This document provides an overview of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It discusses key components of automation including sensors, actuators, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), computer numerical control (CNC) machines, and industrial robots. It also describes various types of material handling equipment used in FMS like automated guided vehicles and conveyor systems. Traffic control and vehicle management are important aspects for coordinating the movement of automated vehicles within the manufacturing system.
What is a continuous structure?
How to analyse the vibration of string, bars and shafts?
How to analyse the vibration of beams?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Topic+Vibration+of+Continuous+Structures
https://eau-esa.wikispaces.com/Vibration+of+structures
This document contains lecture notes on the design of concrete columns. It defines key terms like effective length, pedestal, column, and discusses the classification of columns based on type of reinforcement, loadings, and slenderness ratio. It describes the functions of bracing in columns and design requirements for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The document states assumptions in limit state design of columns and the need to consider minimum eccentricity in design. It concludes with sample exercises related to column design.
This document contains 5 problems related to calculating magnetic properties such as flux and magnetizing current in magnetic circuits. Problem 1 asks to calculate the current required to produce a flux of 0.8mWb in an iron ring with given dimensions. Problem 2 calculates the total reluctance of a steel ring with an air gap wound with 500 turns of wire. Problem 3 calculates various reluctances and flux in a magnetic frame with two limbs and air gaps. Problem 4 calculates the current required to produce a flux of 1mWb in a magnetic circuit with a central limb and side limbs. Problem 5 calculates the current required to produce a flux of 1.8mWb in a symmetrical cast steel frame with an air gap and given magnetization
This document defines and describes different types of stresses and strains. Stress is the internal force per unit area that opposes deformation when a load is applied to a body. Strain is the deformation or change in length per original length of a body under an applied load. The types of stresses discussed include axial/direct stresses (tensile and compressive), shear stresses, bending stresses, combined stresses, and thermal stresses. Combined stress results from a combination of direct and indirect stresses, such as bending, torsional, and thermal stresses. Thermal stress is caused by changes in temperature and depends on the material's coefficient of thermal expansion.
This document provides an introduction to beams used in structural steel design. It discusses different types of beams classified based on their geometry and support conditions. Common beam types include straight, curved, tapered, constant cross-section, cantilever, simply supported, continuous, and overhanging beams. Beams are also classified based on their application, such as girders, joists, stringers, purlins, and lintels. Common steel sections used for beams include W-shapes, channels, and open web joists. Bending stresses in beams are also introduced, where compressive stresses occur on the top and tensile on the bottom under positive bending moments.
This document provides an introduction to axial deformations in structural members under uniaxial loading. It discusses normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. It also covers strain, stress on inclined planes, and deformation of axially loaded members. Examples are provided to calculate stresses in pinned connections and determine stresses on inclined planes of a loaded bar. The key topics covered are stress definitions and calculations, Saint-Venant's principle, stress transformations on inclined planes, and introduction of strain as a measure of deformation.
The document describes an experiment to determine the natural frequency of a spring-mass system. A spring is attached vertically to an adjustable screw and platform. Weights are added to the platform to stretch the spring from its free length. The time for a set number of oscillations is measured for different weights. This is used to calculate the experimental periodic time and natural frequency, which are compared to the theoretical values calculated using the spring constant and mass. The results show that the experimental and theoretical natural frequencies match closely.
What is a continuous structure?
How to analyse the vibration of string, bars and shafts?
How to analyse the vibration of beams?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Topic+Vibration+of+Continuous+Structures
https://eau-esa.wikispaces.com/Vibration+of+structures
This document contains lecture notes on the design of concrete columns. It defines key terms like effective length, pedestal, column, and discusses the classification of columns based on type of reinforcement, loadings, and slenderness ratio. It describes the functions of bracing in columns and design requirements for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The document states assumptions in limit state design of columns and the need to consider minimum eccentricity in design. It concludes with sample exercises related to column design.
This document contains 5 problems related to calculating magnetic properties such as flux and magnetizing current in magnetic circuits. Problem 1 asks to calculate the current required to produce a flux of 0.8mWb in an iron ring with given dimensions. Problem 2 calculates the total reluctance of a steel ring with an air gap wound with 500 turns of wire. Problem 3 calculates various reluctances and flux in a magnetic frame with two limbs and air gaps. Problem 4 calculates the current required to produce a flux of 1mWb in a magnetic circuit with a central limb and side limbs. Problem 5 calculates the current required to produce a flux of 1.8mWb in a symmetrical cast steel frame with an air gap and given magnetization
This document defines and describes different types of stresses and strains. Stress is the internal force per unit area that opposes deformation when a load is applied to a body. Strain is the deformation or change in length per original length of a body under an applied load. The types of stresses discussed include axial/direct stresses (tensile and compressive), shear stresses, bending stresses, combined stresses, and thermal stresses. Combined stress results from a combination of direct and indirect stresses, such as bending, torsional, and thermal stresses. Thermal stress is caused by changes in temperature and depends on the material's coefficient of thermal expansion.
This document provides an introduction to beams used in structural steel design. It discusses different types of beams classified based on their geometry and support conditions. Common beam types include straight, curved, tapered, constant cross-section, cantilever, simply supported, continuous, and overhanging beams. Beams are also classified based on their application, such as girders, joists, stringers, purlins, and lintels. Common steel sections used for beams include W-shapes, channels, and open web joists. Bending stresses in beams are also introduced, where compressive stresses occur on the top and tensile on the bottom under positive bending moments.
This document provides an introduction to axial deformations in structural members under uniaxial loading. It discusses normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. It also covers strain, stress on inclined planes, and deformation of axially loaded members. Examples are provided to calculate stresses in pinned connections and determine stresses on inclined planes of a loaded bar. The key topics covered are stress definitions and calculations, Saint-Venant's principle, stress transformations on inclined planes, and introduction of strain as a measure of deformation.
The document describes an experiment to determine the natural frequency of a spring-mass system. A spring is attached vertically to an adjustable screw and platform. Weights are added to the platform to stretch the spring from its free length. The time for a set number of oscillations is measured for different weights. This is used to calculate the experimental periodic time and natural frequency, which are compared to the theoretical values calculated using the spring constant and mass. The results show that the experimental and theoretical natural frequencies match closely.
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
- The document discusses the principle of virtual work, which states that if a system of bodies is in static equilibrium, then the total virtual work done by all active forces for any virtual displacement from the equilibrium position is zero.
- It defines virtual work and explains how to calculate virtual work done by internal forces like axial forces, shear forces, bending moments, and torsion. This includes using linear elastic relationships.
- It provides examples of using the principle of virtual work to determine unknown forces and displacements in statically indeterminate structures. The virtual displacements allow writing equations relating internal and external work to solve for unknowns.
This document discusses mechanics of solid members subjected to torsional loads. It describes how torsion works, generating shear stresses in circular shafts. The key equations for relating applied torque (T) to shear stress (τ) and angle of twist (θ) are developed. For a solid circular shaft under torque T, the maximum shear stress τmax occurs at the outer surface and is equal to T/J, where J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross section. Power transmitted by a shaft is also defined as 2πNT, where N is rotational speed in revolutions per minute. Shear stress distribution and failure modes under yielding are also briefly covered.
This presentation explains to grand strategy for US on the beginning of Cold War period and concentrates on Korean War. The strategy was on the middle ground on the beginning as containment. However Truman administration has been changed the strategy to rolling back. Miscalculations and aggression of Acheson and Truman administration caused many damages which affect the today's policy.
1) The document discusses concepts related to centroid and moment of inertia including: the centroid is the point where the total area of a plane figure is assumed to be concentrated; formulas are provided for finding the centroid of basic shapes; the difference between centroid and center of gravity is explained; properties and methods for finding the centroid are described such as using moments.
2) Formulas are given for moment of inertia including how it is calculated about different axes and the parallel axis theorem.
3) Example problems are provided to demonstrate calculating the centroid and moment of inertia for various shapes.
1) The document discusses shear and moment diagrams which graphically show the internal shear and moment forces acting on structural members.
2) It also discusses types of beams including simply supported, continuous, and cantilever beams.
3) Examples are provided for constructing shear and moment diagrams by taking the sum of moments and forces equal to zero and drawing the resulting diagrams based on the boundary conditions.
A preparation for interview engineering mechanicsDr. Ramesh B
1. The document provides definitions and concepts related to engineering mechanics including: distinguishing between particles and rigid bodies, defining forces, moments, couples, friction, energy, momentum, and plane motion of rigid bodies.
2. Key concepts covered include the definition of a force, principle of resolution, Lami's theorem, resultant and equilibrant forces, conditions for equilibrium, types of beams and supports, types of loads, friction laws, forms of energy, impulse, momentum, types of impacts, and instantaneous centers of rotation.
3. Engineering mechanics concepts such as work-energy principle, conservation of energy, and the work-energy equation for general plane motion of rigid bodies are also stated.
Shear force and bending moment diagram for simply supported beam _1Psushma chinta
This document discusses shear force and bending moment diagrams for beams. It provides examples of calculating and drawing these diagrams for simple beams with various load cases, including concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, and combinations of loads. The maximum bending moment is identified as occurring at the point where the shear force is zero.
The document discusses basic principles of statics and structural design. It covers:
1) Statics deals with forces on bodies at rest, while dynamics deals with moving bodies. Statics is used to analyze structural systems and ensure strength, stiffness, and stability.
2) Structural design involves preliminary design stages using experience and intuition, followed by detailed analysis and load estimations based on statics principles.
3) Static equilibrium equations must be satisfied for coplanar forces. Systems can be determinate, allowing determination of specific unknowns, or indeterminate.
11. kinetics of particles work energy methodEkeeda
The document provides information about work, kinetic energy, work energy principle, and conservation of energy. It defines key terms like work, kinetic energy, spring force, weight force, friction force, power, and efficiency. It explains:
- Work is the product of force and displacement in the direction of force. Work by various forces can be used to solve kinetics problems.
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is defined as one-half mass times velocity squared.
- The work energy principle states that the total work done by forces on an object equals its change in kinetic energy.
- For conservative forces acting on a particle, the mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) is
this is my presentation of theory of machine subject. the topic of this presentation is static force analysis. In gujarat technological university mechanical engineering third year syllabus topic. there are many types of forces described in this ppt. and examples and domestic use.
This document contains lecture notes on mechanics of solids from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Indus Institute of Technology & Engineering. It defines key concepts such as load, stress, strain, tensile stress and strain, compressive stress and strain, Young's modulus, shear stress and strain, shear modulus, stress-strain diagrams, working stress, and factor of safety. It also discusses thermal stresses, linear and lateral strain, Poisson's ratio, volumetric strain, bulk modulus, composite bars, bars with varying cross-sections, and stress concentration. The document provides examples to illustrate how to calculate stresses, strains, moduli, and other mechanical properties for different loading conditions.
The document presents research on simulating the static and fatigue performance of automotive anti-roll bars made of different materials before ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Finite element models of an anti-roll bar were created and subjected to static and fatigue analysis. The results found that SAE 5160 had the highest fatigue life while AISI 1020 had the lowest. Factors like fatigue life, damage, and biaxiality were plotted and compared for each material. The research aims to select the most reliable material through simulation to reduce costs and optimize anti-roll bar design.
6 dimension and properties table of ipe shapeChhay Teng
This document provides dimensional properties for various IPE steel beam shapes. It includes dimensions, cross-sectional area, weight, section properties such as moments of inertia, and minimum dimensions for connections. The table lists data for IPE beams ranging from 80 mm to 600 mm, including their height, width, wall thicknesses, and other geometric properties.
Chapter-1 Concept of Stress and Strain.pdfBereketAdugna
The document discusses concepts of stress and strain in materials. It defines stress as an internal force per unit area within a material. Stress can be normal (perpendicular to the surface) or shear (parallel to the surface). Normal stress can be tensile or compressive. Strain is a measure of deformation in response to stress. Hooke's law states that stress is proportional to strain in the elastic region. Poisson's ratio describes the contraction that occurs perpendicular to an applied tensile load. Stress-strain diagrams are used to analyze a material's behavior under different loads. The document also discusses volumetric strain, shear stress and strain, bearing stress, and provides examples of stress and strain calculations.
This document provides information about the Solid Mechanics course ME 302 taught by Dr. Nirmal Baran Hui at NIT Durgapur in West Bengal, India. It lists four required textbooks for the course and provides a detailed syllabus covering topics like stress, strain, elasticity, bending, deflection, columns, torsion, pressure vessels, combined loadings, springs, and failure theories. The document also includes examples of lecture content on stress analysis, stresses on oblique planes, and material subjected to pure shear.
This document provides an introduction to applied mechanics. It discusses key topics including statics, dynamics, forces, moments, and equilibrium. Statics deals with bodies at rest under the influence of forces, while dynamics examines forces on moving bodies. Key concepts covered include rigid bodies, physical quantities, types of forces, characteristics of forces, force systems, methods of resolving forces, and laws of forces such as the triangle law and parallelogram law. The document also discusses free body diagrams, equilibrant forces, Lami's theorem, moments of forces, and Varignon's theorem.
1. The document discusses unsymmetrical bending of beams. When a beam bends about an axis that is not perpendicular to a plane of symmetry, it is undergoing unsymmetrical bending.
2. Key aspects discussed include determining the principal axes, direct stress distribution, and deflection of beams under unsymmetrical bending. Equations are provided to calculate stresses and deflections.
3. An example problem is given involving finding the stresses at two points on a cantilever beam subjected to an unsymmetrical loading. The principal moments of inertia and neutral axis orientation are calculated.
Roof Crush Analysis using Test Protocols of FMVSS 216Vaibhav porwal
Validation of Roof Crush analysis involving passenger dummy, side-airbag, and steering wheel. Optimized the roof strength to improve the design of the B-pillar and material property.
This document provides an overview of mechatronics integration and industrial robot components. It discusses advanced actuators like pneumatic and electrical actuators. It then describes the main parts of an industrial robot including the controller, drive system, arm, end effectors, and sensors. It explains the functional requirements of robots and different types of robot control systems from limited sequence to intelligent control.
This document contains questions and answers related to operations management topics like input-output ratio, technology life cycle, automated guided vehicles, flexible manufacturing systems, computer integrated manufacturing, numerical control machines, linear programming, and the simplex method. Key points include:
1. Input-output analysis considers the interdependence between sectors of the economy by analyzing relationships between inputs and outputs.
2. Technology also has a life cycle like products with stages of innovation, syndication, diffusion, and substitution.
3. Automated guided vehicles and automated identification systems are examples of technologies used to enhance production.
4. Flexible manufacturing systems and computer integrated manufacturing integrate computer systems with production to improve operations.
5.
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
- The document discusses the principle of virtual work, which states that if a system of bodies is in static equilibrium, then the total virtual work done by all active forces for any virtual displacement from the equilibrium position is zero.
- It defines virtual work and explains how to calculate virtual work done by internal forces like axial forces, shear forces, bending moments, and torsion. This includes using linear elastic relationships.
- It provides examples of using the principle of virtual work to determine unknown forces and displacements in statically indeterminate structures. The virtual displacements allow writing equations relating internal and external work to solve for unknowns.
This document discusses mechanics of solid members subjected to torsional loads. It describes how torsion works, generating shear stresses in circular shafts. The key equations for relating applied torque (T) to shear stress (τ) and angle of twist (θ) are developed. For a solid circular shaft under torque T, the maximum shear stress τmax occurs at the outer surface and is equal to T/J, where J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross section. Power transmitted by a shaft is also defined as 2πNT, where N is rotational speed in revolutions per minute. Shear stress distribution and failure modes under yielding are also briefly covered.
This presentation explains to grand strategy for US on the beginning of Cold War period and concentrates on Korean War. The strategy was on the middle ground on the beginning as containment. However Truman administration has been changed the strategy to rolling back. Miscalculations and aggression of Acheson and Truman administration caused many damages which affect the today's policy.
1) The document discusses concepts related to centroid and moment of inertia including: the centroid is the point where the total area of a plane figure is assumed to be concentrated; formulas are provided for finding the centroid of basic shapes; the difference between centroid and center of gravity is explained; properties and methods for finding the centroid are described such as using moments.
2) Formulas are given for moment of inertia including how it is calculated about different axes and the parallel axis theorem.
3) Example problems are provided to demonstrate calculating the centroid and moment of inertia for various shapes.
1) The document discusses shear and moment diagrams which graphically show the internal shear and moment forces acting on structural members.
2) It also discusses types of beams including simply supported, continuous, and cantilever beams.
3) Examples are provided for constructing shear and moment diagrams by taking the sum of moments and forces equal to zero and drawing the resulting diagrams based on the boundary conditions.
A preparation for interview engineering mechanicsDr. Ramesh B
1. The document provides definitions and concepts related to engineering mechanics including: distinguishing between particles and rigid bodies, defining forces, moments, couples, friction, energy, momentum, and plane motion of rigid bodies.
2. Key concepts covered include the definition of a force, principle of resolution, Lami's theorem, resultant and equilibrant forces, conditions for equilibrium, types of beams and supports, types of loads, friction laws, forms of energy, impulse, momentum, types of impacts, and instantaneous centers of rotation.
3. Engineering mechanics concepts such as work-energy principle, conservation of energy, and the work-energy equation for general plane motion of rigid bodies are also stated.
Shear force and bending moment diagram for simply supported beam _1Psushma chinta
This document discusses shear force and bending moment diagrams for beams. It provides examples of calculating and drawing these diagrams for simple beams with various load cases, including concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, and combinations of loads. The maximum bending moment is identified as occurring at the point where the shear force is zero.
The document discusses basic principles of statics and structural design. It covers:
1) Statics deals with forces on bodies at rest, while dynamics deals with moving bodies. Statics is used to analyze structural systems and ensure strength, stiffness, and stability.
2) Structural design involves preliminary design stages using experience and intuition, followed by detailed analysis and load estimations based on statics principles.
3) Static equilibrium equations must be satisfied for coplanar forces. Systems can be determinate, allowing determination of specific unknowns, or indeterminate.
11. kinetics of particles work energy methodEkeeda
The document provides information about work, kinetic energy, work energy principle, and conservation of energy. It defines key terms like work, kinetic energy, spring force, weight force, friction force, power, and efficiency. It explains:
- Work is the product of force and displacement in the direction of force. Work by various forces can be used to solve kinetics problems.
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is defined as one-half mass times velocity squared.
- The work energy principle states that the total work done by forces on an object equals its change in kinetic energy.
- For conservative forces acting on a particle, the mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) is
this is my presentation of theory of machine subject. the topic of this presentation is static force analysis. In gujarat technological university mechanical engineering third year syllabus topic. there are many types of forces described in this ppt. and examples and domestic use.
This document contains lecture notes on mechanics of solids from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Indus Institute of Technology & Engineering. It defines key concepts such as load, stress, strain, tensile stress and strain, compressive stress and strain, Young's modulus, shear stress and strain, shear modulus, stress-strain diagrams, working stress, and factor of safety. It also discusses thermal stresses, linear and lateral strain, Poisson's ratio, volumetric strain, bulk modulus, composite bars, bars with varying cross-sections, and stress concentration. The document provides examples to illustrate how to calculate stresses, strains, moduli, and other mechanical properties for different loading conditions.
The document presents research on simulating the static and fatigue performance of automotive anti-roll bars made of different materials before ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Finite element models of an anti-roll bar were created and subjected to static and fatigue analysis. The results found that SAE 5160 had the highest fatigue life while AISI 1020 had the lowest. Factors like fatigue life, damage, and biaxiality were plotted and compared for each material. The research aims to select the most reliable material through simulation to reduce costs and optimize anti-roll bar design.
6 dimension and properties table of ipe shapeChhay Teng
This document provides dimensional properties for various IPE steel beam shapes. It includes dimensions, cross-sectional area, weight, section properties such as moments of inertia, and minimum dimensions for connections. The table lists data for IPE beams ranging from 80 mm to 600 mm, including their height, width, wall thicknesses, and other geometric properties.
Chapter-1 Concept of Stress and Strain.pdfBereketAdugna
The document discusses concepts of stress and strain in materials. It defines stress as an internal force per unit area within a material. Stress can be normal (perpendicular to the surface) or shear (parallel to the surface). Normal stress can be tensile or compressive. Strain is a measure of deformation in response to stress. Hooke's law states that stress is proportional to strain in the elastic region. Poisson's ratio describes the contraction that occurs perpendicular to an applied tensile load. Stress-strain diagrams are used to analyze a material's behavior under different loads. The document also discusses volumetric strain, shear stress and strain, bearing stress, and provides examples of stress and strain calculations.
This document provides information about the Solid Mechanics course ME 302 taught by Dr. Nirmal Baran Hui at NIT Durgapur in West Bengal, India. It lists four required textbooks for the course and provides a detailed syllabus covering topics like stress, strain, elasticity, bending, deflection, columns, torsion, pressure vessels, combined loadings, springs, and failure theories. The document also includes examples of lecture content on stress analysis, stresses on oblique planes, and material subjected to pure shear.
This document provides an introduction to applied mechanics. It discusses key topics including statics, dynamics, forces, moments, and equilibrium. Statics deals with bodies at rest under the influence of forces, while dynamics examines forces on moving bodies. Key concepts covered include rigid bodies, physical quantities, types of forces, characteristics of forces, force systems, methods of resolving forces, and laws of forces such as the triangle law and parallelogram law. The document also discusses free body diagrams, equilibrant forces, Lami's theorem, moments of forces, and Varignon's theorem.
1. The document discusses unsymmetrical bending of beams. When a beam bends about an axis that is not perpendicular to a plane of symmetry, it is undergoing unsymmetrical bending.
2. Key aspects discussed include determining the principal axes, direct stress distribution, and deflection of beams under unsymmetrical bending. Equations are provided to calculate stresses and deflections.
3. An example problem is given involving finding the stresses at two points on a cantilever beam subjected to an unsymmetrical loading. The principal moments of inertia and neutral axis orientation are calculated.
Roof Crush Analysis using Test Protocols of FMVSS 216Vaibhav porwal
Validation of Roof Crush analysis involving passenger dummy, side-airbag, and steering wheel. Optimized the roof strength to improve the design of the B-pillar and material property.
This document provides an overview of mechatronics integration and industrial robot components. It discusses advanced actuators like pneumatic and electrical actuators. It then describes the main parts of an industrial robot including the controller, drive system, arm, end effectors, and sensors. It explains the functional requirements of robots and different types of robot control systems from limited sequence to intelligent control.
This document contains questions and answers related to operations management topics like input-output ratio, technology life cycle, automated guided vehicles, flexible manufacturing systems, computer integrated manufacturing, numerical control machines, linear programming, and the simplex method. Key points include:
1. Input-output analysis considers the interdependence between sectors of the economy by analyzing relationships between inputs and outputs.
2. Technology also has a life cycle like products with stages of innovation, syndication, diffusion, and substitution.
3. Automated guided vehicles and automated identification systems are examples of technologies used to enhance production.
4. Flexible manufacturing systems and computer integrated manufacturing integrate computer systems with production to improve operations.
5.
This document provides an overview of a course on non-traditional machining and automation. The course aims to help students analyze automation systems, identify CNC machine functions, recognize non-traditional machining processes, and illustrate mechanisms in these processes. It discusses applications of industrial robots in hazardous, repetitive, stationary work and material handling, processing, and assembly. The document also summarizes various material handling equipment like automated guided vehicles, conveyors, and cranes as well as storage systems and unitizing equipment used in manufacturing.
This document discusses automated guided vehicles (AGVs) which are programmed to move materials between workstations on a factory floor. It describes the components, classifications, navigation methods, and control systems of AGVs. It also provides two case studies, one on using an AGV to change sprinklers in an irrigation system to reduce labor, and another on implementing an AGV transport system in a hospital to reduce costs and increase logistics transparency.
This document discusses automated guided vehicles (AGVs) which are programmed to move materials between workstations on a factory floor. It describes the components, classifications, navigation methods, and control systems of AGVs. It also provides two case studies, one on developing an AGV to change sprinklers in irrigation and another on implementing an AGV system to transport goods in a hospital. The document aims to provide an overview of AGVs, their applications, and examples of their use.
This document discusses different types of manufacturing systems. It describes manufacturing systems as consisting of production machines, material handling systems, computer control systems, and human resources. The document outlines different types of production machines based on level of automation, from manually operated to fully automated machines. It also discusses different types of manufacturing system layouts including single station cells, multi-station systems with fixed routing along an assembly line, and multi-station systems with variable routing to different workstations. The document provides examples and advantages of different manufacturing system configurations.
advanced industrial automation and roboticsKunal mane
This document provides an overview of an advanced industrial automation and robotics course. It outlines the course prerequisites, outcomes, and covers topics like automated manufacturing systems, reasons for automating production, basic elements of automated systems, principles of automation, levels of automation, and classification of manufacturing systems. The key topics are automated manufacturing systems, basic elements of an automated system (power, program, control), and levels of automation (manual, semi-automated, automated).
53_36765_ME591_2012_1__1_1_Mechatronics System Design.pdfDvbRef1
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary design approach that integrates mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and systems design engineering. It combines sensors and actuators with digital computers and basic control loops to create electromechanical systems. Key elements of mechatronic systems include modeling and simulation, automatic controls, optimization, electrical systems like motors and sensors, actuators, computer systems, and real-time interfacing between physical systems and computational control systems. Mechatronics is used in various applications including automobiles, aircraft, manufacturing machines, and mobile sensor networks.
This document discusses how organizations use information and communication technology (ICT) in various applications. It provides examples of control systems, such as air conditioning, refrigeration, and central heating systems. It also discusses how ICT is used in manufacturing processes like car production using robots, medical applications like intensive care and surgery, process control in industries, and embedded web technology for remote control systems.
EBEES AUTOMATION PVT LTD is a wholly owned subsidiary of EBEES dedicated towards services and training of Automation, Embedded, Robotics & Matlab. In case of any query, please contact.
EBEES Automation Services Pvt Ltd
Saiprasad Enterprises was established in 2000 and manufactures, trades, retails, imports and wholesales sensors and industrial components. It is also a well-known manufacturer of SPM machines. The company's products include linear slides, pneumatics, actuators and robotic machines that are used across industries such as electrical, automation and engineering. The document further provides details on linear slides, actuators, pick and place robots, special purpose machines, pneumatics, sensors and industrial control panels.
Automation involves the use of technology and computers to automate production processes. There are different types of automation based on the level of flexibility, including fixed, programmable, and flexible automation. Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are highly automated systems that can produce different product varieties with minimal changeover time. An FMS uses a physical subsystem with workstations, material handling systems, and storage to process parts, along with a control subsystem. Common layout configurations for an FMS include line, loop, ladder, carousel, robot cell, and open field layouts. Benefits of FMS include reduced costs, lead times, and inventories, while limitations include high initial costs and need for skilled labor and pre-
Modern Machine Tools:
CNC machines: Introduction, principles of operation,
Types – Vertical machining centres and horizontal machining centres,
major elements, functions, applications,
controllers,
open loop and closed loop systems
Types of automatic machines,
Transfer machines
Robot Drives And End Effectors
Robot drive systems: Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electric drive
systems, classification of end effectors, mechanical grippers, vacuum grippers, magnetic grippers,
adhesive gripper, gripper force analysis and gripper design
Definition of Automation
Automated Manufacturing Systems
Types of Manufacturing Automation
Levels of Automation
Computerized Manufacturing Support Systems
Reasons for Automation
Automation Strategies-The USA Principle
Ten Strategies for Automation and Process Improvement
Automation Migration Strategy
Benefits of Automation
References
The document describes an automatic vehicle washing system that uses a PLC to control the washing process. The system uses sensors to detect when a vehicle reaches each stage, and then activates things like water sprinklers, detergent dispensers, brushes and fans to clean and dry the vehicle. The PLC controls the conveyor belt that moves the vehicle through the system, as well as solenoid valves, motors and other components to automate the washing process from start to finish without human intervention. The automatic system reduces costs and labor compared to manual washing, and can wash multiple vehicles continuously in an efficient manner.
This document describes an automatic agriculture assistance system that uses autonomous vehicles guided by GPS navigation to help farmers cultivate crops on a large scale. The system uses commercial tractors outfitted with encoders, ultrasonic sensors, an onboard computer and PLC controller. The vehicle's motion is controlled through parameters like driving speed and steering angle. A Kalman filter is used to estimate the vehicle's state based on encoder readings and reduce errors between the actual and planned paths. The system is intended to help save farmer's time and money during crop cultivation.
A PLC is used to control a conveyor system that transports copper plates. The system has three segmented conveyor belts, with each segment powered by a motor. A proximity switch at the end of each belt segment detects the position of the copper plate. The first belt segment is always on, and the second segment turns on when the proximity switch in the first detects the plate, allowing only the sections carrying a plate to move. The PLC provides automated control of the conveyor motors based on input from the proximity sensors to efficiently transport the plates along the production line.
Mechatronics originated in 1969 in Japan as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and intelligent computer control in design and manufacturing. It aims to develop embedded distributed computer control systems. Key elements of mechatronics systems include actuators, sensors, signal conditioning, digital logic circuits, software, computers and displays. Common applications include automatic controls in appliances, vehicles, medical devices, and other systems that integrate electrical and mechanical components for increased functionality.
Vehicle homologation is the process of approving a vehicle's components and systems to ensure safety, quality, and environmental standards before sale. In India, all vehicle components like lamps, mirrors, tires, and engines are tested. Then the fitting of components and various vehicle systems like braking and emissions are tested. Finally, a whole vehicle test is conducted to approve the vehicle for sale. The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) plays a key role in testing electric vehicles, batteries, motors, and chargers according to various AIS standards to ensure safety and performance. Standards are important for EVs to ensure safety as their use increases and provide quality and access to markets.
The document defines and describes the various types of brake systems used in automobiles. It discusses mechanical, disc, hydraulic, power-assisted, air, and hand brake systems. The hydraulic brake system is the most common, using fluid pressure to slow wheels. When the brake pedal is pressed, fluid pushes brake pads against a disc or drum, converting kinetic energy to heat and slowing the vehicle. Master cylinders control fluid pressure to wheel cylinders for balanced braking on all wheels. Power-assisted and air brakes use vacuum or compressed air to augment braking force. Hand brakes provide independent parking capability.
The document discusses different types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes how suspension systems like leaf springs, independent suspension, wishbone suspension, and air suspension work to isolate passengers from road vibrations and maintain vehicle stability. It also covers types of tires, factors that affect tire life, and the purpose of wheel alignment in directing the wheels for stability and smooth rolling.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles including their history and development. It discusses the key components of EVs such as batteries, motors, and motor controllers. It also covers charging methods for electric vehicles including conductive, inductive, and battery swapping technologies. The document compares combustion engines with electric motors and outlines the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
This document discusses crystal structures, material properties, and deformation. It begins by examining common crystal structures like BCC, FCC, and HCP. It then reviews various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical. Finally, it analyzes different types of deformation mechanisms such as elastic/plastic deformation, slip/twinning, work hardening, and fracture modes.
Charging electric vehicles can be done through various methods like Level 1, Level 2, and DC fast charging. Level 1 uses a standard 120V outlet while Level 2 uses a 240V outlet, providing faster charging. DC fast charging uses direct current to charge over 80 miles of range in 30 minutes. Wireless charging systems allow charging through induction coils in static parking spots or while driving on special roadways. Battery swapping provides an alternative to charging by exchanging depleted batteries for fully charged ones. Vehicle-to-grid technology enables electric vehicles to export stored energy back to the power grid. Battery management systems monitor battery health and safety through functions like temperature regulation, voltage balancing between cells, and protection from overcharging.
The document discusses the history and development of electric vehicles. It begins with the pre-electric car age in the 1820s through early experimentation. The golden age from 1880-1920 saw improvements to batteries and motors leading to electric taxis. However, the 1920-1970 period was a dark age as oil became prevalent. Renewed interest has occurred since the 1970s due to environmental concerns. Issues like emissions, oil dependence, and global warming are reducing as electric vehicles grow in popularity. The document outlines the technology of electric vehicles and compares them to internal combustion engines.
The document discusses the key components and working principles of electric vehicle batteries and motors. It provides information on:
1) The main components of lithium-ion batteries used in EVs including the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. It also discusses battery parameters like storage capacity, energy density, and cycle life.
2) The types of motors used in EVs like AC induction motors and brushed vs brushless DC motors. It provides a basic overview of how motors work using electromagnetic induction to convert electrical energy from batteries into mechanical energy.
3) The function of motor controllers to precisely control the motor based on driver input and convert battery power into vehicle motion using components like sensors and power electronics.
Brakes work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy via friction. When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure is applied to the brake pads or shoes, causing them to squeeze a disc or drum attached to the wheel. This slows the wheel's rotation through friction. Most modern vehicles have a hydraulic brake system where brake fluid in a master cylinder transfers pressure to disc brakes on the front wheels and sometimes drum brakes on the rear wheels. The brake system is designed with safety redundancies like dual hydraulic circuits to prevent total braking failure.
The document discusses the key components and classifications of automobile chassis. It describes how the chassis contains major parts like the frame, axles, steering system, suspension system and engine. It classifies chassis based on control type, engine placement, and number of wheels/driving wheels. The frame is the main structure that supports all other chassis components and the body. Different types of frames include conventional, semi-integral and integral frames. The document also provides a brief overview of the automobile body, its connection to the chassis, and how it is typically constructed from welded steel pressings.
The document discusses anti-lock braking systems (ABS). It provides an overview of ABS, including its history, components, principles of operation, types, and advancements like electronic stability control. ABS prevents wheel locking under heavy braking, allowing the driver to steer and maintain vehicle control. It modulates brake pressure to keep wheels rotating at an optimal slip rate for maximum braking force. ABS improves safety by reducing skidding and keeping vehicles stable during emergency stops on slippery surfaces.
This document lists and describes 6 types of metals: white cast iron, grey cast iron, malleable cast iron, chilled cast iron, nodular cast iron, and low carbon steel and medium carbon steel. It provides an overview of different metal alloys without going into detail about the specific properties or uses of each.
The document provides guidelines for preparing metal specimens for microscopic examination. Key steps include carefully selecting and cutting a representative sample, mounting it, grinding it with successively finer grit paper to create a flat surface, polishing it to remove scratches, and sometimes etching it to reveal microstructural features. Proper preparation helps facilitate clear examination and accurate interpretation of grain structure, phases, inclusions and other microscopic characteristics of the material.
The document discusses three main topics: crystal structure, material properties, and deformation. It provides in-depth information on crystal structures like BCC, FCC, and HCP. It describes various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It also discusses different types of deformation mechanisms like elastic and plastic deformation, slip and twinning, work hardening, and fracture behaviors.
Plastic deformation can occur through two main mechanisms in metals: slip and twinning. Slip occurs when one plane of atoms slides over another within the crystal structure. Twinning involves mirroring part of the atomic lattice next to the undeformed part. Cold working increases the strength and hardness of metals by obstructing the movement of dislocations through mechanisms like strain hardening. Annealing can be used to relieve stresses from cold working and modify mechanical properties by allowing recovery, recrystallization and grain growth processes. Hot working deforms metals above the recrystallization temperature to avoid strain hardening.
This document summarizes various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. It describes key properties such as density, melting point, strength, conductivity, permeability, and more. For each property, it outlines what the property is, how it is measured or defined, and examples of factors that influence the property. The document also briefly summarizes the main internal components of electric vehicles such as the electric motor, inverter, drivetrain, batteries, and charging system.
Mechanical engineers play an important role in the design, manufacturing, and quality control of electric vehicles. Their responsibilities include designing mechanical parts like the vehicle body, chassis, suspension, and steering while considering factors like aerodynamics, loads on motors, and thermal management of batteries. They are also involved in simulation of crashes and heat transfer, manufacturing process optimization, and ensuring quality control. Mechatronics knowledge is useful for controller design and sensor/actuator automation. Materials engineering expertise helps with battery and powertrain component research and development using lightweight metals and composites. After gaining experience, mechanical engineers can work with EV companies or pursue higher education and research opportunities.
This chapter discusses oxygen sensors, which are used by automotive computer systems to measure oxygen content in exhaust and help control air-fuel mixture. It describes the construction and operation of the most common zirconia oxygen sensor, which uses a platinum-coated ceramic thimble to produce a voltage that indicates exhaust oxygen levels. The chapter covers how the vehicle's PCM uses oxygen sensor feedback to adjust fuel delivery for proper air-fuel ratio control and emissions performance. Various oxygen sensor diagnostic techniques are presented, including using a digital multimeter, scan tool, and oscilloscope to evaluate sensor performance.
This document provides an overview of vehicle dynamics concepts taught in a CEE 320 course, including resistance forces, tractive effort, vehicle acceleration, braking, and stopping sight distance. It defines key terms, formulas, and examples. The main concepts covered are resistance forces like aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. It also addresses tractive effort, vehicle acceleration equations, braking force calculations, and methods for determining stopping distance.
This document discusses residential air filtration. It begins by outlining some key residential air filtration issues like removing particulates and odors while maintaining airflow. It then describes various principles of air filtration like straining, impingement, interception, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction/precipitation that can remove particles. It provides diagrams to illustrate these principles. The document also discusses standards for residential air filters from ASHRAE and how filters are tested and assigned a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) rating. Finally, it considers pressure drop and airflow reduction that can occur with higher efficiency filters.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
5. 1. Overview of Manufacturing
• Production system
• Automation in production System
• Manual labour in production system
• Manufacturing operation
• Production Facility
• Manufacturing economics
• Manufacturing cost
8. Manual Labour in production
• Manual labour in factory automation
• Labour in manufacturing support system
a) Equipment Maintenance
b) Programming & computer operation
c) Engineering project work
d) Plant Management
12. Manufacturing Economics
• Fixed & variable cost
• Direct material, labour & overhead cost
• Cost of equipment usage
• Cost of manufacturing cost
13. 2. Automation & Control
• Elements of Automated system
• Continuous vs discrete control system
• Hardware components for automation:
Sensor & Actuator
• CNC, DNC
• Robot
• PLC
14. Sensor
• A wide variety of sensors are available for collecting data from
the manufacturing process for use in feedback control.
• A sensor is a transducer, which is a device that converts a
physical variable of one form into another form that is more
useful for the given application.
15. Sensor
• In particular, a sensor is a device that converts a physical
stimulus or variable of interest (such as temperature, force,
pressure, or displacement) into a more convenient form
(usually an electrical quantity such as voltage) for the purpose
of measuring the stimulus.
16. Actuator
• In industrial control systems, an actuator is a hardware device
that converts a controller command signal into a change in a
physical parameter.
• The change in the physical parameter is usually mechanical,
such as a position or velocity change.
• An actuator is a transducer, because it changes one type of
physical quantity, such as electric current, into another type of
physical quantity, such as rotational speed of an electric motor.
17. Actuator
• Most actuators can be classified into one of three categories,
according to the type of amplifier:
• (1) electric, (2) hydraulic, and (3) pneumatic.
• Electric actuators are most common; they include electric
motors of various kinds, solenoids, and electromechanical
relays.
• Hydraulic actuators use hydraulic fluid to amplify the
controller command signal.
• Pneumatic actuators use compressed air as the driving power.
18. Elements of Automated system
• An automated system is used to operate some process, and
power is required to drive the process as well as the controls.
• The principal source of power in automated systems is
electricity.
• Electric power can be converted to hydraulic, pnuematic ,
thermal, mechanical
19. Cont..
• An automated system consists of three basic elements:
• (1) power to accomplish the process and operate the system,
• (2) a program of instructions to direct the process.
• (3) a control system to actuate the instructions.
21. Continuous Variable
• A continuous variable (or parameter) is one that is
uninterrupted as time proceeds, at least during the
manufacturing operation.
• A continuous variable is generally considered to analog, which
means it can take on any value within certain range
22. Discrete Variable
• A discrete variable (or parameter) is one that can take on only
certain values within a given range. The most common type of
discrete variable is binary, meaning it can take on either of two
possible values, ON or OFF, open or closed, and so on.
26. Robot
• An industrial robot is defined as “an automatically controlled,
reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in
three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or
mobile for use in industrial automation applications.
• It is a general-purpose machine possessing certain
anthropomorphic characteristics, the most obvious of which is
its mechanical arm.
27. Robot
• Other human-like characteristics are the robot’s capabilities to
respond to sensory inputs, communicate with other machines,
and make decisions.
• These capabilities permit robots to perform a variety of
industrial tasks. The development of robotics technology
followed the development of numerical control and the two
technologies are quite similar.
28. Robot
• They both involve coordinated control of multiple axes (the
axes are called joints in robotics), and they both use dedicated
digital computers as controllers.
• Whereas NC (numerical control) machines are designed to
perform specific processes (e.g., machining, sheet metal hole
punching, and thermal cutting),
• Robots are designed for a wider variety of tasks. Typical
production applications of industrial robots include spot
welding, material transfer, machine loading, spray painting,
and assembly.
30. Robot Application
• Drilling, routing, and other machining processes.
• Grinding, wire brushing, and similar operations
• Waterjet cutting
• Laser cutting.
• Assembly & inspection
31. PLC
• A programmable logic controller (PLC) can be defined as a
microcomputer-based controller that uses stored instructions in
programmable memory to implement logic, sequencing,
timing, counting, and arithmetic functions through digital or
analog input/ output (I/O) modules, for controlling machines
and processes.
32. PLC
• PLC applications are found in both the process
industries and discrete manufacturing.
• Examples of applications in process industries
include chemical processing, paper mill operations,
and food production.
33. PLC
• PLCs are primarily associated with discrete
manufacturing industries to control individual
machines, machine cells, transfer lines, material
handling equipment, and automated storage systems.
• Before the PLC was introduced around 1970,
hardwired controllers composed of relays, coils,
counters, timers, and similar components were used
to implement this type of industrial control
34. 3. Material Handling
• Material Transport System
• Storage System
• Automatic identification & Storage System
35. Material Transport System
• Transport equipment
• Positioning equipment,
• Unit load formation equipment,
• Storage equipment,
• Identification and control equipment.
37. Industrial Trucks
• Industrial trucks are divided into two categories:
• Nonpowered and powered.
• The non powered types are often referred to as hand trucks
because they are pushed or pulled by human workers.
• Powered truck are self propelled & guided by worker
38. Automated Guided Vehicle
• An automated guided vehicle system (AGVS) is a material
handling system that uses independently operated, self-
propelled vehicles guided along defined pathways.
• The AGVs are powered by on-board batteries that allow many
hours of operation (8–16 hr is typical) before needing to be
recharged.
• Types of AGV
• (1) towing vehicles for driverless trains
• (2) pallet trucks
• (3) unit load carriers
39. Driverless train
• A driverless train consists of a towing vehicle (the AGV)
pulling one or more trailers to form a train,
• It was the first type of AGVS to be introduced and is still
widely used today. A common application is moving heavy
payloads over long distances
40. Pallet Truck
• Pallet truck used to move palletized load along predetermined
routes.
• In typical application the vehicle backed into the loaded pallet
by a human worker who steers the truck and uses its forks to
elevate the load slightly.
• Then the worker drives the pallet truck to the guide path and
programs its destination, and the vehicle proceeds
automatically to the destination for unloading.
• The load capacity of an AGVS pallet truck ranges up to several
thousand kilograms
41. Unit Load Carrier
• AGV unit load carriers are used to move unit loads from one
station to another.
• They are often equipped for automatic loading and unloading
of pallets by means of powered rollers, moving belts,
mechanized lift platforms
42. AGV Application
• Driverless train operation
• Storage and distribution
• Assembly line operations
• Flexible manufacturing system
43. Vehicle Guidance Technologies
• The guidance system is the method by which AGVS pathways
are defined and vehicles are controlled to follow the pathways.
• The technologies used in commercial AGV systems for vehicle
guidance include
(1) imbedded guide wires
(2) paint strips,
(3) magnetic tape,
(4) laser-guided vehicles (LGVs)
(5) inertial navigation.
44. Vehicle Management System
• For AGV to oprate efficiently the vehicle must be well
managed.
• Delivery tasks must be allocated to vehicles to minimize
waiting times at load/unload stations.
• Traffic congestion in the guide-path network must be
minimized.
• Two aspects of vehicle management are considered here:
• (1) traffic control
• (2) vehicle dispatching.
45. Traffic Control
• The purpose of traffic control in an automated guided vehicle
system is to minimize interference between vehicles and to
prevent collisions.
• Two methods of traffic control used in commercial AGV
systems are
• (1) on-board vehicle sensing
• (2) zone control.
46. Cont…
• On-board vehicle sensing, also called forward sensing
• uses one or more sensors on each vehicle to detect the
presence of other vehicles and obstacles ahead on the guide
path.
• In zone control,
• the AGVS layout is divided into separate zones, and the
operating rule is that no vehicle is permitted to enter a zone
that is already occupied by another vehicle.
• The length of a zone is at least sufficient to hold one vehicle
plus allowances for safety and other considerations.
47. Dispatch Control
• For an AGVS to serve its function, vehicles must be
dispatched in a timely and efficient manner to the points in the
system where they are needed.
• Several methods are used in AGV systems to dispatch
vehicles:
(1) on-board control panels
(2) remote call stations,
(3) central computer control.
• These dispatching methods are generally used in combination
to maximize responsiveness and efficiency
48. Cont…
• In addition, AGVs are usually provided with several other
features specifically for safety reasons.
• A safety feature included in most guidance systems is
automatic stopping of the vehicle .
• Another safety device is an obstacle detection sensor located
on each vehicle. This is the same on-board sensor used for
traffic control.
• The sensor can detect obstacles along the path ahead,
including humans.
• The vehicles are programmed either to stop when an obstacle
is sensed ahead or to slow down.
49. Rail-Guided Vehicle
• The third category of material transport equipment consists of
motorized vehicles that are guided by a fixed rail system.
• The rail system consists of either one rail, called a monorail, or
two parallel rails.
• Routing variations are possible in rail-guided vehicle systems
through the use of switches, turntables, and other specialized
track sections. This permits different loads to travel different
routes, similar to an AGVS. Rail-guided systems are generally
considered to be more versatile than conveyor systems but less
versatile than automated guided vehicle systems.
50. Conveyors
• A conveyor is a mechanical apparatus for moving items or bulk
materials, usually inside a facility. Conveyors are generally
used when material must be moved in relatively large quantities
between specific locations over a fixed path, which may be in
the floor, above the floor, or overhead.
• Conveyors are either powered or nonpowered.
• In powered conveyors, the power mechanism is contained in the
fixed path, using chains, belts, rotating rolls, or other devices to
propel loads along the path
51. Types of Conveyors
• In nonpowered conveyors, materials are moved either
manually by human workers who push the loads along the
fixed path or by gravity from one elevation to a lower
elevation
• Roller conveyors
• Belt conveyors.
• Chain conveyor
52. Crane & Hoist
• Cranes are used for horizontal movement of materials .
• hoists are used for vertical lifting
• hoist component of the crane lifts the load, and the crane
transports the load horizontally to the desired destination
• a hoist consists of one or more fixed pulleys, one or more
moving pulleys, and a rope, cable, or chain strung between the
pulleys.
• The number of pulleys in the hoist determines its mechanical
advantage,
• The driving force to operate the hoist is usually applied by
electric or pneumatic motor.
53. Storage System Performance
• The function of a material storage system is to store materials for
a period of time and to permit access to those materials when
required.
• The performance of a storage system in accomplishing its
function must be sufficient to justify its investment and
operating expense.
• Various measures used to assess the performance of a storage
system includes
• (1) storage capacity (2) storage density
• (3) accessibility (4) throughput.
• (5) utilization and (6) reliability
54. AS/RS Applications.
• They can also be used to store raw materials and work-in-
process in manufacturing.
• Three application areas can be distinguished:
• (1) unit load storage and handling,
• (2) order picking, and
• (3) work-in-process storage.
55. AS/RS
• Components and Operating Features of an AS/RS. consist of
the following components,
(1) storage structure
(2) S/R machine
(3) storage modules
(4) one or more pickup-and-deposit stations.
(5) a control system is required to operate the AS/RS
56. Automatic Identification & Data Capture
• Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) refers to
technologies that provide direct entry of data into a computer
or other microprocessor-controlled system without using a
keyboard.
• Many of these technologies require no human involvement in
the data capture and entry process.
• Automatic identification systems are being used increasingly
to collect data in material handling and manufacturing
applications
58. Other AIDC Technology
• Magnetic stripes attached to a product or container are
sometimes used for item identification in factory and
warehouse applications.
• Optical Character Recognition Optical character recognition
(OCR) is the use of specially designed alphanumeric
characters that are machine readable by an optical reading
device.
59. AIDC
• The principal application of machine vision is for automated
inspection tasks For AIDC applications, machine vision
systems are used to read 2-D matrix symbols, such as Data
Matrix and they can also be used for stacked bar codes, such
as PDF
• For example, machine vision systems are capable of
distinguishing among a variety of products moving down a
conveyor so that the products can be sorted.
60. 4. Manufacturing System
• Single station manufacturing cells
• Manual assembly line
• Automated Production lines
• Automated Assembly System
• Group Technology & Cell manufacturing
• FMS
61. 5. Quality Control System
• Traditional & Modern Quality Control
• SQC
• Six Sigma
• ISO 9000
• Taguchi Method in Quality
• Sample inspection & 100% inspection
• Automated inspection
62. Cont…
• CMM
• Surface Measurement
• Machine Vision System
• Non contact & Non optical inspection
63. 6. Manufacturing Support System
• CAD/CAM, CIM
• CAPP
• Material requirement Planning
• Inventory control
• Capacity planning
• JIT & Lean production
64. Unit-1
• Introduction to Manufacturing Systems : Components,
Classification Scheme
• Single Station Automated Cells, Applications of Single
Station Automated Cells
• Fundamentals of Manual Assembly Lines, Analysis of Manual
Assembly Lines,
• Line Balancing Algorithms,
• Considerations in Assembly Line Design
65. Unit-2
• Automated Production Lines : Fundamentals, Applications
• Analysis of Transfer Lines. Fundamentals of Automated
Assembly Lines
• Cellular Manufacturing
• Part Classifications and Coding,
• Applications of Group Technology,
• Quantitive analysis of Cellular Manufacturing.
66. Unit-3
• Flexible Manufacturing Systems : Introduction, Components
of FMS, Applications, Benefits, FMS planning and
Implementation issues, Quantitive Analysis of FMS.
• Fundamentals of NC Technology, Computer Numerical
Control, Distributed Numerical Control,
• Applications of NC, NC part programming. Sample NC
programs including step, groove, taper, and profile turning.
67. Unit-4
• Quality Programs in Manufacturing : Process Variability and
Process capability,
• Statistical Process Control, Six Sigma, Taguchi Methods in
Quality Engineering, ISO 9000.
• Coordinate Measuring Machine, Machine Vision, Non contact,
Non Optical Inspection Techniques
68. Unit-5
• Process Planning, Computer Aided Process Planning,
Concurrent Engineering and Design for Manufacturing,
• Advanced Manufacturing Planning, Material Requirement
Planning, Capacity Planning.
• Shop Floor Planning, Inventory Control, Lean Production,
Just in Time Production Systems, Automation