Azolla is a small aquatic fern that harbors nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria called Anabaena azollae within specialized leaf cavities. When used as a green manure for rice cultivation, Azolla can fix 40-60 kg of nitrogen per hectare and increase rice yields by 55% by supplementing 50-75% of the nitrogen needs of the crop. The cyanobacteria Anabaena azollae lives symbiotically within Azolla leaves and is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen through specialized cells called heterocysts, converting it into a form usable by plants. When incorporated into flooded rice fields before planting, the nitrogen fixed by Azolla promotes rice growth and reduces the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizers.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
The term 'Biofertilizer' itself means 'Live
Fertilizer'.
contain live or latent beneficial microbes
which help to fix atmospheric nitrogen,
solubilize
and
mobilize
phosphorus,
translocate minor elements (Zinc, Copper,
etc.,) to the plants, produce plant growth
promoting hormones, vitamins, amino acids
and control plant pathogenic fungi
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
The term 'Biofertilizer' itself means 'Live
Fertilizer'.
contain live or latent beneficial microbes
which help to fix atmospheric nitrogen,
solubilize
and
mobilize
phosphorus,
translocate minor elements (Zinc, Copper,
etc.,) to the plants, produce plant growth
promoting hormones, vitamins, amino acids
and control plant pathogenic fungi
If you want to explore the role of Cyanobacteria in soil fertility in general & Azolla-Anabena association in particular, you can visit this PowerPoint Presentation.
Biofertilizers have enough strength to improve the productivity of crop plants as well as soil health. In this slide various biofertilizers, their role, use, application methods are briefly described.
Azolla cultivation guide ( Rich proteins feed for cattle poultry fish and pig)Amar Sawant
Azolla, a wonderful plant and it is a branched free-floating aquatic fern, and it rapidly grows on the surface of the water.
Many farmers due to Limited resources they often struggle to produce sufficient feed for that animals. But Azolla is the right option in front of them.
Azolla is ideal sustainable feed for cattle, fish, pig, and poultry apart from this its also used as biofertilizer in the farm. Hence many farmers attract toward the Azolla cultivation.
Azolla cultivation is popular in countries like China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, etc.
Azolla fixes nitrogen it is an excellent source of nitrogen also it to his high nutrient value.
For Azolla cultivation required less amount of investment hence it is a low-cost alternative for good feed and good biofertilizer.
INTRODUTION A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. INTRODUCTION
More than 50 % nitrogen can be supplemented when Azolla dual
cropped with rice.
Azolla (also known as mosquito fern, duckweed fern, or fairy moss)
is a genus in the family Salviniaceae is regarded as “Live Nitrogen
Manufacturing Factory” because, it harbors nitrogen fixing
Cyanobacteria.
The Azolla sporophyte (generally 0.5–7 cm in lenght but up to
40 cm in A. nilotica) consists of a
multibranched rhizome generating, on the ventral
surface, adventitious roots hanging down into the water to absorb
nutrients directly.
Azolla Cyanobacterial Symbioses
3. BLUE GREEN ALGAE
Nitrogen fixing BGA – called - cyanobacteria
Frequently abundant in soils fresh and salt waters
Blue green colour of the cell – cyanophycin – absence of
organized nuculeus
Rice ecosystem provides favorable for growth of BGA.
Some of them possess a peculiar structure known as 'heterocyst' and
all heterocystous forms can fix nitrogen from air.
Recently, some blue-green algae without heterocysts have also been
found to fix nitrogen under special conditions like low oxygen tension
Aulosira, Tolypothrix, Scytonema, Nostoc, Anabaena and
Plectonema
5. Role of heterocysts
• Free living Anabaena azollae only develops 5-10% of its cells into
heterocysts
• However, when living in conjunction with Azolla, Anabaena azollae
will increase its heterocyst production up to 25-30%
Role
• Heterocysts function as the sites for nitrogen fixation under aerobic
conditions
• Production of nitrogenase and other proteins for nitrogen fixation.
• Production of enzymes that eliminate oxygen from the cell.
• Rearrangement of the thylakoid, and the up-regulation of glycolytic
enzymes
6. Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis
Azolla with Anabaena
The Blue Green Algae - diazotrophic cyanobacteria Anabaena azollae
(Nostocaceae) present as a symbiont with this Azolla fern in the lower cavities
actually fixes atmospheric nitrogen
7. Anabaena azollae, although it can exist on its own, is usually found
within ovoid cavities inside the leaves of the water fern Azolla
The dorsal lobe is green and has nearly 2000-5000 immobilized cyanobacterial
symbiont (Anabaena azollae) within a central cavity.
8. Azolla dual cropping enhance rice yield by 55 % and supplement
nitrogen by 50-75 %
Azolla as a component of INM
Extensively used as biofertilizer and green manuring for rice cultivation.
Azolla can promote aerobic transformations such as methane oxidation
through enhanced aeration of the flood water in rice fields
Azolla has very fast growing character. It doubles its biomass in 3-5
days
Azolla fixes 40-60 kg N/ha in rice crop
9. Anabaena azollae is a small filamentous phototrophic
cyanobacteria generally seen as a multicellular organism with two
distinct, interdependent cell types.
1. The first is a small, circular, photoautotrophic “vegetative” cell
that performs oxygenic photosynthesis and is typically blue
green in color.
2. The second is a heterocyst; a larger, paler, more homogenous
cell produced by Anabaena to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
10. There are 7 living species of
• Azolla pinnata,
• Azolla caroliniana,
• Azolla rubra,
• Azolla filiculoides,
• Azolla nilotica,
• Azolla mexicana and
• Azolla microphylla.
Azolla pinnata is native to India but now many of these
species have been introduced.
11. Resting structure - Akinete
Under environmental stress, such as light limitation, cold temperatures, or
phosphate starvation, filamentous cyanobacteria such as Anabaena
azollae form specialized spores called akinetes
Anabaena filaments
Heterocyst
Akinete
12. Azolla can absorb nitrates from the water, it can also absorb ammonia
secreted by Anabaena within the leaf cavities.
• The ability of Azolla to fix N2 is about 1.1 kg N/ha/day.
• The doubling time varies between 2 and 10 days for most species and
maximum biomass ranged between 0.8 to 5.2 t dry matter/ha with an
average of 2.1 t/ha.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation
13. Application
• As green manure, Azolla is grown alone for two to three weeks in
flooded fields.
• Afterwards, water is drained out and Azolla fern is incorporated in
the field before transplanting of paddy. Otherwise, 4-5 q of fresh
Azolla is applied in standing water one week after planting of
paddy.
• Dry Azolla flakes can be used as poultry feed and green .
• Azolla is also a good feed for fish.
• It can be used as a bio-fertilizer, a mosquito repellent, in the
preparation of salads and above all as a bio-scavenger as it takes
away all heavy metals.
14. Advantages of Azolla
1. It can easily be produced in large quantity required as green manure in all the
seasons
2. It can fix atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen to form carbohydrates and ammonia
respectively and after decomposition it adds available nitrogen for crop
uptake and organic carbon content to the soil.
3. The oxygen released due to oxygenic photosynthesis, helps the respiration of
root system of the crops as well as other soil microorganisms.
4. It solubilises Zn, Fe and Mn and make them available to the rice.
5. Azolla suppresses tender weeds such as Chara and Nitella in a paddy field.
6. Azolla releases plant growth regulators and vitamins which enhance the
growth of the rice plant.
7. Azolla can be a substitute for chemical nitrogenous fertilizers to a certain
extent (25 kg/ha) and it increases the crop yield and quality.
8. It increases the utilisation efficiency of chemical fertilizers.
9. It reduces evaporation rate from the irrigated rice field.