This document summarizes the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelial and connective tissues, describing their characteristics, functions and major classifications/types. For epithelial tissue, it discusses membranous and glandular epithelia, as well as simple, stratified, pseudostratified and transitional epithelial types based on layering and cell shape. For connective tissue, it describes the components and functions, then subclasses into connective tissue proper, supporting and fluid connective tissues.

1. Tissue Level of Organization Histology McKinley and O’Laughlin Chapter 4

2. Introduction What is an aggregation of cells of similar structure and function? Tissue

3. Introduction What is a tissue? Organized groups of similar cells, and extracellular products, that carry out a common function

4. Introduction What do we call the study of tissues? Histology How many primary tissue types are there? 4

5. Introduction List the 4 primary tissue types. Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

6. 4 Primary Tissue Types Epithelial Tissue Covers surfaces Lines organs and body cavities Forms glands

7. 4 Primary Tissue Types Connective Tissue Supports Protects Binds

8. 4 Primary Tissue Types Muscle Tissue Contracts

9. 4 Primary Tissue Types Nervous Tissue Generates, transmits, and receives impulses Supports and protects neurons

10. What primary tissue type acts as a covering or lining? Epithelial tissue

11. Epithelial Tissue List 6 characteristics of epithelial tissue. Cellularity – little extracellular matrix Polarity – apical and basal surfaces Attachment – basement membrane Avascularity – underlying connective tissue vascular

13. Epithelial Tissue List 6 characteristics of epithelial tissue. Cellularity Polarity Attachment Avascularity Innervation – along with underlying connective tissue High regeneration capacity – stem cells

15. Epithelial Tissue List the functions of epithelial tissue? Physical protection Selective permeability Secretions Sensations

16. Epithelial Tissue What are the 2 major categories of epithelial tissue? Membranous epithelia Glandular epithelia

17. Characteristics of Membranous Epithelia One side of membranous epithelia is always exposed to what? Free surface or lumen What is the other side attached to? Basement membrane

18. Classification of Membranous Epithelia What 2 factors are used to classify epithelia? Layering or stratification Shape of apical cells

19. Classification of Membranous Epithelia What are 3 classifications of epithelium based on cell layers? Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

20. Classification of Membranous Epithelia What are classifications of epithelium based on shape? Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional Change appearance depending on stretching of epithelia

22. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells? Simple squamous epithelium

23. Types of Epithelium In general, where is simple squamous epithelium found? Protected regions Alveoli Endothelium Mesothelium

25. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide? Simple Cuboidal

26. Types of Epithelium Where is this type (simple cuboidal) of epithelium found? Walls of kidney tubules Ducts of exocrine glands Ovarian surface Thyroid follicles

28. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall, narrow cells? Simple columnar epithelium

29. Types of Epithelium What are the general functions of this type of epithelium? Absorption Secretion

30. Types of Epithelium What are the 2 general types of epithelium composed of a single layer of cells that are taller than wide? Ciliated Non-ciliated

31. Types of Epithelium Where is the only place in the body that the ciliated form occurs (Pseudostratified is technically simple, but we aren’t addressing it here)? Uterine tubes (lining)

33. Types of Epithelium Non-ciliated (simple columnar epithelia) often have what finger-like projections? Microvilli

34. Types of Epithelium What is the purpose of these structures (microvilli)? Increase surface area Absorption

36. Types of Epithelium What unicellular glands occur within it (Simple columnar epithelia)? Goblet cells What do these cells secrete? Mucus

38. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers with the apical layer being flat? Stratified squamous epithelium

39. Types of Epithelium What are the functions (of stratified squamous epithelium)? Protection

40. Types of Epithelium What 2 general types (of stratified squamous epithelium) occur? Keratinized Non-keratinized

41. Types of Epithelium Define each and list some locations where they occur. Keratinized: apical layers dead, contain the protein keratin Waterproofing and strengthening Epidermis Non-keratinized: apical layers living, moistened with mucus Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus

44. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium is typically composed of two layers with the apical layer being cube-shaped cells? Stratified cuboidal epithelium

45. Types of Epithelium What is the main function of this type (stratified cuboidal) epithelium? Protection Secretion: by providing a path for secreted products

46. Types of Epithelium Where is it (stratified cuboidal epithelium) found? Larger ducts of exocrine glands E.g. salivary and sudoriferous glands Part of the male urethra

48. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium is composed of two or more layers of cells with the apical layer made of cells taller than they are wide? Stratified columnar epithelium

49. Types of Epithelium What is the function of this type (stratified columnar epithelium)? Protection Secretion: by providing a path for secreted products E.g. same as stratified cuboidal epithelium

50. Types of Epithelium Where is it (stratified columnar epithelium) found? Larger ducts of exocrine glands E.g. salivary and sudoriferous glands Part of the male urethra E.g. same as stratified cuboidal epithelium

52. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium appears to be layered but is not? Pseudostratified epithelium

53. Types of Epithelium What 2 types (of pseudostratified epithelium) occur? Ciliated Non-ciliated

54. Types of Epithelium Where are they found? Ciliated : respiratory tract (large tubes) Non-ciliated : male urethra and epididymis

56. Types of Epithelium What type of epithelium may be stretched? Transitional epithelium

57. Types of Epithelium Where does it (transitional epithelium) occur? Bladder Ureters Urethra

59. Types of Epithelium Glands arise from epithelial tissue invaginating into what type of underlying tissue? Connective tissue

60. Types of Epithelium What is the function of a gland? Secretion

61. Types of Epithelium List and define the 2 general types of glands? Endocrine: lack ducts, secrete directly into blood and interstitial fluid Exocrine: duct connects secretory cells to surface

62. Connective Tissue What is connective tissue? Diverse tissues that bind, support, and protect Characterized by extensive extracellular matrix

63. Connective Tissue What are the 3 basic components of connective tissue? Cells Protein fibers Ground substance

64. Connective Tissue What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue? Ground substance Protein fibers Gives the connective tissue its properties

65. Connective Tissue List the main functions of connective tissue? Physical protection Support (and structural framework) Binding (of structures) Storage - fat Transport - blood Immunity - interferes with movement of invaders and houses leukocytes

66. Connective Tissue From which of the primary germ layers does connective tissue arise? Mesoderm

67. Connective Tissue Connective tissue may be classified into what 3 broad categories? Connective tissue proper Supporting connective tissue Fluid connective tissue

68. Connective Tissue What are the 2 broad categories of connective tissue proper? Loose Dense

69. Connective Tissue What type of loose connective tissue surrounds nerves, blood vessels, and individual muscle cells? Areolar connective tissue Also found in superficial dermis

71. Connective Tissue This type of tissue forms shiny layers of binding tissue commonly known as what? Fascia Superficial

72. Connective Tissue What type of loose connective tissue is commonly known as “fat”? Adipose connective tissue

74. Connective Tissue What type of connective tissue forms a meshwork that acts as a structural framework for organs such as the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes? Reticular connective tissue

76. Connective Tissue What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue? Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue

77. Connective Tissue What type of dense connective tissue is composed of densely-packed, parallel collagen fibers? Dense regular connective tissue

78. Connective Tissue Where is it (dense regular connective tissue) found? Tendons Ligaments

80. Connective Tissue What type of dense connective tissue is composed of collagen fibers extending in all directions? Dense irregular connective tissue

81. Connective Tissue Where is it (dense irregular connective tissue) found? Dermis Deep Perichondrium Periosteum Joint capsules

83. Connective Tissue What type of dense connective tissue contains elastic fibers? Elastic connective tissue

85. Connective Tissue What are the 2 types of supporting connective tissue? Cartilage Bone

86. Connective Tissue Which of these 2 is more flexible and found where the body needs support and must withstand deformation? Cartilage

87. Connective Tissue What is the most common type of cartilage? Hyaline cartilage

88. Connective Tissue Where is it (hyaline cartilage) found? Articular surfaces of long bones Nose Trachea Larynx Costal cartilage Fetal skeleton Epiphyseal plates

90. Connective Tissue What type of cartilage has numerous coarse, readily visible fibers arranged in irregular bundles between large chondrocytes? Fibrocartilage

91. Connective Tissue Where is it (fibrocartilage) found? Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Menisci

93. Connective Tissue What type of cartilage contains numerous elastic fibers? Elastic cartilage

94. Connective Tissue Where is it (elastic cartilage) found? Epiglottis External ear

96. Connective Tissue What type of connective tissue is composed of 1/3 organic components and 2/3 calcium salts? Bone Primarily calcium phosphate

97. Connective Tissue What dense irregular connective tissue covers almost all bone surfaces? Periosteum

98. Connective Tissue There are 2 forms of bone. Which is solid and forms the outer shell of an individual bone? Cortical bone (compact)

100. Connective Tissue There are 2 forms of bone. Which type of bone forms a latticework inside of individual bones? Cancellous bone (spongy)

103. Connective Tissue What is the fluid connective tissue? Blood

104. Connective Tissue List and give the function of the formed elements of blood. Erythrocytes: transport oxygen Leukocytes: immunity Thrombocytes (platelets): clotting

105. Connective Tissue What is the liquid portion of blood? Plasma: transports nutrients, wastes, hormones Matrix Most of the carbon dioxide is transferred here as carbonic acid

107. Body Membranes What type of membrane lines passageways and compartments that open to the exterior? Mucous membranes (mucosa)

108. Body Membranes What type of membrane lines enclosed cavities and produces a thin, watery fluid? Serous membranes (serosa)

109. Body Membranes These membranes (serosa) have what 2 parts? Parietal part Visceral part

110. Body Membranes What is the largest membrane of the body? Cutaneous membrane (skin)

111. Body Membranes What type of membrane lines the capsules of freely moving joints? Synovial membranes

112. Muscle Tissue What type of muscle tissue has long fibers that are striated, multinucleated, and voluntary? Skeletal muscle

114. Muscle Tissue What type of muscle tissue has short, branched fibers with one or two central nuclei, striations, and intercalated discs (also, it is involuntary)? Cardiac muscle

116. Muscle Tissue What type of muscle tissue has short, fusiform, non-striated fibers and is involuntary? Smooth muscle

118. Nervous Tissue What type of cells within neural tissue are specialized to detect stimuli, process information, and rapidly transmit electrical impulses? Neurons Longest cells in the body (because of the length of the axon)

119. Nervous Tissue What are the three main parts of these cells (neurons)? Cell body (soma) Dendrites - incoming Axon - outgoing

121. Nervous Tissue What type of cells within neural tissue specialize in supporting, protecting, and providing a framework for others? Glial cells (neuroglia)