Azolla and Anabena symbiosis
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Anabaena is a genus of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with the aquatic fern Azolla. Anabaena azollae lives within the leaves of Azolla, where it differentiates specialized cells called heterocysts that fix atmospheric nitrogen. In exchange, the cyanobacteria receives carbon compounds from the fern. This mutually beneficial relationship allows Azolla plants inoculated with Anabaena to double their biomass within a few days. Farmers have used the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis for centuries to naturally fertilize rice paddies, providing rice crops with 50-75% of their nitrogen needs and increasing yields by over 150% in some cases.
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This document provides an overview of mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhiza and explains that 95% of plant species form these relationships. It then classifies and describes the main types of mycorrhizal associations like ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and orchid mycorrhiza. The document outlines the importance and benefits of mycorrhizal relationships for plant growth and health. It also discusses methods for isolating, mass producing, and applying mycorrhizal fungi.
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Similar to Azolla and Anabena symbiosis
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Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exists as plankton. They perform oxygenic photosynthesis and are able to fix nitrogen. Anabaena has filamentous structures consisting of strings of beaded cells, including heterocysts that convert nitrogen to ammonia. Certain species of Anabaena form symbiotic relationships with plants and some produce toxins. Anabaena is believed to have produced much of Earth's oxygen and studies of its hydrogen production could provide renewable energy.
ANABAENA AZOLLAE CULTURE WATER, A SOURCE FOR BIOREMEDIATION
ABSTRACT:
The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis is outstanding due to its high productivity combined with its ability to fix nitrogen
at high rates. Anabaena azollae a blue green alga, isolated from a pteridophyte, Azolla pinnata by growing in stress
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medium (w/v). Water from the cultures of Anabaena contains nitrogen and can promote the growth of test crop.
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parameters, like germination percentage, seedling height, weight and chlorophyll content. The effect of Anabaena
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Key words: - Anabaena azollae, Azolla pinnata, Bioremediation, Blue green algaABSTRACT:
The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis is outstanding due to its high productivity combined with its ability to fix nitrogen
at high rates. Anabaena azollae a blue green alga, isolated from a pteridophyte, Azolla pinnata by growing in stress
conditions. Anabaena culture was grown in Benecks media and further transferred in sterile soil and tap water
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Taken this into consideration, the bioassays were performed on growth of wheat by evaluating different growth
parameters, like germination percentage, seedling height, weight and chlorophyll content. The effect of Anabaena
culture on soil texture was observed by analyzing the physico-chemical properties of treated soil against the
control. In the experiment of presoaking treatment of wheat seeds, 12 hrs presoaking was found most promoting
which showed 100% germination. Wheat seedlings growth enhancement was observed in treated wheat seedling
with Anabaena culture water and a significant improvement in nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus content was
observed with increased pH and reduced EC. The Anabaena culture water was analyzed in comparison with
normal tap water as control, to evaluate the difference in the nutrient quality available for treated plants.
Key words: Anabaena azollae, Azolla pinnata, Bioremediation, Blue green alga
Anabena
Anabena is a planktonic cyanobacteria commonly found in freshwater ecosystems across a wide range of temperatures and salinities. It grows in long filaments of vegetative cells, with some differentiating into heterocysts during times of low nitrogen. Anabena reproduces via fragmentation of its trichomes, which are long unbranched chains of vegetative cells and heterocysts. Blue-green algae blooms refer to rapid growth of cyanobacteria populations like Anabena in surface waters.
Cyanobacteria & Soil Fertlity.pdf
Cyanobacteria and their role in nitrogen fixation and rice cultivation are discussed. Cyanobacteria can live in many environments and colonize barren areas due to their photosynthetic abilities. They exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Some cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen symbiotically through associations with plants like Azolla. The Azolla-Anabaena association is an example of biological nitrogen fixation. Application of Azolla mats in rice fields can provide nitrogen and improve soil fertility and rice growth. Other factors like temperature, soil pH and nutrients also impact nitrogen fixation.
nitrogen fixing mo.pptx
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, microorganisms capable of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into fixed nitrogen (inorganic compounds usable by plants). More than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation is effected by these organisms, which thus play an important role in the nitrogen cycle.
Two kinds of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are recognized. The first kind, the free-living (nonsymbiotic) bacteria, includes the cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae) Anabaena and Nostoc and genera such as Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Clostridium. The second kind comprises the mutualistic (symbiotic) bacteria; examples include Rhizobium, associated with leguminous plants (e.g., various members of the pea family); Frankia, associated with certain dicotyledonous species (actinorhizal plants); and certain Azospirillum species, associated with cereal grasses.
The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria invade the root hairs of host plants, where they multiply and stimulate formation of root nodules, enlargements of plant cells and bacteria in intimate association. Within the nodules the bacteria convert free nitrogen to ammonia, which the host plant utilizes for its development. To ensure sufficient nodule formation and optimum growth of legumes (e.g., alfalfa, beans, clovers, peas, soybeans), seeds are usually inoculated with commercial cultures of appropriate Rhizobium species, especially in soils poor or lacking in the required bacterium.
Bga & azolla
Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen. They possess chlorophyll and can fix nitrogen. Azolla is an aquatic fern that has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. It grows easily and can be used as green manure to improve soil nutrition. Both blue-green algae and Azolla are important for agriculture - blue-green algae fix nitrogen while Azolla acts as a biofertilizer when used in rice fields and on other crops.
Unit III- Nitrogen metabolism and Growth
1. The document discusses nitrogen metabolism in plants and the nitrogen cycle. It describes how plants absorb nitrogen from the soil, the forms of nitrogen absorbed, and the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
2. Key parts of the nitrogen cycle described are ammonification, nitrification, nitrate assimilation, and biological and non-biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen is required for important molecules like amino acids and proteins.
3. The nitrogen cycle is essential for life and involves the natural processes by which nitrogen circulates between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
Presentation NITROGEN METABOLISM.pptx
Nitrogen is an essential element for life. Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen-fixing bacteria and archaea convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen compounds. This process occurs through a complex biochemical process involving the nitrogenase enzyme. It is an important natural process that adds nitrogen to soil and makes it available to plants. Some key points are:
1) Certain bacteria, archaea, and some plants like legumes form symbiotic relationships where the microbes in root nodules or other tissues fix nitrogen for the plant.
2) Free-living microbes like cyanobacteria also fix nitrogen, enriching soil and ecosystems.
3) The nitrogen fixed enters the nitrogen cycle and is used by other
Cyanobacteria 1 (1)
This document provides an introduction to cyanobacteria, including:
1) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that were originally misclassified as algae. They were the first organisms to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis.
2) Cyanobacteria are found in diverse aquatic and terrestrial habitats worldwide. They can form thick mats and blooms under suitable conditions.
3) Cyanobacteria have a variety of morphologies and play important ecological roles while also having applications in industry, agriculture and biotechnology. However, some species can produce toxins harmful to animals and humans.
nitrogen fixation
1) Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to forms that can be used by plants, such as ammonia. This is done through natural or industrial means.
2) Biological nitrogen fixers are microorganisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen, including symbiotic bacteria that form nodules on legume roots and free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria.
3) Nodule formation on legume roots is a regulated process involving chemical signaling between the plant and rhizobia bacteria. It results in nodules forming on roots in which the bacteria can fix nitrogen for use by the plant.
nitrogen.ppt
Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This reaction is catalyzed by the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase. Rhizobia bacteria form symbiotic relationships with legumes, living in root nodules and providing fixed nitrogen to the plant in exchange for carbon sources. The genes and proteins involved in nodulation and nitrogen fixation are well-studied, including the nodulation genes that allow bacteria to signal to and infect the plant roots, ultimately resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules.
Cours_Fixationsymbiose_-_copie.ppt
Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase. This reaction is catalyzed by certain bacteria that are able to fix nitrogen. The best-known nitrogen-fixing symbiosis is between rhizobia bacteria and legume plants, in which the bacteria infect plant root nodules and reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia that is exchanged for carbon from the plant. Key genes and gene products involved in this process include nodulation genes that control nod factor production, which signals to induce nodule formation, and the nitrogenase enzyme complex that facilitates nitrogen fixation.
notes
This document provides an overview of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. It discusses biological nitrogen fixation, the process by which molecular nitrogen is converted to ammonia. Key points include:
- Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by bacteria that live freely or in symbiotic relationships with plants. Important symbiotic fixers include Rhizobium bacteria that form nodules on legume roots.
- Nitrogen fixation requires the nitrogenase enzyme, protection from oxygen, electron donors like ferredoxin, a source of ATP, and the metals molybdenum and iron. It occurs only in the absence of fixed nitrogen.
- Nodule formation on legume roots involves recognition between the plant and bacteria, infection
SRK-Blue green algae and their mass multiplication
This document provides information about cyanobacteria and several species of blue-green algae. It discusses that cyanobacteria are prokaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous. Several species are described in more detail, including their taxonomy and characteristics. Methods for mass production of cyanobacteria in cemented tanks, shallow trays, or polythene-lined pits are also outlined.
Nitrogen Metabolism.pdf
This presentation offers a bird's eye view of nitrogen metabolism in plants w.s.r. to symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
nitrogenmetabolism-201028181632.pdf
This document discusses nitrogen metabolism in plants. It explains that nitrogen is essential for plants and is absorbed from the soil primarily as nitrate or ammonium ions. Nitrogen is also obtained from atmospheric nitrogen through nitrogen fixation, which can occur through physical or biological means. Approximately 10% of nitrogen fixation is physical, such as through lightning, while 90% is biological, carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria either freely living or in symbiotic relationships with plants. The document provides details on the processes of biological nitrogen fixation, including nodule formation in legumes, the mechanism of nitrogen reduction to ammonia, and assimilation of ammonia into amino acids in plants.
Nitrogen metabolism
This document discusses nitrogen metabolism in plants. It notes that nitrogen is essential for plants and is absorbed from the soil in nitrate or ammonium forms. Plants obtain nitrogen mainly from the atmosphere through nitrogen fixation, which can occur through physical or biological means. About 10% occurs physically through lightning converting nitrogen to nitrates, while 90% is through biological fixation by microorganisms like bacteria and cyanobacteria either freely living or in symbiotic relationships with plants. The document provides details on the mechanisms of biological nitrogen fixation and assimilation of fixed nitrogen into amino acids in plants.
azotobacter .pptx
Azotobacter is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that was discovered in 1901. It plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and making it available to plants. Azotobacter species are used in biofertilizers to increase soil fertility and stimulate plant growth. They produce auxins and other substances that promote plant development. Recent research has shown that Azotobacter isolates can produce the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when supplied with tryptophan, and that different concentrations of tryptophan and IAA can both stimulate and inhibit plant root growth.
Nitrogen assimilation in plants
NITROGEN CYCLE
NITROGEN FIXATION
Establishing Symbiosis Requires an Exchange of Signals
NODULE FORMATION
NITROGENASE ENZYME
NITRATE ASSIMILATION
AMMONIUM ASSIMILATED BY GS/GOGAT PATHWAY
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ANABAENA AZOLLAE CULTURE WATER, A SOURCE FOR BIOREMEDIATION
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Azolla and Anabena symbiosis
- 1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK BENGALURU-65 COMMERICAL PRODUCTION OF BIO-FERTILIZERS CMA-404(0+5) TOPIC : Symbiosis in Anabaena azolla PRESENTING BY: Guruprasad A ALB4o54
- 2. Anabaena ● Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exists as plankton. ● They form symbiotic relationship with certain plants and fix nitrogen. ● The Genes was identified by Bory de Saint Vincent and Flahault in 1886
- 3. HISTORY ● A DNA sequencing project was undertaken in 1999, and mapped the complete genome of Anabaena, which is 7.2 million base pairs long. ● The study focused on heterocysts, which converts nitrogen into ammonia. ● Certain species of Anabaena have been used in paddy fields proving to be an effective natural fertilizer.
- 4. Anabaena as observed in microscope
- 5. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF Anabaena spp ❑KINGDOM : Bacteria ❑PHYLUM : Cyanobacteria ❑CLASS : Hormogoneae ❑ORDER : Nostocales ❑FAMILY : Nostocaceae ❑GENUS : Anabaena
- 7. AZOLLA: ● Azolla is a genus of common water fern whose small leaves accumulate on the surface of bodies of water creating mats. ● Azolla is also known as mosquito fern or duck weed fern of fairy moss. ● Azolla is highly productive plant it doubles its biomass in 3 to 10 days. ● Azolla is used as an organic biofertilizer to increase the nitrogen levels in paddy. ● The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants providing upto 9 tonnes of protein/ha/year.
- 8. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF Azolla fern ●Kingdom : Plantae ●Division : Pteridophyta ●Class : Polypodiopsida ●Order : Salviniales ●Family : Salviniaceae ●Genus : Azolla
- 9. AZOLLA
- 10. About Anabaena azollae: ● It is a small filamentous phototrophic cyanobacteria generally seen as a multicelluar organisms with two distinct interdependent cell types. ● The first cell type is a small circular photoautotrophic vegetative cell that performs oxygenic photosynthesis and is typically blue-green in colour. ● The second is the heterocyst a larger paler more homogeneous cell produced by Anabaena to fix atmospheric nitrogen. ● Anabaena azollae is usually found within ovoid cavities inside the leaves of water fern Azolla.
- 11. Two types of cells, 1. Vegetative cells 2. Heterocyst
- 12. ECOLOGY OF Anabaena azollae ● Anabaena azollae and Azolla have formed a symbiotic relationship in which the cyanobacterium receives carbon and nitrogen sources from the plant in exchange for fixed nitrogen. ● Anabaena azollae are usually found within ovoid cavities located within the plants dorsal leaves and are connected to the external environment by pores. ● Epidermal cells inside the leaf cavities of Azolla project inwards forming numerous multicellular hairs wit wart like outgrowths. ● These hairs are thought to serve as a pathway for the free exchange of nutrients between Anabaena azollae and Azolla.
- 13. Anabaena present in leaf cavities of Azolla
- 14. ● When free living Anabaena azollae develops only 5 to 10% of its cells into heterocyst . But when living in conjunction with Azolla it increases its heterocyst production upto 25 to 30%. • Anabaena azollae is able to fix nitrogen so efficiently that population of Azolla have been known to double their biomass every two to three days.
- 15. Nitrogen fixation ● Nitrogen fixation is a remarkable prokaryotic skill in which inert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) is combined with hydrogen to form ammonia (NH3). ● This vital process along with nitrification (formation of nitrites and nitrates) and ammonification (formation of ammonia from protein decay) make nitrogen available to autotrophic plants and ultimately to all members of the ecosystem. ● Although Azolla can absorb nitrates from the water, it can also absorb ammonia secreted by Anabaena within the leaf cavities
- 16. Mechanism ● Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, vegetative cells differentiate into heterocysts at semi-regular intervals along the filaments. ● Heterocysts are cells that are terminally specialized for nitrogen fixation. ● The interior of these cells is microoxic as a result of increased respiration, inactivation of O2 producing photosystem (PS) II, and formation of a thickened envelope outside of the cell wall.
- 17. ● Nitrogenase, sequestered within these cells, transforms dinitrogen into ammonium at the expense of ATP and reductant—both generated by carbohydrate metabolism, a process that is supplemented, in the light, by the activity of PS I. ● Carbohydrate, probably in the form of sucrose, is synthesized in vegetative cells and moves into heterocysts. ● In return, nitrogen fixed in heterocysts moves into the vegetative cells, at least in part in the form of amino acids
- 18. Energy demand in Nitrogen fixation Two molecules of ammonia are produced from one molecule of nitrogen gas. The reaction requires 16 molecules of ATP and a supply of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) plus the enzyme nitrogenase.
- 19. Symbiotic N2-fixation: Azolla - Anabena
- 20. IMPORTANCE OF Anabaena azollae ● For centuries the symbiotic relationship between Anabaena azollae and Azolla has benefitted farmers across world. ● It is commonly used as green manure which increases rice production. ● It is either incorporated as green manure at the beginning of the cropping season or grown as dual crop along with rice crop. ● Azolla can also provide aerobic transformations such as metane oxidation through enhance aeration of flood water in rice field. .
- 21. ● The fern is responsible for providing 50 to 75% of the nitrogen required by the rice crop. ● According to some reports Azolla has helped increase rice yields as much as 158% per year. ● Azolla is also used in fish food and garden mulch. ● It is a natural food for various types of insects. ● It is also used as water purifier and for control of weeds and mosquitoes.
- 22. Rice-Azolla-Fish, China Azolla to feed cows, Thailand Rice-Azolla-Ducks, Korea Takao Furuno Symbiotic N2-fixation: Azolla - Anabena
- 23. AZOLLA FERTILIZED IN PADDY FIELDS
- 24. Thank you