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Autonomic nervous system
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including: 1. It contrasts the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, noting their anatomical differences like neuron location and target tissues, as well as functional differences in control and response. 2. It describes the anatomy of the autonomic nervous system, including that the sympathetic division neurons are in the spinal cord and project to ganglia, while the parasympathetic division neurons are in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord. 3. It covers the physiology of the autonomic nervous system, such as the neurotransmitters, receptors, and effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on various tissues. Regulation through autonomic reflexes involving
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Autonomic nervous system
- 1. SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMUKESEHATAN KOTA SUKABUMI Program Study S1 Keperawatan https://stikeskotasukabumi.wordpress.com
- 2. NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTEM CENTRAL NERVOUSSYETM MOTOR DIVISION SENSORY DIVISION AUTONOMIC SYSTEM SOMATIC SYSTEM Sympathetic Parasympathetic Organization of Nervous System BRAIN SPINAL CORD
- 3. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(PNS) Sensory neuron Motor neuron Somatic motor neuron Autonomic motor neuron Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland Innervate skeletal muscle Anatomical diff …
- 4. Spinal cord Spinal cord Somaticmotor neuron Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Skeletal muscle Effector organ e.g. smooth muscle, heart, or gland Autonomic ganglion Somatic motor neuron Autonomic motor neuron ORGANIZATION OF SNS AND ANS PERIPHERAL ……. Anterior horn Lateral horn
- 6. 1. CONTRASTING THESOMATIC AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVEOUS SYSTEMS
- 7. Anatomical differences betweenSomatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous Syatem Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Cell body in CNS Cell body (Ganglion) out of CNS Effectors Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Somatic neuron
- 8. Functional differences betweenSomatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System 1. Conscious 2. Always excitatory 1. Unconscious 2. Excitatory and inhibitory (during meal ANS stimulate the stomach activities, during exercise inhibit) Summarizes of differences…………
- 9. Comparison of theSomatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Feature SNS ANS Target tissues Skeletal muscle Smooth, cardiac muscle, and glands Regulation Controls all conscious and unconscious movement of skeletal muscle Unconscious regulation, although influenced by conscious mental function Response to stimulation Skeletal muscle contract Target tissues are stimulated or inhibited Neuron arrangement One neuron extends from the CNS to skeletal muscle Two neuron in series, the preganglioni from CNS to ganglion, postganglion from ganglion to effectors Neuron cell body location Neuron cell bodies are in motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and in the ventral horn of the spinal cord Pregangiolonic neuron cell bodies are in autonomic nuclei of the cranial nerves and in the lateral part of the spinal cord; postganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the autonomic ganglia Continued …………
- 10. Comparison of theSomatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Feature SNS ANS Number of synapses One synapse between the somatic motor neuron and the skeletal muscle Two synapses; first in autonomic ganglia; second is at the target tissues Axon sheaths Myelinated Preganglionic are myelinated; postganglionic are unmyelinated Neurotransmitter substances Acetylcholine Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic neurons; either acetylcholine and norepinephrine is released by postganglionic neurons Receptor molecules Receptor molecules for acetylcholine are nicotinic In autonomic ganglia, receptor molecules for acetylcholine are nicotinic; in target tissues, receptor for acetylcholine are muscarinic, for norepinephrine are α or β - adrenergic Organization of somatic and autonomic nervous syetem ……
- 11. 2. ANATOMY OFTHE AUTONOMIS NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 12. ANS SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC ENTERIC NERVOUSSYSTEM Complex network of neuron cell bodies and axons within the wall of digestive tract that composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic
- 13. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION 1. Neuroncell bodies located in the lateral horn spinal cord gray matter between T1 and L2 segments called thoracolumbar division 2. The preganglionic neuron project to autonomic ganglia (sympathetic chain ganglia = paravertebral ganglia) on either side of vertebral column behind the parietal pleural 3. The sympathetic chain extends into cervical and sacral regions but only ganglia from T1 – L2 that receive preganglionic axons. The cervical and sacral regions is associated with the nearly every pair of spinal nerves 4. The cervical ganglia fuse during fetal development only two or three pairs exist in the adult 5. The preganglionic neuron are small and myelinated 6. The short connection between spinal nerve and a ganglion called white ramus communicants
- 14. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION Preganglionic neuron cell bodiesin the lateral horn between T1-S2 Thoracolumbar divison Sympathetic chain ganglia = paravertebral ganglia
- 15. THE ROUTES TAKENBY SYMPATHETIC AXONS THE ROUTES TAKEN BY SYMPATHETIC AXONS……….
- 17. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION The cell bodiesare within the brainstem and sacral region Craniosacral division III VII IX X
- 18. Comparison of theSympathetic and Parasympathetic Division Feature Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Location of preganglionic cell Bodies Lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter (T1 – L2) Brainstem and lateral parts of spinal gray matter (S2 – S4) Outflow from the CNS Spinal nerves Sympathetic nerves Splanchnic nerves Cranial nerves Pelvic nerves Ganglia The chain along spinal cord for spinal and sympathetic nerves; collateral ganglia for splanchnic nerves Terminal ganglia near or on effector organ Number of postganglionic neurons for each preganglionic neuron Many (much divergence) Few (less divergence) Relative length of neuron Short preganglionic Long postganglionic Long preganglionic Short postganglionic
- 19. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1.Consist of nerve plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract 2. The plexuses have contributions from three sources: a. Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS b. ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract c. Enteric neurons, which are confined to the enteric plexus 3. The CNS is capable of monitoring the digestive tract through sensory neurons and controlling its smooth muscle and gland through ANS motor neurons
- 20. TYPE OF ENTERICNEURON 1. Enteric sensory neurons, detect chemical composition and wall stretching. 2. Enteric motor neurons, stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion 3. Enteric interneurons, connect sensory and motor neurons to each other.
- 21. THE DISTRIBUTION OFAUTONOMIC NERVE FIBERS 1. Sympathetic division a. Sympathetic axons from ganglia to target tissues pass through spinal, sympathetic, and splanchnic nerves, head and neck nerve plexuses, thoracic nerve plexuses, and abdominopelvic nerve plexuses b. Sympathetic and splanchnic nerves join autonomic nerve plexus, complex, interconnected neural network formed by neurons of sympathetic and parasympathetic division. They are named according to organs they supply (cardiac plexus) or to blood vessels along which they are found (thoracic aortic plexus). 2. Parasympathetic division a. Parasympathetic outflow is through cranial nerve (III, VII, IX, X), and plexuses (vagus and thoracic nerve plexuses, abdominal nerve plexuses, and plevic nerve and pelvic nerve plexuses
- 22. SENSORY NEURONS INAUTONOMIC PLEXUSES a. Not strictly part of autonomic nervous system b. Some are part of reflex arcs regulating organ activities. c. Transmit pain and pressure sensations from organ to CNS d. The cell bodies of these sensory neuron are found in the dorsal root ganglia and in certain cranial nerve (which are swelling on nerves close to their attachment to the brain)
- 23. 3. PHYSIOLOGY OFTHE ANS Neurotransmitters Sympathetic Parasympathetic Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Ganglion Preganglion (cholinergic) Postganglion (adrenergic) Postganglion (Cholinergic)
- 24. Receptors Cholinergic receptor (binds toacetylcholine) Adrenergic receptor (binds to norepinephrine) Nicotinic Bind to nicotin (tobacco alkaloid) Muscarinic Bind to muscarine (alkaloid poisonous mushroom) Alpha receptor α1 stimulatory response α2 inhibitory response Beta receptor β1 various response β2 various response Nicotine does not bind the muscarinic receptor Muscarine does not bind to nicotinic receptor Actylcholine binds other the nicotinic or muscarinic receptor
- 25. Location of ANSreceptors Sympathetic division Most target tissues have adrenergic receptors
- 26. Sympathetic division Some targettissues have muscarinic receptor Sweat gland
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- 28. Effects and receptortypes of sympathetic and parasympathetic division on various tissues Organ Sympathetic effects and receptor types Parasympathetic effects and receptors types Adipose tissue Fat breakdown release of fatty acids (α2 and β1) None Arrector pili muscle Contrastion (α1) None Blood (platelets) Increase coagulation None Blood vessels (arterioles): Digestive organ Heart Kidneys Lungs Skeletal muscle Skin Blood vessels (veins) Constriction (α1) Dilatation (β2), constriction (α1) Constriction (α1 & 2); dilatation (β1&2) Dilatation (β2); constriction (α1) Dilatation (β2); constriction (α1) Constriction (α1 & 2) Constriction (α1 & 2); dilataion (β2) None None None None None None Effects ………………continue
- 29. Organ Sympathetic effectsand receptor types Parasympathetic effects and receptors types Eye Ciliary muscle Pupil Relaxation for far vision (β2) Dilated (α1) Constriction for near vision (m) Constricted (m) Gallbladder Relaxation (β2) Constriction (m) Glands Adrenal Gastric Lacrimal Pancreas Salivary Sweat • Apocrine • Merocrine Release of epinephrine & norepinephrin (n) Decrease gastric secretion (α2) Slight tear production (α) Decrease insulin secretion (α2) Decrease exocrine secretion (α) Blood vessel constriction; produce thick and viscous saliva Thick, organic secretion (m) Watery sweat from most of the skin (m); sweat from palms and soles (α1) None Increase gastric secretion (m) Increase tear secretion (m) Increase insulin secretion (m) Increase exocrine secretion (m) Blood vessels dilation ; produce thin and copious saliva (m) None None Continue ………….
- 30. Organ Sympathetic effectsand receptor types Parasympathetic effects and receptors types Heart Increases rate and force of contraction (β2 & β2) Decreases rate (m) Liver Glucose released into blood (α1 & β2) None Lungs Dilates air passageways (β2) Constricts airpassageways (m) Metabolism Increases up to 100% (α & β) None Sex organs Ejacutaion (α1); erection Erection (m) Skeletal muscle Breakdown glycogen to glucose (β2) None Stomach and intestines •Wall •Sphincter Decreases tone (α1, α2 & β2) Increases tone (α1) Increases motility (m) Decreases tone (m) Urinary baldder •Wall (detrusor) •Neck of bladder •Internal urinary spihincter None Contraction (α1) Contraction (α1) Contraction (m) Relaxation (m) Relaxation (m)
- 31. 4. REGULATION OFTHE ANS 1. To maintain homeostasis, the structures innervated by ANS are regulated through the autonomic reflexes 2. Input come from cerebrum, hypothalamus, and other area as conscious thoughts and actions, emotions, and other CNS activities
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- 34. c. Influence ofhigher part of the brain on autonomic functions Thought and emotion influence ANS through hypothalamus ANS integrating center that interact with cerebrum, limbic system, brainstem, spinal cord; also regulate the body temperature ANS reflex centers for controlling pupil size, accommodation, tear production, salivation, coughing, swallowing, digestive activities, blood vessels diameter, and respiration ANS reflex centers for regulating defecation, urination, penile and clitoral erection, and ejaculation
- 35. Functions at restversus activity Sympathetic division influences under active or stress condition referred to “flight – or fight response” Parasympathetic division influences under resting condition During exercise 1. Increases heart rate and force of contraction; increase blood pressure and movement 2. Oxygen, nutrient consumption, waste product are increased 3. Blood flow into tissue increase; reduces blood flow into tissues not involve in exercise by vasoconstriction making blood more available for the exercising tissues 4. Dilatation of air passageway 5. Increases the availability of energy sources. Muscle and liver stimulated to break down glycogen into glucose 6. Exercising muscle generate heat, body temperature increase
Editor's Notes
- #16 Four Routes taken by sympathetic axons Spinal nerves. Preganglionic axons synapse with post ganglionic neuron in sympathetic chain ganglia at the same level that preganglionic axons enter the sympathetic chain. Alternatively, preganglionic axons pass superiorly or inferiorly through one or more ganglia and synapse with postganglionic neuron in a sympathetic chain ganglion at a different level. Axons of postganglionic neurons pass through a gray ramus communicans and reenter a spinal nerves. Post ganglionic axons are not myelinated, therbay giving the gray ramus communicans its grayish color. The post ganglionic axons then project through the spinal nerve to the organ they innervate. Sympathetic nerves. Preganglionic axons enter the sympathetic chain and synapse in a sympathetic chain ganglion at the same or different level with post ganglionic neurons. The posr ganglionis axons leaving the sympathetic ganglion form sympathetic nerves.
- #17 Splanchnic nerves. Some preganglionic axons enter sympathetic chain ganglia and, without synapsing, exit at the sama or different level to formr spanchnic nerves. Those prgenglionic axons extend to collateral, or prevertebral, ganglia, where they synapse with postganglionic neurons. Axons of the postganglionic neurons leave the collateral ganglia through the small nerves that extend to target organs. Innevation to the adrenal galnd. The splanchnic nerve innervation to the adrenal gland is different from other ANS nerves because it consist of only preganglionic neurons. Axons of preganglionic neurons do not synapse in synpathetic chain ganglia or in collateral ganglia. Instead, the axon pass through those ganglia and synapse with the cells in the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is the inner portion of the adrenal gland and consist of specialized cells deriving during embryonic development from neural crest cell, which are the same population of cells that give rise to the postganglionis cells of ANS. 80% of adrenal medullary cells secrete epinephrine also called adrenalin and about 20% secrete norepinehrine also called noradrenalin. Epinephrin and or norepinephrin circulate in the blood and affect the all tissues having receptors for these substances.
- #18 Parasympathetic division Prasympathetic preganglion neuron are located both superior and inferior to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord where the sympathetic preganglionic are found. The cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are either within cranial nerves nuclei in the brainstem (in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X) or within the lateral parts of the gray matter in sacral region of the spinal cord from S2 – S4 (in pelvic nerve). For that reason, the parasympathetic division is sometimes called Craniosacral division. The postganglionic neuron extend relatively short and the terminal ganglia are either near or embedded within the walls of the target organs. Parasympathetic ganglia generally small in size, but some, such those in the wall of the digestive, tract are large