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T-cell receptors are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta chains with variable and constant regions. The variable region binds to antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex and contains complementary determining regions that provide specificity. While the TCR is responsible for antigen recognition, it does not signal within the cell itself. Signal transduction is carried out by the CD3 complex, which contains gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta chains and lacks kinase activity.
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This document discusses the B cell receptor (BCR) and its role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The BCR is composed of immunoglobulin and Igα/Igβ proteins that transmit signals into cells. CLL results when too many B cells become abnormal lymphocytes. In CLL, tonic BCR signaling provides growth signals and plays a key role in disease progression. New drugs target proteins in the BCR pathway like Btk and Syk to block this signaling and stop cancer cell growth and division. Ibrutinib is an approved treatment that inhibits the BCR complex and brings hope to CLL patients.
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The B cell receptor is a transmembrane protein on B cells that is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The B cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface and has two key functions: signal transduction upon antigen interaction and internalization of antigens for processing and presentation to T cells. The B cell co-receptor is a complex of CD19, CD21, and CD81 expressed on mature B cells.
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T CELL RECEPTOR.pptx
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen bound to MHC molecules. It consists of an alpha and beta chain, with 95% of T cells containing these chains and 5% containing gamma and delta chains instead. Each chain contains a variable region that binds the peptide-MHC complex and a constant region near the cell membrane. The variable regions contain three hypervariable complementarity-determining regions important for antigen recognition. The TCR is associated with CD3 proteins that transmit activation signals into the T cell upon peptide binding. TCR diversity arises from genetic recombination of DNA segments during T cell development.
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 2B-cell development.pptx
B-cell maturation begins with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where they develop through pro-B cell, pre-B cell, and immature B cell stages. During this process, immunoglobulin genes undergo rearrangement and expression of B cell receptors occurs. Immature B cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to complete maturation. Mature B cells circulate and are activated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells through T cell dependent or independent pathways. T cell dependent activation induces affinity maturation, class switching, and generation of long-lived memory B cells.
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This document discusses the B cell receptor (BCR) and its role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The BCR is composed of immunoglobulin and Igα/Igβ proteins that transmit signals into cells. CLL results when too many B cells become abnormal lymphocytes. In CLL, tonic BCR signaling provides growth signals and plays a key role in disease progression. New drugs target proteins in the BCR pathway like Btk and Syk to block this signaling and stop cancer cell growth and division. Ibrutinib is an approved treatment that inhibits the BCR complex and brings hope to CLL patients.
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The document summarizes key aspects of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and T cell receptor (TCR) recognition. It discusses how MHC genes were found to be important in transplant rejection and immune responses. There are three classes of MHC molecules - Class I found on nucleated cells, Class II on antigen presenting cells, and Class III molecules like complement components. The TCR recognizes antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules. Both MHC and TCR are highly polymorphic and recognize antigens in a MHC-restricted manner.
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The B cell receptor is a transmembrane protein on B cells that is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The B cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface and has two key functions: signal transduction upon antigen interaction and internalization of antigens for processing and presentation to T cells. The B cell co-receptor is a complex of CD19, CD21, and CD81 expressed on mature B cells.
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B cells develop through several stages:
1) Generation in the bone marrow or fetal liver
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3) Differentiation into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, or memory B cells
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1) The T-cell receptor (TCR) is highly variable between individuals due to small changes in charge and shape at its ends, which allows it to recognize a diverse range of peptide antigens bound to MHC molecules.
2) TCR diversity is generated through combinatorial and junctional mechanisms similar to immunoglobulin genes, including the use of multiple variable, diversity and joining gene segments.
3) Unlike antibodies, TCRs do not undergo somatic mutation, which helps prevent autoimmunity by ensuring TCRs maintain recognition of peptide-MHC complexes.
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1. The document discusses the two pathways that the immune system uses to process endogenous and exogenous antigens for presentation to T cells.
2. The cytosolic pathway processes endogenous antigens within the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by proteasomes and transported by TAP proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules in the ER.
3. The endocytic pathway processes exogenous antigens that are taken up by endocytosis, degraded within acidic endosomes and lysosomes, and associate with class II MHC molecules aided by the invariant chain and HLA-DM/DO proteins.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
1) MHC genes are organized into three classes - Class I genes present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II genes present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III genes encode proteins involved in immune responses.
2) MHC genes show high levels of polymorphism between individuals and encode cell surface proteins that play an important role in the immune system by distinguishing self from non-self.
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tcelldebasish.ppt
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a heterodimer found on T lymphocytes that recognizes antigens bound to MHC molecules. It consists of either an alpha and beta chain or a gamma and delta chain. The TCR is associated with the CD3 complex consisting of five proteins that are necessary for cell surface expression and signal transduction. TCRs are generated through V(D)J recombination of gene segments and provide diversity to recognize a wide range of antigens. T cell activation requires recognition of antigen-MHC by the TCR along with co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28.
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The document discusses T cell and B cell antigen receptors. It describes:
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2) The αβ heterodimer is most common in human and mouse T cells. TCR chains have variable and constant domains similar to immunoglobulins.
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B cells develop through several stages:
1) Generation in the bone marrow or fetal liver
2) Activation in the lymph nodes through interaction with antigens and T cells
3) Differentiation into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, or memory B cells
The key events in B cell activation and differentiation are Ig gene rearrangement, affinity maturation through somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and formation of plasma cells and memory cells mediated by AID and specific cytokines in germinal centers. B cells can be activated through T cell dependent or independent pathways.
The T-Cell Antigen Receptor Complex
The document summarizes key points about the T-cell antigen receptor complex:
1) The T-cell receptor (TCR) is highly variable between individuals due to small changes in charge and shape at its ends, which allows it to recognize a diverse range of peptide antigens bound to MHC molecules.
2) TCR diversity is generated through combinatorial and junctional mechanisms similar to immunoglobulin genes, including the use of multiple variable, diversity and joining gene segments.
3) Unlike antibodies, TCRs do not undergo somatic mutation, which helps prevent autoimmunity by ensuring TCRs maintain recognition of peptide-MHC complexes.
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T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
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The document discusses the expression of immunoglobulin genes (Ig) in the immune system. It describes the structure and function of antibodies, which are Y-shaped proteins composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains that bind to antigens. The document explains that antibodies are produced by plasma cells and have specific binding regions called Fab that allow them to bind to particular epitopes on antigens. It also summarizes how alternative RNA processing leads to either membrane-bound or secreted forms of antibodies being produced.
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The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
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T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature and develop in the thymus gland, where they are selected and educated to recognize the body's own cells and mount immune responses against foreign threats. T-cells recognize antigens presented on other cells through molecules of the major histocompatibility complex and are activated through a process that involves antigen presentation, costimulatory signals, and cytokine communication.
Antibody class switch ppt
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The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
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T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
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This document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its class I and class II molecules. It describes the structure and components of MHC class I and II molecules, including their peptide binding grooves. MHC class I molecules are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells and present peptides from intracellular pathogens to cytotoxic T cells. MHC class II molecules are only expressed on antigen-presenting cells and present peptides from extracellular pathogens to helper T cells. The MHC genes are highly polymorphic in human populations, contributing to diversity in antigen presentation.
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1. The document discusses the two pathways that the immune system uses to process endogenous and exogenous antigens for presentation to T cells.
2. The cytosolic pathway processes endogenous antigens within the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by proteasomes and transported by TAP proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules in the ER.
3. The endocytic pathway processes exogenous antigens that are taken up by endocytosis, degraded within acidic endosomes and lysosomes, and associate with class II MHC molecules aided by the invariant chain and HLA-DM/DO proteins.
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B-cell and humoral immunity
B-cells develop and mature in the bone marrow from stem cells through distinct stages marked by specific cell surface markers and patterns of immunoglobulin gene expression. Mature B-cells leave the bone marrow and travel to peripheral lymphoid tissues where they are activated upon encountering antigen to produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory B-cells. B-cell activation involves proliferation, somatic hypermutation, selection, and potential class switching in germinal centers to produce high affinity antibodies and long-lasting immunological memory. This allows for a rapid secondary immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
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This document summarizes the key stages in B-lymphocyte maturation, generation, and activation. It discusses how B cells develop from progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo antigen-independent maturation including immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells. Mature B cells then leave the bone marrow equipped with B cell receptors. The document also describes how B cells are activated upon binding of antigen to their receptor, requiring co-stimulation by T helper cells to initiate the antibody response.
General organization and inheritance of MHC
The document summarizes key aspects of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
1) MHC genes are organized into three classes - Class I genes present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II genes present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III genes encode proteins involved in immune responses.
2) MHC genes show high levels of polymorphism between individuals and encode cell surface proteins that play an important role in the immune system by distinguishing self from non-self.
3) MHC is inherited as haplotypes from each parent, resulting in individuals expressing two sets of MHC molecules and high diversity in human populations.
Mhc
The document discusses major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), which are glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigen fragments to T cells. It describes MHC Class I and Class II molecules, which present antigens from intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. MHC genes were first identified as important in tissue graft rejection and show high polymorphism between individuals.
Genetic basis of antibody diversity
The document discusses the genetic basis of antibody diversity. It begins by defining key terms and describing the structure of antibody molecules. There are three families of immunoglobulin genes that encode the heavy chains, kappa chains, and lambda chains. Each gene cluster contains variable and constant region genes. During B cell development, V, D, and J gene segments undergo rearrangement to generate diversity. Additional diversity is created through junctional flexibility, addition of random nucleotides, and somatic hypermutation. This allows over a million combinations of heavy and light chains and an antibody repertoire of over 1 billion different antibodies. Isotype switching allows the same antigen specificity but a different class or isotype of antibody to be produced. Understanding immunoglobulin structure has enabled advances
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ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
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Similar to Tcr class
tcelldebasish.ppt
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a heterodimer found on T lymphocytes that recognizes antigens bound to MHC molecules. It consists of either an alpha and beta chain or a gamma and delta chain. The TCR is associated with the CD3 complex consisting of five proteins that are necessary for cell surface expression and signal transduction. TCRs are generated through V(D)J recombination of gene segments and provide diversity to recognize a wide range of antigens. T cell activation requires recognition of antigen-MHC by the TCR along with co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28.
4. Nature of T cell B cell receptors.pptx
The document discusses T cell and B cell antigen receptors. It describes:
1) The T cell receptor is a heterodimer of either an α and β chain or γ and δ chain, with approximately 105 receptors on the cell surface associated with the CD3 complex for signal transduction.
2) The αβ heterodimer is most common in human and mouse T cells. TCR chains have variable and constant domains similar to immunoglobulins.
3) B cell receptors are composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin plus the Ig-α and Ig-β heterodimer, which have cytoplasmic tails that interact with signaling molecules unlike the short immunoglobulin tails.
Chapter 5 Immunology
T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules on other cells. Antigens from intracellular sources such as viruses are processed and presented by MHC class I to CD8+ T cells. Antigens from extracellular sources such as bacteria that are endocytosed are processed and presented by MHC class II to CD4+ T cells. The antigen processing pathways and the classes of MHC molecules that present the peptides allow the immune system to mount appropriate responses targeting different types of pathogens.
Chapter 9 Basic immunology ppts DZ 2010.ppt
This document summarizes key concepts about T cell maturation, activation, and differentiation from Chapter 9. It describes how T cells mature in the thymus through positive and negative selection to recognize antigen only in the context of self-MHC. The structure and role of the T cell receptor and accessory molecules like CD4, CD8, and CD3 in antigen recognition and signal transduction are also summarized. Finally, it discusses the requirements for T cell activation, including engagement of the TCR with antigen/MHC and costimulatory molecules.
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The document discusses T and B cell receptors. B cell receptors (BCRs) are membrane immunoglobulins expressed on B cells that recognize and bind antigen specifically. The BCR complex includes the immunoglobulin molecule and Ig-αβ heterodimer, which contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs that transmit activating signals. B cells also require coreceptor and accessory molecules like CD19, CD21, and CD40 to provide additional activation signals. T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize antigenic peptides bound to MHC molecules. The TCR complex includes the TCR heterodimer and CD3 and ζ chains that transduce signals. Accessory molecules like CD4, CD8, CD28
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The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a heterodimer found on T cells that is responsible for recognizing antigen fragments. The TCR complex consists of an alpha and beta chain in most T cells or a gamma and delta chain in some T cells. The TCR is attached to the cell membrane and interacts with three signaling molecules - CD3δ/ε, CD3γ/ε, and ζζ - which propagate the signal received by the TCR into the cell. The TCR signal is enhanced by simultaneous binding of MHC molecules by the T cell's co-receptor, either CD4 on helper and regulatory T cells which binds MHC class II, or CD8 on cytotoxic T cells which binds
G.2014-immuno~ (8.adaptive immunity'tcell'-jyh)
1. T cells develop in the thymus through rearrangement of TCR genes and positive and negative selection which results in MHC restriction and self-tolerance.
2. Mature T cells express the TCR-CD3 complex and either CD4 or CD8 as co-receptors. They also express accessory molecules like CD28, CTLA-4, LFA-1 which regulate activation.
3. T cells are classified as naive or memory based on activation status, and as CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, or regulatory T cells based on surface markers.
T cell signalling pathway
The T cell receptor signaling pathway involves T cells binding antigens presented by MHC proteins on antigen presenting cells. When the T cell receptor binds to its antigen, it activates the kinase Lck which phosphorylates proteins in the CD3 complex. This leads to phosphorylation of the adapter protein ZAP70 which then phosphorylates LAT and SLP76, recruiting downstream molecules. This results in calcium release, NFAT and NF-κB activation, and expression of cytokines and other proteins through similar pathways as in B cell signaling, including the Ras pathway. T cell signaling also regulates adhesion molecules and chemokines to influence T cell localization.
Immunochemistry cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity operates through T lymphocytes that recognize antigens presented on self-cells. There are four main types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells that destroy infected cells, helper T cells that activate other immune cells, suppressor T cells that shut down immune responses after infection is cleared, and memory T cells that help mount rapid responses upon re-exposure to pathogens. T cells express T cell receptors that recognize antigens bound to MHC proteins on surfaces of infected cells. Recognition of foreign peptides activates immune responses that eliminate pathogens.
T-Cell Mediated Immunity
T cells are activated through the recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This leads to T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenous antigens on MHC I to kill infected cells, while helper T cells recognize exogenous peptides on MHC II and secrete cytokines to stimulate macrophage activation or B cell antibody production. Full T cell activation requires both antigen recognition by the TCR and co-stimulatory signaling between molecules such as B7 and CD28.
T.docx
T-cell receptor is a protein complex found on T cells that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigens bound to MHC molecules. It is composed of two protein chains, usually an alpha and beta chain, that form the ligand-binding site. The TCR complex also includes CD3 proteins that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs involved in signal transduction upon TCR engagement with antigenic peptide-MHC complexes. TCR diversity arises from genetic recombination during T cell development in the thymus. Each recombined TCR confers unique antigen specificity determined by the antigen-binding site formed by its alpha and beta chains.
Mhc.anu
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which consists of glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are divided into class I and class II. Class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. The MHC was first identified as important for tissue graft compatibility.
Manisha t cell
This document summarizes the key stages in T-cell maturation, activation, and differentiation. It discusses how T-cells mature in the thymus through positive and negative selection to screen for self-MHC restriction and eliminate self-reactive cells. Activation requires signal 1 through TCR-antigen-MHC interaction and signal 2 via co-stimulatory molecules. Upon activation, T-cells can proliferate and differentiate into memory cells or effector cells. CD4 and CD8 T-cells leave the thymus as naive cells and, upon antigen recognition, can become activated and further differentiate.
Lymphocytes
1) The document discusses the lymphatic and immune systems, including lymphoid organs, lymphocytes, antigen presentation, and the major histocompatibility complex.
2) It describes T lymphocyte development and function, including the roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
3) The roles of B lymphocytes and antibody production are summarized.
Cell mediated immunity
This document summarizes cell-mediated immunity. It discusses how T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, with cytotoxic T cells destroying infected cells and helper T cells activating other immune cells through cytokine release. Antigens from intracellular pathogens are presented on MHC class I to cytotoxic T cells, while extracellular pathogens are presented on MHC class II to helper T cells. The document also describes T cell receptor structure and diversity, antigen recognition, and the mechanisms of cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell activation.
Mhc lecture notes
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which plays a key role in immune response and organ transplantation. It describes the structure of MHC class I and II molecules, which present peptide fragments to T cells. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and this variability allows recognition of diverse pathogens. The T cell receptor engages peptide-MHC complexes and accessory molecules provide costimulatory signals for T cell activation. Certain MHC alleles are associated with increased risk of various autoimmune diseases.
Cell-mediated immune responses
This document summarizes cell-mediated immune responses by T lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The phases of T cell responses including antigen recognition, costimulation, differentiation into effector cells, and signal attenuation.
2) How T cells recognize antigens through the T cell receptor complex and costimulatory molecules help activate T cells.
3) The roles and mechanisms of effector T cell subsets like Th1, Th2, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in fighting infection through secretion of cytokines and direct killing of infected cells.
4) How effector T cells migrate and are retained at sites of infection through adhesion molecules and homing receptors.
Adaptive immunity.pptx
The adaptive immune response has specificity and immunological memory. Antibodies and T cell receptors recognize specific epitopes on antigens. Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion. Memory T and B cells remain after infection to facilitate a faster response upon reinfection. The MHC presents antigen peptides to T cells in a haplotype-restricted manner. CD4+ T cells require three signals for activation: antigen recognition, co-stimulation, and cytokines. Effector CD4+ T cell subsets secrete distinct cytokines and provide different forms of immune help.
T and b cells
1. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to common lymphoid progenitors which differentiate into pro-B and pro-T cells.
2. Commitment to the B or T cell lineage is regulated by distinct transcription factors and cytokines direct proliferation of early lymphocytes.
3. Positive and negative selection during maturation ensure lymphocytes express functional receptors with low self-reactivity.
Adaptive immunity
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the specific immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity provides lifelong protective immunity through antigen-specific responses that are mediated by lymphocytes, including B cells, T cells, helper T cells, and killer T cells. Lymphocytes have antigen receptors like the B cell receptor and T cell receptor that provide specificity. The adaptive immune response develops over a person's lifetime through somatic recombination and clonal selection that generates a diverse repertoire of lymphocytes each with a unique receptor.
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Tcr class
- 3. T cells Called T cells because they develop in the thymus T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity Distinguishing feature is T cell Receptor (TcR) Many different types of T cells: helper, cytotoxic, memory, regulatory, and γδ
- 4. TCR 1 γδ TCR T cell Receptors are heterodimers i.e. two disulphide-linked polypeptides and have structurally similar domains like immunoglobulin TCR 2 αβ TCR
- 5. The αβ TCR The TCR α and β chains comprise two external immunoglobulin- like domains (V and C)
- 6. Structure of T-Cell Receptor The transmembrane segment contains two (α ) and one (β) positively charged residues and a short cytoplasmic tail. The α and β chains are disulphide linked.
- 7. The human TCR γδ receptor can several forms. The form containing a Cγ1 constant region contains an interchain disulphide bond, whereas, Cγ2 forms are not disulphide linked. The duplication or triplication of a section of the γ chain generates different forms of the g protein.
- 9. Variable region binding to antigen: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Each polypeptide has 3 CDRs in the Variable region and Majority of variability in CDR3 TCR Complex TCR αβ/γδ + CD3 (γδ2ε2ζ)
- 10. TcR does NOT actually do any intracellular signaling by itself: The CD3 complex helps to take the signal from the TcR into the cell Monomeric , , andγ δ ε chains ζ2 homodimer or ζη heterodimer Transmembrane proteins
- 11. Molecular arrangements of the TCR-CD3 Complex
- 12. Signalling
- 13. Signalling • CD3 (signalling complex) has no kinase activity • CD4 or CD8 initiates the propagation of the signal
- 14. Signaling Interaction of CD4/CD8 with MHCII/MHCI activates src- family protein tyrosine kinases (e.g. LCK) LCK phosphorylates immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs (ITAM) on the intracellular domain of the CD3 complex
- 15. Signallin g ITAM serves as docking site for other kinases Intracellular signalling cascade
- 16. Summary T-Cell Receptor Structure Heterodimer consisting of Alpha and Beta-chains with variable andconstant regions The TCR is responsible for keeping the Antigen Presenting Cell in proximity. Signal transduction is done co-receptors. Variable region is responsible for MHC-I/II interaction, it contains the complementary determining regions (CDR)
- 18. Class I Molecules (MHC I) MHC The Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules (MHC II)
- 19. MHC class I antigen It has 3 globular domains α1, α2 and α3. The α3 domain is associated with non- MHC-encoded peptide β2-microblobulin stabilized by S-S bond. The α1 and α2 domains bind alloantigens and present to the T cells.
- 20. MHC class II antigen Consists of two non-identical peptides (α & β). It peptide has 2 extracellular globular domains α1, α2 and β1, β1 respectively. Each peptide has short cytoplasmic tails. Except the α1 other domains are stabilized by intrachain S-S bonds. The β chain has the alloantigenic site.
- 21. How T cells Work?