The document discusses the key components and working principles of electric vehicle batteries and motors. It provides information on:
1) The main components of lithium-ion batteries used in EVs including the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. It also discusses battery parameters like storage capacity, energy density, and cycle life.
2) The types of motors used in EVs like AC induction motors and brushed vs brushless DC motors. It provides a basic overview of how motors work using electromagnetic induction to convert electrical energy from batteries into mechanical energy.
3) The function of motor controllers to precisely control the motor based on driver input and convert battery power into vehicle motion using components like sensors and power electronics.
Unit 4 -2 energy management in adhoc wireless networkdevika g
Unit 4 -2 energy management in adhoc wireless network unit 4-2 mobile computing ,classification of energy management transimmission power power management
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
Architecture of electric vehicles.pptxHushedAhmad1
The architecture of electric vehicles (EVs) encompasses the intricate integration of components that enable their electric propulsion. This includes the arrangement of the electric motor, power electronics, and energy storage system (usually lithium-ion batteries) within the vehicle's frame. The architecture also involves control systems, thermal management, and regenerative braking mechanisms to optimize efficiency. This thoughtfully designed structure contributes to EVs' environmental benefits and provides a foundation for continuous innovation in the realm of sustainable transportation.
Unit 4 -2 energy management in adhoc wireless networkdevika g
Unit 4 -2 energy management in adhoc wireless network unit 4-2 mobile computing ,classification of energy management transimmission power power management
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
Architecture of electric vehicles.pptxHushedAhmad1
The architecture of electric vehicles (EVs) encompasses the intricate integration of components that enable their electric propulsion. This includes the arrangement of the electric motor, power electronics, and energy storage system (usually lithium-ion batteries) within the vehicle's frame. The architecture also involves control systems, thermal management, and regenerative braking mechanisms to optimize efficiency. This thoughtfully designed structure contributes to EVs' environmental benefits and provides a foundation for continuous innovation in the realm of sustainable transportation.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. Working Principle
Battery- Fuel
Motor Controller- Fuel
Injector or Carburetor
Motor- Engine
1)In battery chemical energy gets
converted into Electrical Energy
2) Motor controller works on principle
of pulse width modulation
3) Motor works on electromagnetic
induction
4) In motor electrical energy gets
converted into mechanical energy
3. • Cathode- determines the capacity and voltage of a Li-ion battery.
• Anode- sends electrons through a wire.
• Electrolyte- allows the movement of ions only
• Separator-the absolute barrier between cathode and anode
5. Battery Performance Parameter
1) Storage Capacity-
• It determine the no. of hours for which battery can be discharged at constant current to
defined cut of voltage
• The value of capacity depends on ambient temp, age of battery and discharged rate.
• Higher the discharge rate lower is battery capacity
2) Cost-
• This includes initial cost of battery itself as well as cost of charging and maintaining the
battery
6. Cont…
• Energy Density
• The energy density is amount of energy that can be stored per cubic meter of
battery volume expressed in watt-hours per cubic meter(wh/m3)
• Power density
• It is power capacity per kg of battery in w/kg. Some battery offer high energy
density but low specific power which means that they can store a large amount of
energy they can supply small amount of power
7. Cont…
• In transportation terms it means that vehicle could run long distance at low speed
• Batteries with high specific power have low energy density
• Because high discharge current usually reduce the available energy rapidly ( High
Acceleration)
• State of charge
It is amount of stored energy relative to total energy storage capacity
of battery out of 100 percent is 80 percent .So state of charge is 0.80
8. • State of Discharge
• The parameter describe battery capacity that has been discharged relative to maximum
capacity.
• Self Discharge
• Reduction in energy capacity of battery under no load conditions as a result of internal
short circuit & chemical reaction
• This parameter can be affected by environmental conditions such as temperature &
humidity as well as DOD & Battery charge/discharge cycle
9. Cont…
• Cycle life
• Cycle life of rechargeable battery is no. of charge/discharge cycle it undergoes before
capacity falls to 80 percent.
• Physical requirement
• This includes the geometry of the cell, its size, weight , and shape and location of terminal
• Service life
• It is 500 to 1000 cycle for the battery, reduction in capacity is caused by depletion of
active materials by undesired reaction within cells.
10. Traction Battery
• An EV traction battery is rechargeable energy storage that supplies power to the
electric motor very quickly, giving EVs high performance & rapid acceleration.
• Traction battery used to provide motive power for EV
• High capacity to weight and volume ratio
• It require fast charging rate usually within 24 hours
• Traction battery are differ from Starting, lighting and ignition battery because they
designed to give power over certain period of time
11. Cont…
• Traction are characterized by high power to weight ratio
• Energy to weight ratio
• Energy density
• Smaller lighter batteries reduce weight of vehicle and improve performance
• Rechargeable batteries used in EV includes Lead acid, Li ion polymer
• The amount of electricity stored in batteries is measured in amp-hour
12. Cont.
• Smart solution and monitoring
• Higher Cyclic Life: 3000-4000 cycles
• Active Cell Balancing
• Temperature Cooling
• Communication
• Built-in automatic protection for
• Over Charge voltage/current Over Discharge voltage/current
• Short Circuit Over/Under temperature
14. Cont…
• The auxiliary battery is not used by the traction motor but is charged by the traction
battery and is used to support all of the electrical systems on the vehicle with the
exception of: Air conditioning. Heating system.
• In an Electric Vehicle, there are two battery systems. One is the primary battery (traction
battery) while the other one is an auxiliary battery. The Vehicle Accessories are powered
by providing electricity through the auxiliary battery. It helps to power the Computer
System, Headlights, Audio System and some quintessential sensors, etc. It works in
tandem with the main battery and simultaneously reduces its load.
15. Battery Safety and maintenance
• Always handle batteries with care
• Never overfill with acid
• Always store upright
• Never allow children access to a battery
• Always charge in a well ventilated area
• Never allow battery vents to become blocked
• Always wear eye protection
• Always wear protective clothing
16. • Always charge in a well ventilated area
• Always ensure the charging leads are correctly fitted before switching on the mains
• Always ensure the mains is switched off before disconnecting the charging leads
• Always use eye protection and protective clothing
Never smoke near a battery
Never allow naked flames near a battery
Never create sparks near a battery
17.
18. Effect of battery overheating
• At high temp. lithium ion battery produce thermal runway resulting in short
circuit, combustion explosion and safety problem
• Thermal runaway is a chain reaction within a battery cell that can be very difficult
to stop once it has started. It occurs when the temperature inside a battery reaches
the point that causes a chemical reaction to occur inside the battery.
• Internal short circuit is due to manufacturing defect or physical damage due to
mechanical deformation, manufacturing error such as burrs , misalignment of
electrode package
19. Air cooling
• It is the simplest and most cost effective way of cooling the batteries. The air cooling
allows the heat transfer from the battery pack as the air runs over its surface.
• These systems offer heating, cooling and ventilation functions as per the
requirement of the battery pack. It is one of the earliest adopted methods and it
makes use of natural as well as forced convection depending on the intake of air in
the air cooling method.
• Both of these convection methods decrease the average temperature of the battery
cell. This is mostly used for stationary battery energy storage system applications.
20.
21. Liquid Cooling
• Liquid cooling is the most popular cooling technology. It uses a liquid coolant
such as water, a refrigerant, or ethylene glycol to cool the battery. The liquid goes
through tubes, cold plates, or other components that surround the cells and carry
heat to another location, such as a radiator or a heat exchanger. Components
carrying the liquid prevent direct electrical contact between the cells and the liquid
coolant.
• Because liquid cooling involves pumps, fans, and other devices to actively extract
and redirect the heat, it is an active form of cooling.
22.
23. Phase change Material
• In PCM cell, cell is in direct contact with PCM, heat is conducted from cell to
PCM
• There are plate on top and bottom side of PCM to release heat absorbed by PCM
• During charging & discharging a lot of heat is generated that heat is transferred to
PCM due to conduction phenomenon
• PCM absorb a lot of heat until changing its phase temp.at this constant temp. after
changing phase temp. gradually rises.
24. SO PCM can absorb a lot of energy that energy is transferred
back to cell during relaxation period. So optimum temp. can be
maintained
Liquid cooling make
system bulky and more
space is required
Also it requires power
consumption make it less
efficient.
25. PCM
• PCM Installation cost is less
• It is non-corrosive
• Light weight, Environment friendly,
• But it is having low thermal conductivity
• If material changes its phase temp. regulation fails and become difficult to operate
continuously
26. Working Principle
Battery- Fuel
Motor Controller- Fuel
Injector or Carburetor
Motor- Engine
1)In battery chemical energy gets
converted into Electrical Energy
2) Motor controller works on principle
of pulse width modulation
3) Motor works on electromagnetic
induction
4) In motor electrical energy gets
converted into mechanical energy
27. Motor Controller
• An electric vehicle’s motor controller is a combination of power electronics and
embedded microcomputers that effectively converts the energy stored in the
batteries into motion.
• The Motor controller receives commands from interfaces such as the Throttle,
Brake, or Forward/Reverse control switches.
• The Motor controller processes these commands and very precisely controls the
speed, torque, direction, and consequent horsepower of a motor in the vehicle.
29. Elements of Motor controller
• Sensor sense the motor motion and give signal to motor
• Power elements block, is essentially a bi-directional power converter. It is able to move
energy from the battery to the motor and vice versa
• Input interface block connects to the motor controller and the other vehicle components.
• The communication block,which allows the motor controller to share data with external
systems.
• Through a communication block, a motor controller can transmit data and receive
instructions.
30. AC Motor
• An AC motor is a motor that converts alternating current into mechanical power.
• The stator and the rotor are important parts of AC motors.
• The stator is the stationary part of the motor, and the rotor is the rotating part of
the motor.
• The AC motor may be single-phase or three-phase. Nikola Tesla invented the first
AC induction motor in 1887.
31. Stator
The stator is the stationary part of the motor that delivers
a rotating magnetic field to interact with the rotor.
Stator Core
The stator core is made of thin metal sheets known as
laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy loss.
Stator Windings
Stator windings are stacked together, forming a hollow
cylinder. The slots of the stator core coils of insulated
wires are insulated.
The enclosure protects the internal parts of the motor from water
and other environmental elements. The enclosure consists of a
frame and two end brackets.
32. Rotor
A rotor
central component of a motor that is fixed to the
shaft. The most common type of rotor used in
an AC motor is the squirrel cage rotor. A
squirrel-cage rotor is cylindrical
Motor Shaft
The rotor is pressed onto a steel shaft to form a
rotor assembly.
Bearings
Bearings hold the motor shaft in place. The bearings minimize the shaft’s friction
connected to the casing, which increases the motor’s efficiency.
33. DC Motor
A DC motor is an electrical
machine that converts
electrical energy into
mechanical energy. DC motor
working is based on the
principle that when a current
carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experiences
a mechanical force.
36. Brushed & Brushless DC Motor
• It uses Electrical commutation to
deliver the current.
High- because of the absense of brushes
and commutator
Construction Complex and expensive
Low Noise
Less required in absence of brushes
High Efficiency
Long Life
• It uses brushes to deliver current to the
motor windings through mechanical
commutation
• Speed range lower compared to BLDC
• Construction Simple
• Arcs in the brushes generate noise
• Periodic maintenance required
• Moderate efficiency
• Short Life
37.
38.
39. Factor considered in selection of motor
• 1. Vehicle characteristics
The properties of the vehicle such as size, weight, overload and aerodynamics are
crucial vehicle characteristics that will ultimately determine speed, torque and
power requirements of the electric motor.
• 2. Driving cycles
How is the vehicle being used is also very important. What will be the usual driving
cycles of the vehicle? Will it be driven in an urban area with many stops? Will it be
driven on long distances with only a few stops?
40. Cont..
• 3. Vehicle configuration (electric, hybrid)
• Is the vehicle hybrid or full electric? If hybrid, is it parallel hybrid or series
hybrid?
• 4. Maximal speed
• What is the targeted maximum speed of the vehicle ? How long does it have to be
sustained, maybe it is used only for passing?
• 5. Maximal power 6. Battery Capacity & Voltage
• 7. Cost
41. Maximum Torque
The maximum torque enables the
vehicle to start in a given slope. You
need to find the highest grade the
vehicle will need to ascend. Using that
grade, it is possible to calculate the
highest torque required by the electric
motor considering the differential and
gearbox (if using a gearbox!).
Maximal weight is also to be taken
into consideration.
42. Motor Maintenance
• Inspect the electric motor at regular time intervals.
• Remove deposits of dust, oil, and dirt in the fan cover to maintain good ventilation and allow proper cooling of the
motor.
• Observe the behavior of the seals.
• Observe the electrical, mechanical connections and the fixing bolts.
• Check oil level in bearings.
• Visually inspect commutator clamping ring.
• Check operating speed
• Motor alignments reduce the stress on the motor and driven equipment