Automation in biochemistry refers to using instruments to perform biochemical tests with minimal human involvement. Automated systems can perform many steps like sample handling, reagent addition, reaction incubation, and measurement that were previously done manually. The main types of automated analyzers are continuous flow analyzers, discrete autoanalyzers, and random access analyzers. Continuous flow analyzers pass samples and reagents sequentially through a single analytical pathway. Discrete autoanalyzers separate each sample and reagent in individual containers, allowing multiple tests per sample. Random access analyzers perform tests on batches of samples, selecting tests for each sample. Automated systems provide benefits like higher throughput, reduced variability, and less manual labor, but also have high initial costs.
Introduction of Automation of the Analytical Process
Unit Operations
Specimen identification
Specimen preparation
Specimen delivery
Specimen loading and aspiration
Specimen processing
Sample induction and internal transport
Reagent handling and storage
Chemical reaction phase
Measurement approaches
Signal processing, data handling and process control
Applications of automation in clinical lab
Use of laboratory instruments and specimen processing equipment to perform clinical laboratory assays with only minimal involvement of technologist .
Automation in clinical laboratory is a process by which analytical instruments perform many tests with the least involvement of an analyst.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define automation as "The replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self-monitoring or self adjusting”.
This is a powerpoint of automation in clinical chemistry. This comprises the definition of automation, steps of the analytical process, and detail about the continuous flow analyzer.Thus, this will be helpful for the students of medical laboratory, biochemistry students and teachers.
Introduction of Automation of the Analytical Process
Unit Operations
Specimen identification
Specimen preparation
Specimen delivery
Specimen loading and aspiration
Specimen processing
Sample induction and internal transport
Reagent handling and storage
Chemical reaction phase
Measurement approaches
Signal processing, data handling and process control
Applications of automation in clinical lab
Use of laboratory instruments and specimen processing equipment to perform clinical laboratory assays with only minimal involvement of technologist .
Automation in clinical laboratory is a process by which analytical instruments perform many tests with the least involvement of an analyst.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define automation as "The replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self-monitoring or self adjusting”.
This is a powerpoint of automation in clinical chemistry. This comprises the definition of automation, steps of the analytical process, and detail about the continuous flow analyzer.Thus, this will be helpful for the students of medical laboratory, biochemistry students and teachers.
Biochemistry is a basic science which deals with chemical nature and chemical behaviour of living matter and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
Biochemistry involves the study of:
Chemical constituents of living matter.
Chemical changes which occur in the organism during digestion, absorption and excretion.
Chemical changes which occur during growth and multiplication of the organism.
Transformation of one form of chemical constituent to the other.
Energy changes involved in such transformation.
Note:- The term “Biochemistry” was first introduced by German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903 from Greek word “bios” means “life”.
It is mainly deals with the biochemical aspects that are involved in several conditions.
The results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of body fluids assist the clinicians in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease and drug monitoring, tissue and organ transplantation, forensic investigations and so on.
Various biological fluids subjected to chemical tests and assays include blood, plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ascetic fluid, pleural fluid, faeces, calculi and tissues.
Note:- Modern day medical practice is highly dependent on the laboratory analysis of body fluids, especially the blood. The disease manifestations are reflected in the composition of blood and other tissues.
Hence, the demarcation of abnormal from normal constituents of the body is another aim of the study of clinical biochemistry.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Biochemistry is a basic science which deals with chemical nature and chemical behaviour of living matter and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
Biochemistry involves the study of:
Chemical constituents of living matter.
Chemical changes which occur in the organism during digestion, absorption and excretion.
Chemical changes which occur during growth and multiplication of the organism.
Transformation of one form of chemical constituent to the other.
Energy changes involved in such transformation.
Note:- The term “Biochemistry” was first introduced by German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903 from Greek word “bios” means “life”.
It is mainly deals with the biochemical aspects that are involved in several conditions.
The results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of body fluids assist the clinicians in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease and drug monitoring, tissue and organ transplantation, forensic investigations and so on.
Various biological fluids subjected to chemical tests and assays include blood, plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ascetic fluid, pleural fluid, faeces, calculi and tissues.
Note:- Modern day medical practice is highly dependent on the laboratory analysis of body fluids, especially the blood. The disease manifestations are reflected in the composition of blood and other tissues.
Hence, the demarcation of abnormal from normal constituents of the body is another aim of the study of clinical biochemistry.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Complete automation will lead to human prohibition in pharma industries.
Analytical techniques in drug discovery and development stage generate large amounts of data that is not possible for humans to statistically analyze.
Clinical laboratories that use AI have both possibilities and obstacles. It is crucial to create rules that guarantee fairness, security, and dependability for AI systems. Guidelines for regulators and parties involved in creating medical products based on artificial intelligence have previously been released by numerous international organizations.
The analyst is required to analyze a number of QC samples throughout the run where there are decisions to be made based on a window of acceptance for each QC sample analyzed.
Gene Therapy, Somatic cell gene therapy, germ line gene therapy, classical gene therapy, non-classical gene therapy, targets of gene therapy, barriers of gene therapy, ex vivo gene therapy, in vivo gene therapy, vectors for gene delivery, antisense therapy
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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2. WHAT IS AUTOMATION?
Automation is a process by which instruments perform many tests with the
least involvement of an analyst.
Many steps that were previously performed manually can now be performed
automatically.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define
automation as "The replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in
the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that
are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self-monitoring
or self adjusting”.
4. TYPES OF ANALYZERS
Continuous
flow analyzer
Single channel
continuous
flow analyzer
Discrete
autoanalyzer
Multi-channel
continuous
flow analyzer
Random access
analyzer
Fully
automated
Semi-
automated
5. CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYZER
• Early automated chemistry are single or dual
channel devices.
• In these system, the samples and reagents are
passed sequentially through the same analytical
pathway and separated by means of air bubbles.
• The relative proportions of sample and reagent
are determined by their individual flow rates.
• Mixing occurs when tubes are joined to form a
common pathway.
6. It functions is like a push-button pipette.Probe
Sampler
Proportioning
pump
Dialyzer
Heater
Colorimeter
Printer
This module is used to hold the batch of samples awaiting analysis in separate
cups on a circular tray, which rotates at intervals.
This module determines the relative flow rates of samples and all the reagents.
It contains a semipermeable membrane and when samples are passed through
it, batches of protein-free filtrate are obtained.
This module is used to maintain reaction mixture at a constant temperature. The
batches of filtrate and reagents reacts to form colored complexes at specified
temperature.
This module contains a colorimeter with a flow through cuvette attached with a
de-bubbler. The function of this module is the same as any other photometer in
a laboratory.
This module performs the function of recording the photometric readings and
calculates the values of the analyte in printed form.
Different parts of this system & their functions:
8. Single Channel Continuous Flow
Analyzer
Advantage:
• It is possible to test large number of specimens for a
particular test, accurately and precisely, in a short duration.
Disadvantage :
• At a time, only one type of determination is performed by
single channel continuous flow analyzer.
• This autoanalyzer occupies a larger space in the laboratory.
9. Multi-channel Continuous Flow Analyzer
• Sequential multiple analyzer 6/60.
This auto-analyzer performs 60
specimens/hour and reports the results of 6
tests simultaneously..
• Sequential multiple analyzer 12/60.
This auto-analyzer is used to process 60
specimens/hour and reported 12 tests
simultaneously.
11. Discrete Autoanalyzers
• Discrete analyzer separates each sample and reagents in a separate container.
• Discrete analyzer have the capability of running multiple tests on one sample at
a time or multiple samples one test at a time.
• They are the most popular and versatile analyzers and have almost completely
replaced continuous flow.
• This requires components such as specimen handling, reagent systems, optics
and computers to be fully integrated with one another.
• The significant introduction of computers improves the quality of 'discrete
auto-analyzer' considerably.
12. Types of Discrete Auto-analyzers
Semi-automated:-
Semi-auto analyzer functions are:
• Reading end point, rate of reaction in mono-chromatic and bi-chromatic
modes.
• Displaying test results, printing and storing data in memory of all linear and
nonlinear reactions.
Pipetting of reagent
Pipetting of specimen
Mixing and incubating the
reaction mixture
13. • Disadvantages of Semi Autoanalyzers
• More time consuming.
• More amount of sample is needed.
• More chances of error.
• Higher labor cost.
14. Fully automated
• Example of fully automated is: Random access analyzers
Automatic dispensing of reagents
Automatic dispensing of samples
Automatic mixing of reaction mixtures
Incubating of reaction mixtures, etc
15. Random Access Analyzer
Random access analyzer perform analyses on a batch of specimens
sequentially with each specimen analyzed for a different selection of tests.
The tests perform in the random access analyzers are selectable through
the use of different containers of liquid reagents, different reagent packs
depending on the analyzer.
This approach permits measurement of variable number and variety if
analytes in each specimen.
16. Features Of Random Access Analyzer
• Level sensors for samples and reagents.
• Sample rack system: Individual racks for samples, controls calibrators
and Q.C. sera.
• Bar code identification of samples and reagents.
• Facility for continuous loading of samples.
• Facility for auto-dilution.
• Plotting of daily and monthly Q.C. charts.
• Availability of optional Ion Selective Electrode module for the
determination of sodium, potassium and chlorides.
• Capability to perform 2 to 3 reagent tests.
18. BECKMAN COULTER AU-480
Parts of analyzer and functions:
Sample tray:
• Use to keep samples.
• The samples may be either presented in sample
cups or in primary sample tubes.
• The analyzer may have on board bar code
reading capacity or manual entry of sample Id.
Sampling probe:
• Aspirates sample in conjunctions with sample
syringe from a sample container and dispenses
it into a cuvette.
19. Cuvette wheel:
• Cuvette wheel houses glass cuvettes where
measured volume of reagent and sample is
delivered for the reaction to occur and
absence reading are taken.
• The cuvettes are either made of quartz glass,
plastic or disposable one time use.
Reagent refrigerator:
• Refrigerator compartment which houses
reagents to ensure integrity of reagent.
20. Reagent probe:
• Aspirates and dispenses reagent into
glass cuvettes located in the cuvette
wheel.
Mix bar component:
• Houses spiral-shaped and L-shaped mix
bars that mix the reagents and sample
dispensed into the cuvette.
Photometer lamp:
• Component of the photometric system
that is used to measure reaction.
21. Cuvette wash station:
• Cuvette wash station is used to wash the cuvette
after the test have been performed.
• Washing is carried out automatically. It clean
rinses and dries cuvette after analysis.
• At the end of the wash cycle cuvette are ready for
the test.
Stat position:
• Stat position are used to process urgent samples
while the regular tests are being analyzed.
• Machine is programmed to pick samples from
these positions first.
22. Tank storage area:
• Houses the deionized water tank, wash
solution tank and diluted wash solution
tank used to clean cuvettes, mix bars and
rinse components.
• Regular cleaning of this water tank and
filters is very important.
Deionization water plant:
• The tap water is the feed water to the
machine and processed through the
deionization plant.
23. Daily Start Procedure:
• Set the start condition
• Perform daily analyzer maintenance
• Check the analyzer status
• Check and replenish reagents
• Perform analyte calibration (if required)
• Process quality control(qc)
24. STEPS IN PRE-ANALYTICAL PROCESSES
Specimen acquisition
• Robotic phlebotomy
Specimen identification
• Labelling -Automatic phlebotomy tube labeller
• Bar coding
Specimen delivery to laboratory
• Pneumatic tube system
• Electric track vehicles
• Mobile robot
Specimen preparation
• Centrifugation
25. Robotic Phlebotomist That Makes Drawing
Blood Faster-Veebot
• It combines the latest in robotics and imaging
technology to ultimately speed up the process of
drawing blood or inserting IVs.
• The patient slides his or her arm into an inflatable
cuff, which acts as a tourniquet.
• An infrared light illuminates the inner elbow for a
camera that searches for a suitable vein using
software that compares the camera’s view against a
model of an arm’s veins.
• Next, ultrasound confirms that the choosen vein has
sufficient blood flow for a successful blood draw.
Finally, the robotic arm aligns itself with the chosen
vein and inserts the needle.
29. BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION
• More samples can be analyzed in a given unit of time .
• Minimize the variations in results from one person to another.
• Minimize errors found in manual analysis ,pipetting etc.
• Use less sample and reagent for each test.
• Labor saving.
• Improved quality and consistency.
30. DISADVANTAGE OF AUTOMATION
• Excessive development costs.
• High initial cost.
• Displaces workers due to job replacement.
The analytic process can be divided into three major phases:-pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic—corresponding to sample collection, chemical analysis, and data management, respectively.
Substantial improvements have occurred in all three areas during the past decade.
The analytic phase is the most automated, and more research and development efforts are focusing on increasing automation of the pre-analytic and post-analytic processes.
Multi-channel introduced following auto-analyzers subsequently, which could perform 6 to 12 different tests simultaneously.
Disadvantages of SMA:
These auto-analyzers occupied larger space in the laboratory
Only 6 to 12 fixed determinations
Discrete clinical chemistry analyzers coordinate multiple operations into a smoothly functioning system.