This document summarizes a group project on Chikungunya virus, covering its discovery, transmission by mosquitoes, morphology, replication process in the body, common symptoms, diagnosis methods, treatment approaches, prevention recommendations, prognosis, and concluding facts about the virus. It is submitted by 8 students to their professor and contains 6 sections on various aspects of

1. Syeda Atya Batool 1349-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Vaneeza Mehtab 1370-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Wajjiha Amjad 1378-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Sidra Fatima 1382-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Ayesha Ishtiaq 1383-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Sheeza Arif 1386-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Nimra Sarwar 1392-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Shabana Noor 1399-FBAS/BSBT/F20
GROUP B
Submitted to: Dr. Kehkashan
Submission date: October 12, 2022

2. Chikungunya
Topic:

3. Contents
1. 2.
Introduction and
Discovery
Viral Morphology 3. Viral Replication/
Pathogenesis
4. 5.
Symptoms Diagnosis and
Treatment
6. Prevention, Prognosis,
Conclusion

4. Introduction
and Discovery
01

5. Chikungunya Virus
● Single stranded RNA Alphavirus.
● Transmitted to humans by mosquito bites.
● Chikungunya word is from Makonde language in
Tanzania which means “that which bends up.”
● It refers to the bent posture of patients due to
severe joint pain.

6. ● ChikV uses Aedes genus mosquitoes as vectors.
● Rodents, birds and buffalos are also thought to be the
vectors.
● Further spreads in the autochthonous cycle.
● In Africa ChikV used Aedes Aegypti as vector but in Asia,
Indian Ocean and Europe A. albopictus was reported as
vectors.

7. Discovery
● In 1952, first case was reported in Makonde
plateaus in Tanzania.
● RW Ross isolated the virus from the serum of febrile
patients and mosquitoes in 1953.
● Again in 1958 ChikV outbreak was reported in
Bangkok, Thailand.
● In 2019, Asia and America were the most affected
by chikungunya (Pakistan reported 8378 cases).

8. Viral
Morphology
02

9. ● CHIKV belongs to the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridia.
● It is a small, spherical, enveloped icosahedral capsid virion,
and are 60-70 nm in diameter.
● The size of virus is medium as per virus standards i.e 100
angstrom diameter.
● At the center of virion is the nucleocapsid core of ~35nm in
diameter, composed of C protein in complex with the viral
genome.

10. Genetic material:
● The virus has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of
CHIKV is about 11.7kb
● It encodes 2 open reading frames (ORF), separated by 5’ and 3’
untranslated region.
● RNA virus able to evolve rapidly and expand vector.

11. ● Four non-structural proteins at 5’ end: nsp1, nsp2, nsp3, nsp4.
● Five structural proteins at 3’ end: Three glycosylated proteins, E1,E2, E3, a small
64 amino acids glycoprotein 6k; One non-glycosylated nucleocapsid protein C.
● The surface of this positive-stranded RNA alphavirus is covered with 80 trimeric
glycoprotein spikes.

12. ● The E1 and E2 glycoprotein form heterodimers and assemble into
spikes on the surface.
● Which facilitates viral access into the host cell

13. Viral Replication/
Pathogenesis
03

14. Steps of Replication
Attachment
1
Clathrin mediated entry by
endocytosis
2
Fusion of viral envelope
3
Disassembly of
nucleocapsid
4
Spherule formation
5
Spherule internalization
6
Translation of subgenomic
RNA
7
Nucleocapsid assemble
with E2/E1 at plasma
membrane
8
CPV-IIs form, containing
hexagonal lattices of E2/E1
9
CPV-IIs serve as vehicle
10
Egress from CPV-II
structures
11

16. Symptoms
04

17. ● Majority of people infected with the virus will have symptoms.
● 3 to 28 percent of people infected with chikungunya will remain
asymptomatic, according to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
● The first sign of chikungunya will typically be a high fever (typically
above 102 degrees F), followed by a rash.
● Onset of illness usually occurs 4 to 8 days later (but the range can be
2 to 12 days.

18. Joint pain
Headache
Arthritis
Nausea
Myalgia
Other
Symptoms

19. ● Conjunctivitis (Pink or red color in the white of the eyes)
● Swelling of the conjunctiva (the thin layer that lines the
white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelid) and/or
eyelids).
● Maculopapular rash (characterized by a flat red area on the
skin covered with elevated bumps)

20. Diagnosis and
Treatment
05

21. Diagnosis
● See your healthcare provider if you have visited an area where
chikungunya is found and have symptoms described above.
● Tell your healthcare provider when and where you traveled.
● Your healthcare provider might order blood tests to look for
chikungunya or other similar viruses like dengue.

22. Several methods can be used for diagnosis:
● Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
(ELISA), may confirm the presence of IgM and
IgG anti-chikungunya antibodies.

23. Medical treatment:
• paracetamol to reduce fever and
pain.
• Injection Voveron 3ml (powerful
analgesic painkiller).
• It relieves pain in muscles and
joints.
Self-treatment:
• Get plenty of rest.
• Drink fluids to prevent
dehydration.
• Eat Healthy
Treatment

24. Different types of CHIKV vaccines have recently been developed. However,
there is still no licensed vaccine or treatment available.
Vaccines
● Subunit vaccines
● Whole-virus inactivated vaccine
● Formalin-inactivated vaccines
● DNA vaccines
● Pseudoinfectious virus
● A single-dose insect alphavirus-
vectored vaccine
● LAVs - live attenuated vaccines

25. Prevention,
Prognosis,
Conclusion
06

26. ● Use insect repellent which are
proven to be safe and effective
● Dress your child in clothing
that covers arms and legs. ● Cover strollers and baby
carriers with mosquito netting.
● Always follow label instructions
on insect repellent
1. Protect yourself and Your Family from mosquitoes Bites

27. ● Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
● Use 0.5% permethrin to treat clothing and gear (such as boots,
pants, socks, and tents) or buy permethrin-treated clothing and
gear.
● Permethrin is an insecticide that kills or repels mosquitoes.
● Read product information to find out how long the protection will
last.
● If treating items yourself, follow the product instructions.

28. Take these things while travelling:
● EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) registered insect
repellent.
● Clothes which can cover your whole body.
● Clothes and gear treated with 0.5% Permethrin.
● Stay in a room or a lodging with proper air conditioning
system and screen doors.
● Use Permethrin-treated net for sleeping outside.
2. Prevent Mosquito Bite while Traveling

29. ● To keep mosquitoes outside, fold the net under the
mattress.
● Select a long mosquito net.
● Check the net for any breaches or holes.
● Avoid sleeping right up against the net.
● The net must not be hung close to candles, cigarettes, or
open flames because it may catch fire.
Do not travel to those areas where the chances of being
infected with Chikungunya are very high.

30. Prognosis
● Mortality rate of
Chikungunya is slightly
less than 1 in 1000.
In 2022, and as of 24
August, 229 029 cases and 41
deaths have been reported.
● Those over the age of 65, neonates, and those
with underlying chronic medical problems are
most likely to have severe complications.
● Neonates are vulnerable as it is possible
to vertically transmit chikungunya from
mother to infant during delivery, which results
in high rates of morbidity, as infants lack fully
developed immune systems.

31. Interesting
Facts about
Chikungunya
Virus

32. Included in the
Neglected Tropical
Diseases.
The virus may cause
encephalitis, a disease of
the central nervous
system.

33. ● Viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes.
● Currently no licensed vaccine or specific drug against the virus.
● Shares some clinical signs with dengue and Zika, and can be misdiagnosed.
● The proximity of mosquito breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk
factor for chikungunya.
● Vaccination of the susceptible population is a powerful method to control infection.
“Prevention is better than cure.”
Conclusion

35. Any
Question?