The B cell receptor is a transmembrane protein on B cells that is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The B cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface and has two key functions: signal transduction upon antigen interaction and internalization of antigens for processing and presentation to T cells. The B cell co-receptor is a complex of CD19, CD21, and CD81 expressed on mature B cells.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
B-Cell Receptor (BCR) structure, function anddiversity .pdfAshu
The B cell receptor, or BCR, is a key component of the adaptive immune system. It's a membrane-bound antibody that recognizes specific antigens. BCR diversity is generated through somatic recombination of gene segments, leading to a vast array of antigen-binding specificities. This diversity allows B cells to effectively respond to a wide range of pathogens, contributing to immune defense.
For further study,
explore Kuby Immunology Edition 6th
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839220/
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. B CELL RECEPTOR
is a transmembrane protein on the surface of
a B cell.
A B cell receptor is composed of
a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule
a signal transduction moiety.
7. B-cell receptor
The B-cell receptor
consists of an Ig molecule
anchored to the cell’s
surface. CH = heavy
chain constant region;
CL = light chain constant
region; Fab = antigen-
binding fragment;
Fc = crystallizable
fragment; Ig =
immunoglobulin; L-kappa
(κ) or lambda (λ) = 2
types of light chains;
VH = heavy chain
variable region;
VL = light chain variable
region.
8. The B cell receptor (BCR) has two crucial functions upon
interaction with the antigen.
One function is signal
transduction, involving
changes in receptor
oligomerization
The second function is to mediate
internalization for subsequent
processing of the antigen and
presentation of peptides to helper
T cells.
9. B-cell co-receptor
• The B-cell co-receptor is expressed on mature
B cells as a complex of the cell-surface
molecules CD19, CD21, and CD81.
