Blood Supply of Brain
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The document summarizes the blood supply to the brain. The brain receives 15% of cardiac output despite making up only 2% of body weight. The two major arterial systems that supply the brain are the carotid system (via the internal carotid arteries) and the vertebro-basilar system (via the vertebral and basilar arteries). The carotid system contributes approximately 80% of total cerebral blood flow while the vertebro-basilar system contributes the remaining 20%. Several arteries branch off these main vessels to supply different regions of the brain, including the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. The circle of Willis connects these arteries and acts as an alternate blood supply if one of the main arteries is occluded. Reduced blood flow
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Blood supply of brain
This document summarizes the arterial supply and venous drainage of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses how the brain receives blood from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which connect at the circle of Willis to provide an interconnected blood supply. It describes the branches of these arteries and their territories. It also outlines the venous drainage pathways and discusses the blood-brain barrier. For the spinal cord, it explains that the anterior and posterior spinal arteries are the main arterial supply, along with segmental arteries.
The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are large masses of gray matter located in the cerebral hemispheres. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nuclear complex, and claustrum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and planning through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit motor activity. Disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from disruptions to these circuits.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the occipital and temporal lobes. It consists of two hemispheres, a vermis, and four lobes. The cerebellum contains grey matter on the outside forming the cerebellar cortex with three layers, and white matter on the inside. It receives input from climbing fibers in the medulla and mossy fibers from other brain regions. The cerebellum is divided into three sections based on function - vestibulocerebellum regulates tone and equilibrium, spinocerebellum regulates tone and movement, and corticocerebellum regulates skilled movement. The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination through these functions.
NEUROANATOMY - I
The document provides an overview of neuroanatomy, beginning with the divisions of the nervous system into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then describes the structures and components of the central nervous system in detail, including the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Key topics covered include the meninges, ventricular system, blood supply, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord, and functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
Blood supply to the brain
The document summarizes the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the brain. It discusses the two main sources of arterial blood - the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It describes the branches of these arteries and their territories. It also discusses the clinical consequences of occlusions in different arteries. The circle of Willis and venous drainage routes are also summarized.
Cerebellum ppt
The document provides an overview of the cerebellum including its:
- Physiological anatomy, divisions, and histological structure
- Neural circuits and neuronal activity
- Connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
- Key functions in controlling posture, balance, muscle tone, and voluntary movement
- Effects of cerebellar lesions and clinical tests used to assess cerebellar dysfunction
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Blood supply of brain
This document summarizes the arterial supply and venous drainage of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses how the brain receives blood from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which connect at the circle of Willis to provide an interconnected blood supply. It describes the branches of these arteries and their territories. It also outlines the venous drainage pathways and discusses the blood-brain barrier. For the spinal cord, it explains that the anterior and posterior spinal arteries are the main arterial supply, along with segmental arteries.
The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are large masses of gray matter located in the cerebral hemispheres. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nuclear complex, and claustrum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and planning through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit motor activity. Disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from disruptions to these circuits.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the occipital and temporal lobes. It consists of two hemispheres, a vermis, and four lobes. The cerebellum contains grey matter on the outside forming the cerebellar cortex with three layers, and white matter on the inside. It receives input from climbing fibers in the medulla and mossy fibers from other brain regions. The cerebellum is divided into three sections based on function - vestibulocerebellum regulates tone and equilibrium, spinocerebellum regulates tone and movement, and corticocerebellum regulates skilled movement. The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination through these functions.
NEUROANATOMY - I
The document provides an overview of neuroanatomy, beginning with the divisions of the nervous system into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then describes the structures and components of the central nervous system in detail, including the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Key topics covered include the meninges, ventricular system, blood supply, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord, and functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
Blood supply to the brain
The document summarizes the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the brain. It discusses the two main sources of arterial blood - the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It describes the branches of these arteries and their territories. It also discusses the clinical consequences of occlusions in different arteries. The circle of Willis and venous drainage routes are also summarized.
Cerebellum ppt
The document provides an overview of the cerebellum including its:
- Physiological anatomy, divisions, and histological structure
- Neural circuits and neuronal activity
- Connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
- Key functions in controlling posture, balance, muscle tone, and voluntary movement
- Effects of cerebellar lesions and clinical tests used to assess cerebellar dysfunction
Blood supply to brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. These vessels form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain and give rise to branches that supply different regions of the brain. The internal carotid artery splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Its branches also include the hypophysial arteries, ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and anterior choroidal artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies motor and sensory areas while the anterior cerebral artery forms the anterior communicating artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries.
Spinal cord-Blood supply
The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries. The anterior spinal artery arises from the vertebral arteries and runs down the anterior median fissure. It supplies the anterior two thirds of the cord. Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery can cause motor and bilateral loss of pain/temperature sensation symptoms. The posterior spinal arteries originate from the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and run down the posterolateral sulcus. Segmental arteries reach the cord along spinal nerve roots and nourish the roots. The venous drainage involves two median longitudinal veins and two anterolateral and posterolateral veins that drain into the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Cerebrum
The document describes the anatomy of the cerebrum and base of the skull. It discusses the lobes and cortical regions of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It also describes the structures and openings at the base of the skull, such as the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, optic canal and others.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
Cerebellum
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It begins by outlining the embryonic development and subdivision of the nervous system. It then describes the three functionally distinct regions of the cerebellum - the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum - and their different inputs and outputs. The document also discusses the cerebellar peduncles, cortex, and nuclei. It outlines the roles of the cerebellum in motor control and coordination and describes clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction such as ataxia.
Blood supply of the brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid artery enters the cranium and gives off branches including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries. These arteries anastomose to form the Circle of Willis, which provides an alternative blood supply if one of the arteries is occluded. Occlusion of specific arteries can cause deficits in regions supplied by that artery.
Anatomy of basal ganglia
The document discusses the basal ganglia, which are a group of subcortical gray matter structures in the cerebrum that include the corpus striatum, amygdala, and claustrum. It describes the main components and connections of the basal ganglia, including the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia are involved in coordinating movement through connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Disorders like Parkinson's disease can result from basal ganglia dysfunction and cause issues like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
Basal ganglia physiology
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the skull to the lumbar vertebrae and contains gray matter in an H-shaped arrangement. It provides bidirectional communication between the brain and body via ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord is protected within vertebrae and surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater.
Anatomy of midbrain
The brain stem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the pons and cerebellum. It contains important centers for visual and auditory reflexes, and gives rise to the trochlear nerve. Key structures in the midbrain include the superior and inferior colliculi, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. The midbrain serves to relay motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and forebrain.
white fibres of cns modified
The document discusses the different types of white fibres in the brain, including association fibres, commissural fibres, and projection fibres. It describes key association fibre bundles like the cingulum and fornix. It also explains commissural fibres like the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Projection fibres including the corticospinal tract are discussed, with details about fibre arrangement in the internal capsule and how lesions can cause motor or sensory deficits. Ascending and descending fibres passing through different parts of the internal capsule are identified.
Venous drainage of brain
1. The document describes the venous drainage of the brain, which occurs through intracranial dural venous sinuses and internal jugular veins in the neck.
2. It outlines the characteristic features of brain venous drainage, including that it does not have an arterial pattern, the veins have extremely thin walls without muscular tissue, and they do not have valves.
3. The document then provides details on the different groups of cerebral veins that drain the surface of the brain hemispheres and their connections to various dural venous sinuses.
Antomy of Thalamus and hypothalamus
this presentation summaries the basic anatomy of thalamus and hypothalamus with respect to their position, nuclei and their functions.
MIDBRAIN basic anatomy and applied aspects.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the midbrain. It notes that the midbrain connects the pons and cerebellum to the forebrain, is about 0.8 inches long, and is traversed by the cerebral aqueduct filled with CSF. Key structures discussed include the crus cerebri, oculomotor nerve, superior and inferior colliculi, brachium, and trochlear nerve. The midbrain is divided into cerebral peduncles, tectum, and tegmentum. Transverse sections show structures like the substantia nigra, red nucleus, and tracts. Blood supply comes from the posterior cerebral, superior cerebellar, and basilar arteries.
Limbic System
The limbic system is a group of brain structures located on the medial side of the brain involved in emotion, motivation and memory. It contains cortical structures like the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and parahippocampal gyrus as well as subcortical structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, accumbens nucleus and septal nuclei. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory formation and retrieval, while the amygdala is important for emotional processing and memory consolidation involves the basal and septal nuclei.
Cerbral cortex.
The document provides information about the cerebral cortex. It discusses that the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is divided into left and right hemispheres. It plays a key role in functions such as memory, attention, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex has six layers and is folded into gyri and sulci. It also describes the different lobes of the cerebral cortex including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Each lobe has different functional areas that control motor skills, sensory processing, hearing, and other cognitive functions.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum and basal ganglia play important roles in motor control and coordination. The cerebellum helps control the timing, smoothness, and intensity of muscle movements. It receives sensory feedback and compares actual movements to planned movements, sending corrections back to the motor system. The basal ganglia help plan and control complex patterns of muscle movement. The cerebellum has distinct input and output pathways and its Purkinje cells provide inhibitory signals that help regulate the output of deep nuclear cells and coordinate movement.
Anatomy of limbic system
The limbic system is a complex network of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, and memory. It includes cortical areas like the cingulate gyrus and subcortical structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is associated with emotional responses. Connecting pathways in the limbic system include the fornix, stria terminalis, and mammillothalamic tract. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus can cause memory impairment.
Blood supply of the brain
The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain. It begins by noting the brain's high metabolic demands and sensitivity to hypoxia. It then discusses the various arterial systems that supply the brain, including the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, as well as the arterial circle of Willis. It provides details on the territories supplied by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also briefly discusses the venous drainage of the brain and blood-brain barrier.
BLOOD SUPPLY of brain and spinal cord.pptx
The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the major arteries including the internal carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries. It describes the branches and territories supplied by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also discusses important anastomoses like the Circle of Willis. Various artery syndromes are summarized such as anterior cerebral artery occlusion presenting with contralateral leg weakness. Important veins are also mentioned along with clinical correlations of arterial occlusions.
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Blood supply to brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. These vessels form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain and give rise to branches that supply different regions of the brain. The internal carotid artery splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Its branches also include the hypophysial arteries, ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and anterior choroidal artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies motor and sensory areas while the anterior cerebral artery forms the anterior communicating artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries.
Spinal cord-Blood supply
The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries. The anterior spinal artery arises from the vertebral arteries and runs down the anterior median fissure. It supplies the anterior two thirds of the cord. Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery can cause motor and bilateral loss of pain/temperature sensation symptoms. The posterior spinal arteries originate from the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and run down the posterolateral sulcus. Segmental arteries reach the cord along spinal nerve roots and nourish the roots. The venous drainage involves two median longitudinal veins and two anterolateral and posterolateral veins that drain into the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Cerebrum
The document describes the anatomy of the cerebrum and base of the skull. It discusses the lobes and cortical regions of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It also describes the structures and openings at the base of the skull, such as the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, optic canal and others.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
Cerebellum
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It begins by outlining the embryonic development and subdivision of the nervous system. It then describes the three functionally distinct regions of the cerebellum - the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum - and their different inputs and outputs. The document also discusses the cerebellar peduncles, cortex, and nuclei. It outlines the roles of the cerebellum in motor control and coordination and describes clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction such as ataxia.
Blood supply of the brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid artery enters the cranium and gives off branches including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries. These arteries anastomose to form the Circle of Willis, which provides an alternative blood supply if one of the arteries is occluded. Occlusion of specific arteries can cause deficits in regions supplied by that artery.
Anatomy of basal ganglia
The document discusses the basal ganglia, which are a group of subcortical gray matter structures in the cerebrum that include the corpus striatum, amygdala, and claustrum. It describes the main components and connections of the basal ganglia, including the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia are involved in coordinating movement through connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Disorders like Parkinson's disease can result from basal ganglia dysfunction and cause issues like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
Basal ganglia physiology
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the skull to the lumbar vertebrae and contains gray matter in an H-shaped arrangement. It provides bidirectional communication between the brain and body via ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord is protected within vertebrae and surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater.
Anatomy of midbrain
The brain stem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the pons and cerebellum. It contains important centers for visual and auditory reflexes, and gives rise to the trochlear nerve. Key structures in the midbrain include the superior and inferior colliculi, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. The midbrain serves to relay motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and forebrain.
white fibres of cns modified
The document discusses the different types of white fibres in the brain, including association fibres, commissural fibres, and projection fibres. It describes key association fibre bundles like the cingulum and fornix. It also explains commissural fibres like the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Projection fibres including the corticospinal tract are discussed, with details about fibre arrangement in the internal capsule and how lesions can cause motor or sensory deficits. Ascending and descending fibres passing through different parts of the internal capsule are identified.
Venous drainage of brain
1. The document describes the venous drainage of the brain, which occurs through intracranial dural venous sinuses and internal jugular veins in the neck.
2. It outlines the characteristic features of brain venous drainage, including that it does not have an arterial pattern, the veins have extremely thin walls without muscular tissue, and they do not have valves.
3. The document then provides details on the different groups of cerebral veins that drain the surface of the brain hemispheres and their connections to various dural venous sinuses.
Antomy of Thalamus and hypothalamus
this presentation summaries the basic anatomy of thalamus and hypothalamus with respect to their position, nuclei and their functions.
MIDBRAIN basic anatomy and applied aspects.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the midbrain. It notes that the midbrain connects the pons and cerebellum to the forebrain, is about 0.8 inches long, and is traversed by the cerebral aqueduct filled with CSF. Key structures discussed include the crus cerebri, oculomotor nerve, superior and inferior colliculi, brachium, and trochlear nerve. The midbrain is divided into cerebral peduncles, tectum, and tegmentum. Transverse sections show structures like the substantia nigra, red nucleus, and tracts. Blood supply comes from the posterior cerebral, superior cerebellar, and basilar arteries.
Limbic System
The limbic system is a group of brain structures located on the medial side of the brain involved in emotion, motivation and memory. It contains cortical structures like the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and parahippocampal gyrus as well as subcortical structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, accumbens nucleus and septal nuclei. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory formation and retrieval, while the amygdala is important for emotional processing and memory consolidation involves the basal and septal nuclei.
Cerbral cortex.
The document provides information about the cerebral cortex. It discusses that the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is divided into left and right hemispheres. It plays a key role in functions such as memory, attention, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex has six layers and is folded into gyri and sulci. It also describes the different lobes of the cerebral cortex including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Each lobe has different functional areas that control motor skills, sensory processing, hearing, and other cognitive functions.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum and basal ganglia play important roles in motor control and coordination. The cerebellum helps control the timing, smoothness, and intensity of muscle movements. It receives sensory feedback and compares actual movements to planned movements, sending corrections back to the motor system. The basal ganglia help plan and control complex patterns of muscle movement. The cerebellum has distinct input and output pathways and its Purkinje cells provide inhibitory signals that help regulate the output of deep nuclear cells and coordinate movement.
Anatomy of limbic system
The limbic system is a complex network of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, and memory. It includes cortical areas like the cingulate gyrus and subcortical structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is associated with emotional responses. Connecting pathways in the limbic system include the fornix, stria terminalis, and mammillothalamic tract. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus can cause memory impairment.
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The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the major arteries including the internal carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries. It describes the branches and territories supplied by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also discusses important anastomoses like the Circle of Willis. Various artery syndromes are summarized such as anterior cerebral artery occlusion presenting with contralateral leg weakness. Important veins are also mentioned along with clinical correlations of arterial occlusions.
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Blood supply of the brain
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The document discusses the functional and vascular anatomy of the brain. It describes the major arteries that supply blood to the brain - the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. These arteries form an anastomotic network called the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The three pairs of cerebral arteries - anterior, middle, and posterior - arise from the Circle of Willis and supply different regions of the cerebrum. The document outlines the arterial supply to specific parts of the brain, including the internal capsule.
Vascular structure head and neck Almas khan , Khorfakkhan hospital
This document discusses the vascular structure of the head and neck. It begins by explaining the components of the circulatory system, including the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It then describes the three main circuits of circulation: coronary, pulmonary, and systemic. The document focuses on the head and neck vasculature, detailing arteries like the aorta, carotid, vertebral and various branches. It also discusses venous drainage and the circle of Willis. Common clinical indications involving the head and neck vessels are presented. In conclusion, the circulatory system of the head and neck is reviewed to aid in angiography identification and understanding normal and abnormal vascular distributions.
Coronary circulation
The document discusses coronary circulation and coronary artery disease. It begins by describing the anatomy of the coronary blood vessels and the blood supply to the heart. It then discusses characteristics of coronary blood flow such as autoregulation and factors that regulate it like metabolites and nervous control. Measurement techniques for coronary blood flow are also outlined. The document concludes by describing coronary artery disease conditions like angina and myocardial infarction as well as treatments.
imaging and anatomy of blood supply of brain
The summary provides an overview of the arterial supply of the brain in 3 sentences:
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid arteries give rise to branches that supply the anterior circulation including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. These arteries anastomose at the circle of Willis and give off numerous smaller branches to perfuse the brain.
Lecture 16 - blood supply of cerebrum.ppt
This document provides an overview of the cerebral arterial supply and venous drainage. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to describe the cerebral arteries, arterial circle of Willis, cerebral venous drainage and termination, and arterial and venous vascular disorders. It then describes the two main arterial systems, the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems, and provides details on the branches and distributions of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. The arterial circle of Willis is defined as joining the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. Cerebral venous drainage is also summarized, including the superficial cortical veins and deep cerebral veins that ultimately drain into the dural venous sinuses. Finally, common arterial and venous disorders are briefly outlined.
NEUROLOGICAL VESSELS. ELABORATED BY ANATOMY
The document summarizes the major blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord. It describes that the brain receives blood from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form an anastomotic loop called the cerebral arterial circle of Willis. It then discusses the territories supplied by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. Venous drainage from the brain occurs through deep and superficial cerebral veins that drain into dural sinuses. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries that branch from segmental arteries.
Brain vascularisation
The document discusses the vascularization of the brain. It covers the arterial supply from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries which anastomose to form the circle of Willis, ensuring a dual blood supply. It also discusses the venous drainage via the dural sinuses and internal jugular veins. Finally, it covers the choroid plexus and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, which is produced at a rate of 500mL per day to provide cushioning and protection to the brain.
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
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Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
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Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
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"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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留信网认证的作用:
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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Blood Supply of Brain
- 1. BLOOD SUPPLY OF BRAIN Aditya Johan .R, M.Fis
- 2. Introduction • Cardiac output is about 5 L of blood • The brain comprises only 2% of body weight, but receives 15% of cardiac output and uses 20% of total body oxygen and 25% of total body glucose • Carotid system (Anterior system) • Vertebro-basiler system (posterior system)
- 3. BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN • The blood vessels supplying brain are two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries. • Carotid artery contributes approximately 80% to the total cerebral blood flow, the remaining 20% coming from the two vertebral arteries
- 4. BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN Blood vessels seen from below
- 5. BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN Blood vessels when seen from front of brain
- 6. BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN Blood vessels seen from side
- 7. BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN Blood vessels seen from innerside of hemisphere
- 9. BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN
- 10. Anterior Cerebral Artery • Occlusion of anterior cerebral artery : contralateral paralysis and sensory deficits in the leg and perineum, urinary incontinence. Often with mental confusion.
- 11. Anterior Cerebral Artery (innerside)
- 12. ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY & MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY (outerside)
- 17. VERTEBROBASILAR SYSTEM • Vertebral artery, branch from the subclavian artery, joins together to form the basilar artery. The latter artery splits into posterior cerebral arteries • Branches off the vertebral artery : 1. spinal artery: anterior spinal artery: one formed by branches from each vertebral artery 2. posterior spinal artery: one on each side 3 . posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) largest branch off vertebral artery, supplies cerebellar hemisphere, inferior vermis
- 19. Basilar artery • Branches off basilar artery 1. anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) supplies inferior surface of the cerebellum 2. labyrinthine artery supplies the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear 3. Pontine arteries supply pons and pontine tegmentum 4. superior cerebellar artery supplies pons, superior cerebellar peduncle, and inferior colliculus, etc.
- 21. Circle of Willis • Consists: • anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid (short segment), posterior communicating, and posterior cerebral arteries. • Normally not too much blood flow, could be served as alternative route if one of the artery in occluded • Common site for aneurysms, terminal part of internal carotid artery anterior communicating artery proximal of middle cerebral artery
- 23. BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN
- 24. What happens when blood supply to brain is reduced? • Certain functional changes occur once blood flow to the brain decreases. • Critical values for loss of synaptic transmission, corresponding to loss of neuronal function, are between 15 and 18 ml/100 gram/minute • The threshold for membrane pump failure. and thus for loss of cellular integrity and cell death, is approximately 10 ml/100 gram/ minute • It is generally assumed that if CBF stays above 18 ml/100 g/min but below 20–25 ml/100 g/min neurons will survive but may not function
- 25. THANK YOU