is the network system which can combine sensor and wireless technology and wireless
sensor development. It has features like high accuracy, durability, small, cheap and versatile.
ABSTRACT: Landslide is one of the major sediment disasters causing natural catastrophes frequently.
Monitoring the inclination of land is important to prevent and reduce the negative effects of landslide. While
considering the large scale installation, the monitoring system should be stable and inexpensive. This paper
deals with the development of a new low cost inclination measurement system and its application to a
wireless sensor network for disaster prevention .When tested, inclination with a gradient of 0.002°of
minimum accuracy was noted. Measurement data were compared with the data from commercial
inclinometer.
Keywords: spirit level, landslide prevention, sensitivity, wireless sensor network (WSN), Raspberry Pi
2. Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 2|
The proposed method is to calculate the angle and direction of inclination of the device by capturing the
spirit level image using a camera and finding the position of the bubble from centre position in the captured image.
The spirit level used in this experiment is specially ordered device with high radius of curvature of
20000mm.Fig.1 shows the conceptual diagram of the measurement technique.
Figure 1: Conceptual diagram of the measurement technique
The spirit level is continuously monitored by the camera; the angle of inclination is measured by the
change in bubble position. Instruction for the camera to take photograph was performed using microcomputer or
personal computer.
2.1 Basic experiment
In this experiment, A USB connected digital microscope of 2.0 mega pixel was used to take photograph,
the distance from the camera to the bubble top was set to 100.5mm.Radius of curvature of spirit level was
20000mm, Goniometer Model no. GNL18 / M was used to record inclination.
The Spirit level is fixed on top of the goniometer and adjusted in such a way that when the base is
horizontal the bubble tries to remain at the highest point of the tube and moves along the scale. If the base is tilted
to an angle in the range of +/-0.5°, the bubble will move to a distance. The number of pixels was set to 640x480. A
digital microscope was used to monitor the bubble when the goniometer was being manually rotated by 0.01° [3].
The bubble movement from -5 to +5° was captured by the camera. Sensitivity of the system and the spirit level
was determined. Inclination of the device changes to 0.000153° for the bubble movement of one pixel.
Figure 2: Goniometer readings and sensitivity calculation
2.2 Sensitivity calculation of spirit level
Since the spirit level used in this experiment does not have a division scale, it is necessary to confirm its
sensitivity and precision. Further, a spirit level with high radius of curvature is difficult to manufacture and it has
some error due to its flatness. So, it is necessary to calibrate the spirit level with goniometer and to measure the
sensitivity of the spirit level. The sensitivity is directly related to the radius of curvature of the vial, longer the
radius more sensitive the vial will be. Sensitivity of the spirit level is expressed as the angle of inclination for
which the bubble will move in the spirit level.
Considering the change in pixel value as Δi and assuming a as the real space of 1 pixel, the relationship
between the inclination of the device and the displacement of pixel is given by:
3. Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 3|
Amount of shift in the bubble’s center position ΔX can be defined as
ΔX = Rθx (1)
Where R: Radius of curvature of spirit level
θx: device inclined angle(°.) in X direction.
a :Assumed as 1 pixel.
θx= (a/R) Δix (2)
From (2), θ=
𝑎
R
△i(rad)
=
𝑎
R
△i ×
180
𝜋
(°) (3)
⇒a=10/193= 0.0518mm/pixel
Real time system sensitivity can be calculated as below:
From (3), θ = (1/20000) ×
180
𝜋
×a
= 0.00286 ×0.0518
=0.000148(°/pix) (4)
System sensitivity observed from the experiment is calculated as below:
θ = 1/16460.1 = 0.00015(°/pixel) (5)
Below Fig.3 shows the sensitivity result of spirit level.
Figure 3: Sensitivity graph of spirit level (° Vs mm)
Sensitivity of spirit level obtained from the experiment:
θ = 1 / 334.72 = 0.00299 (° / mm) (6)
Spirit level sensitivity is calculated by taking radius of curvature as 20000mm
The real time sensitivity of the spirit level in mm/° is
𝜋
180
×20000= 349mm/° (7)
The spirit level sensitivity obtained from the experiment (6) is closer to the actual sensitivity (7).
Similarly actual system sensitivity (4) and the observed system sensitivity from experiment (5) are closer.
The test was done using multi spirit level in order to increase the measurement accuracy. We used 3 spirit levels
in this experiment since it is difficult to maintain the stability of the multi spirit level. So, continuous measurement
was done until the bubbles become stable. Continuous measurement of data with 10minutes time interval was
taken automatically with interval shot web camera and the change in spirit level was noted.
III. Continuous Experiment
Two types of models were developed for continuous measuring system (1) System-A using a small
microcontroller and (2) System-B using small Linux box (Raspberry Pi). Below Fig.4.shows the conceptual
diagram of the continuous measuring system.
4. Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 4|
Figure 4: System-A: Sensor network setup
3.1 System-A
3.1.1 Description:
Below Fig.5 shows the experimental setup of the camera and multi spirit level. As an initial test the setup
was placed on top of the 7th
floor of an 8 storey building and the change in the building was monitored
continuously for about 6 months.
Figure 5: Experimental setup of camera and spirit level
Experimental method of the present study is to send instruction to the camera to take photograph and data
transfer instructions using a single chip microcontroller Renesas R8C/M11A [4]. The serial JPEG camera of size
32mm x 32mm automatically captures the photograph of the spirit level. 3 spirit levels of R= 20000mm were fixed
and a LS-Y201 (Link sprite JPEG color camera with serial UART interface with a resolution of 160 x 120) was
installed at a distance of 10cm from spirit level, which was set to take photographs at a time interval of 10min.
LS-Y201 camera works in DC 3.3V power supply [4].The output JPEG images with a dimension of 320 x 240 are
transferred through UART serial communication with a communication speed of 38400 bps. RN41 Bluetooth is
used to transfer the data to the PC side for a communication range of 100m, XBee wireless communication
module can be used for a distance of up to 1km.
The microcomputer is powered at the time of taking photograph and the image data is transferred from
the equipment to PC for every10 minute. LED is set to on and off for every 10 min while taking photograph. It is
possible to calculate the angle of inclination of the device from the center position of the bubble in the captured
image.
3.1.2 Method of calculation
X coordinates of the left and right of the image data of all spirit level are read and the below formula is
used:
△x1 = (x1+x2)/2
△x2 = (x3+x4)/2
△x3 = (x5+x6)/2
△x= (△x1+△x2+△x3)/3
Thus, centre position of the bubbles can be calculated.
Actual diameter of the spirit level: 10mm
Size of the bubble in pixel: width 87 pixels
DC-DC (b) R8CM11A
Bluetooth
module
Bluetooth
Dongle
PC
JPEG CameraDC-DC (a)
3V
Battery
LED
5. Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 5|
Height 40 pixel
Diameter of the spirit level: 75 pixel
⇒1pixel=10mm/75pixel=0.133333mm
⇒ Real space of 1 pixel (a) = 0.133333mm/pixel
3.2 System-B: Using small Linux box (Raspberry Pi)
The measurement was done simultaneously by using a Raspberry Pi computer for validation. SD card is
used to store the OS and all the data’s needed. SD card in Raspberry Pi is similar to a hard disk in PC. So based on
the requirement the memory size can be chosen. A 12V/5Ah battery with DC-DC converter is used to obtain the
5V power supply for the system. Linux based Python that comes along with Raspbian OS is used as a controlling
program for Raspberry-Pi. Pyserial package is used for serial communication [5, 6]. Cron-tab technique
associated with Linux distribution is used to execute the program automatically when Raspberry Pi is turned on.
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of Raspberry Pi network
After conducting the basic experiment, the device was subjected to a continuous measurement of more
than 6 months from September 2014.
3.3 Experimental Results
There is a constant movement of bubbles in each spirit level. Thus, it is possible to observe any minute
change of the bubble. The tilt angle of device was calculated from the average position of the three bubbles. From
the Fig.8 it is understood that the movement of bubble is stepwise rather than linear movement. It can be assumed
that the stepwise movement of the bubble is due to the below two factors:
1. Friction between the liquid and the bubble
2. Inner surface of the spirit level is roughly smooth
So, for a better accuracy 3 spirit levels were used and the average was taken.
Initially it took 2 days to attain stability of the bubbles. So, there was some oscillation in the first 2 days.
After that a periodic bubble movement was noticed. Since the imaging frequency is 10 minutes, 144 images were
processed in a day. The bubble movement is smooth due to the friction between the bubble and spirit level.
Figure 7: Initial bubble movement with oscillation
R-Pi5V SDcard
camera
6. Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 6|
Figure 8: Continuous experiment graph
3.4 Correlation between spirit levels
After attaining stability, correlation between each spirit level was calculated in order to find the
relationship between bubbles in each spirit level. The significance level of this correlation depends on the
distortion and the bubble movement. Correlations between the bubbles are shown in below Fig.9 and Fig.10.
When compared to Bubble 2, Bubble 1 and Bubble 3 have little more distortion and hence a correlation of 0.9 was
obtained.
Figure 9: Correlation between bubble1 and bubble2
Figure 10: Correlation between bubble2 and bubble3
-0.03
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
deg
12/16 12/17 12/18 12/19 12/20 12/21
△X1
△X2
△X3
y = 0.925x -0.003 -0.016
-0.014
-0.012
-0.01
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0
-0.012 -0.01 -0.008 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0 0.002
bubble1
bubble2
y = 0.902x + 0.001 -0.012
-0.01
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0
0.002
-0.012 -0.01 -0.008 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0 0.002
bubble3
bubble2
7. Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 7|
3.5 Average bubble movement
Figure 11: Average of bubble movement
Angular change of the building can be seen from the above graph, it is noted that there is a periodic
change in bubble movement due to the weather conditions like sunny, rainy, cloudy, etc... Bubbles move with a
regular angular variation of about 0.002° and with regular amplitude of about 0.001°. The maximum value of
angular variation is about 0.008°.
From the weather report it is understood that on sunny day bubbles changes comparatively more than
cloudy and rainy day.
IV. Image Processing
In order to automate the measurement, image processing techniques are required to automatically
determine the position of the bubble. In this method, it is sufficient to find the specific area corresponding to the
bubble from the target image.
Figure 12: Template matching
Processing is a programming language which is developed from languages such as C and simplified Java
[11]. Processing was done both manually by clicking the edge of the bubble image x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 and
obtaining the corresponding coordinates and from the average of 3 bubbles the position and the angle of
inclination can be calculated, and automatically using Open CV. Open CV which is a free image processing
library by Intel was used in this research. Template matching was done using Open CV 2.4.10 in visual C++
2008
Express Edition [5] [12]. There are several comparison methods in Open CV, in this experiment
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0
0.002
0.004
Experimental Result
deg
9/17 9/18 9/19 9/20 9/21 9/22 9/23
8. Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit level
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.3| Mar. 2015 | 8|
CV_TM_SQDIFF method is used. Initially template and input image is read and it is converted to binary image
then the corresponding region was searched using the CV_TM_SQDIFF template matching method and the match
was displayed in the rectangular region. Above Fig.12 shows the template matching result obtained using Open
CV.
V. Discussion And Conclusion
A minimum accuracy of 0.002° was measured as a result of the test conducted in the 8 storey building.
The Minimum accuracy of the system depends on factors such as resolution of camera, movement of bubble and
distortion of camera.To increase the accuracy of the result Geometric distortion has to be considered for the image
data. Two common types of distortion are barrel distortion and pincushion distortion [13] [14]. Distortion was
tested with a graph sheet plotted with plots and the image data was captured. The result was checked for how it
appears on the optics, when conducted result shows error of 1-2%. Left part of the image is distorted a little bit
more comparing to the right part of the image.
It should be noted that the spirit levels are very sensitive to variation in the temperature of their
surroundings, since they change the tension of ether vapour in the vial. Hence the spirit level should be used in
controlled temperature conditions. The resolution can be increased by using a camera with high pixel resolution or
by minimizing the distance between the spirit level and camera as much as possible.
Even small changes in land position can be measured successfully from this experiment and the obtained
measurements were proven reliable. As the setup cost and power consumption is very low, it can be implemented
in large scale. The major advantages of the proposed method are that it is not affected by electrical noise and it is
less susceptible to temperature changes. The Raspberry Pi system is compact and can be used as a standalone
system and the data can be saved in SD card. When using multi sensors in the experiment system-A can be used.
The user can choose from the two methods based on the target field. Both the system-A and system- B can be
connected to the network and the inclination data can be viewed globally.
Anyhow, measurement cannot be done when the liquid inside the spirit level is inflated at high
temperature or when it is frozen at low temperature causing the disappearance of the bubble. Hence field
observations in such extreme hot or cold regions should be done with a temperature control device.
The analysis is used to evaluate the factors related to land displacement measurement, formulate the
measurement technique and to predict the landslide hazard in future.
The inclination measurements in this study, was performed for the purpose of considering the
development of disaster prevention system. In particular, inclination measurement in combination with sensor and
wireless technologies and to develop the network system is the final goal.
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