Automated Methods of Analysis.ppt
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Automated methods of analysis offer economic and reproducibility advantages over manual methods. They can automate the eight typical unit operations of chemical analysis: sampling, sample treatment, separation, detection, identification, quantification, data handling, and results reporting. There are two main types of automated systems: discrete analyzers, which perform individual tests, and continuous-flow analyzers, which continuously process samples. Flow injection analysis is a type of continuous-flow method where a sample is injected into a flowing carrier stream and carried to a detector. It allows for rapid analysis and can incorporate separations like dialysis, extraction, and gas diffusion.
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Flow injection analysis
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Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) selectively measure the activity of specific ions through a membrane without redox chemistry. Common ISEs include pH, calcium, and chloride electrodes. ISEs work by generating a potential difference as ions selectively bind and transport through membrane sites from high to low concentration, creating a measurable voltage. The voltage is proportional to ion activity and can identify ion concentrations. ISEs are useful for applications like pollution monitoring, agriculture, food processing, and biomedical analysis.
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The document discusses ion selective electrodes (ISEs), including:
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- Types of ISEs include glass electrodes, liquid ion exchanger membranes, solid state membranes, and coated wire electrodes.
- ISEs have advantages like low cost, wide concentration range, robustness, and fast response times. Limitations include imprecision, interference, and limited lifetime.
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The document provides an overview of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It begins with defining HPLC and explaining the basic principles of chromatography. It then describes the different types of HPLC based on the mode and principle of separation. The document also discusses HPLC instrumentation, including the solvent reservoir, pump, injector, column, and various detectors. It concludes by outlining some common applications of HPLC and discussing quantitative and qualitative analysis.
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The document provides an overview of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It describes key components of HPLC systems including pumps to deliver solvent at stable flow rates, columns for molecular separation, and detectors for recognizing analytes. The separation principle is based on the distribution of analytes between a mobile liquid phase and stationary column packing material. Different constituents are eluted at different times, achieving separation. HPLC is widely used in pharmaceutical applications such as drug development, production quality control, and stability testing.
Hplc
HPLC stands for high-performance liquid chromatography, a technique used to separate components of a mixture. It works by pumping a mobile phase and sample at high pressure through a column containing a stationary phase. Components have different interaction strengths with the phases, allowing separation as they travel through the column at different speeds. An HPLC system includes a pump, injector, column, detector, and data processing unit. It has various applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, and food and flavor testing. Advantages are its ability to analyze complex mixtures accurately and quickly, while disadvantages include potential co-elution issues and high costs.
hPLC NEW ONE.pptx
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It explains that HPLC involves injecting a liquid sample into a column packed with tiny particles and using a liquid mobile phase to separate the sample components. The major components of an HPLC system are identified as the pump, injector, column, detector and computer. Common applications of HPLC include qualitative analysis to identify compounds, quantitative analysis to measure amounts, and trace analysis to detect very low concentration compounds.
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“A simple and versatile analytical technology for automating wet chemical analysis, based on the physical and chemical manipulation of a dispersed sample zone formed from the injection of the sample into a flowing carrier stream and detection downstream”
Hplc and gc ppt
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase.
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19039 automated analyser lect_1__instrumentation lect 2nd yr mt_2nd semester
This document discusses different types of automated analyzers used in diagnostic laboratories, including their basic approaches, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes continuous flow analyzers, centrifugal analyzers, discrete auto analyzers, and dry chemical analyzers. Continuous flow analyzers were an early approach but had issues like wasting reagents. Centrifugal analyzers can rapidly analyze batches of samples but only one test type at a time. Discrete auto analyzers are the most versatile as they can run multiple tests on one sample or multiple samples on one test. Dry chemical analyzers use reagent slides but samples with high protein can cause errors. Future trends include more system integration, miniaturization, and artificial intelligence in automated analyzers.
HPLC,introduction, theory, instrumentation, advantage, limitation,application...
HPLC,introduction, theory, instrumentation, advantage, limitation,application...Vandana Devesh Sharma
HPLC- Introduction, Theory, Instrumentation, Advantage, Applications
High-performance liquid chromatography or commonly known as HPLC, is an analytical technique used to separate, identify or quantify each component in a mixture.
The mixture is separated using the basic principle of column chromatography and then identified and quantified by spectroscopy.
In the 1960s, the column chromatography LC with its low-pressure suitable glass columns was further developed to the HPLC with its high-pressure adapted metal columns.
HPLC is thus basically a highly improved form of column liquid chromatography. Instead of a solvent being allowed to drip through a column under gravity, Solvent is forced through under high pressures of up to 400 atmospheres.
Principle
The separation principle of HPLC is based on the distribution of the analyte (sample) between a mobile phase (eluent) and a stationary phase (packing material of the column). Depending on the chemical structure of the analyte, the molecules are retarded while passing the stationary phase.
Instrumentation
1.Solvent reservoir and degassing system
2. Pumping System (Screw- driven syringe pump, Reciprocating pump, Pneumatic or constant- pressure pump)
3. Sample injection system(Septum injectors, Stop flow septum- less injection, Micro- volume sampling valves)
4. Columns- (1. Guard columns 2.separating column)
5. Detectors( The commonly used detectors in HPLC are
Bulk property detectors- examples
1. Refractive-index detectors
2. Conductivity detectors
Solute property detectors- Examples
1. UV detectors
2. Fluorescence detectors
Multipurpose detectors- Example-
1. Perkin-Elmer 3D system (UV absorption+ fluorescence + conductometric detection altogethers)
Electrochemical Detectors- Examples
1.Amperometric, 2. Coulometric detectors)
6. Recorder( There are various types of data processors; from a simple system consisting of the in-built printer and word processor while those with software that are specifically designed for an LC system which not only data acquisition but features, like peak-fitting baseline correction, automatic concentration calculation, molecular weight determination, etc.) Type of HPLC- Normal phase, Reverse Phase, ion exchange, size exclusion, Applications-Stability study- eg Atropin
Bioassays- HPLC is commonly used for the bioassay and analysis of peptide harmones and some antibiotics- cotrimoxazole, penicillins, sulphates and chloramphenicol
In cosmetic industries- used for analyzing the quality of various cosmetic products such as lipsticks, gels, creams etc
Isolation of Natural pharmaceutically Active Compounds– use in the isolation of different type of Alkaloids and Glycosides ( analysis of cinchona, liquorice, ergot extracts and digitalis.)
Control of microbiological processes- HPLC is used in analyse antibiotics (eg. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, strptomycin and penicillins )
Assay of cephalosporins
Advantage, Limitation
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19039 automated analyser lect_1__instrumentation lect 2nd yr mt_2nd semester
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Automated Methods of Analysis.ppt
- 1. Chapter 33 Automated Methods of Analysis
- 2. Introduction... • By IUPAC terminology, automatic devices do not modify their operation as a result of feedback from an analytical transducer. For example, an automatic acid/base titrator adds reagent to a solution and simultaneously records pH as a function of volume of reagent
- 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Automatic Analyses... • Automated instruments offer a major economic advantage because of their savings in labor costs. • Their speed, which is frequently significantly greater than that of manual devices. • A well-designed analyzer can usually produce more reproducible results over a long period of time than can an operator employing a manual instrument.
- 4. Unit Operations in Chemical Analysis... • All analytical methods can be broken down into a series of eight steps, or unit operations, any one of which can be automated. The next table lists the steps in the order in which they occur in a typical analysis.
- 6. Automatic analytical systems are of two general types: • discrete analyzers • continuous-flow analyzers
- 7. FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS... Flow-injection methods, in their present form, were first described in the mid 70s. Flow-injection methods are and outgrowth of segmented-flow procedures, which were widely used in clinical laboratories in the 1960s and 1970s for automatic routine determination of a variety of species in blood and urine samples for medical diagnostic purposes.
- 9. Sample and Reagent Transport System... • Ordinarily, the solution in a flow-injection analysis is moved through the system by a peristaltic pump, a device in which a fluid (liquid or gas) is squeezed through plastic tubing by rollers.
- 10. Sample Injectors and Detectors... • The injectors and detectors employed in flow-injection analysis are similar in kind and performance requirements to those used in HPLC. For successful analysis, it is vital that the sample solution be infected rapidly as a pulse or plug of liquid
- 11. Separations in FIA... • Separations by dialysis, by liquid/liquid extraction, and by gaseous diffusion are readily carried out automatically with flow- injection systems.
- 12. Dialysis and Gas Diffusion... • Dialysis is often used continuous-flow methods to separate inorganic ions, such as chloride or sodium or small organic molecules, such as glucose, from high- molecular-weight species such as proteins.
- 13. Extraction... • Another common separation technique readily adapted to continuous-flow methods is extraction. It is important to reiterate that none of the separation procedures in FIA methods is ever complete. The lack of completeness is of no consequence, however, because unknowns and standards are treated an identical way.
- 15. Dispersion... Dispersion D is defined by the equation D = co/c where co is the analyte concentration of the injected sample and c is the peak concentration at the detector. Dispersion is influenced by three interrelated and controllable variables: sample volume, tube length, and pumping rate.
- 16. Applications of Flow-Injection Analysis • In the flow-injection literature, the terms limited dispersion, medium dispersion, and large dispersion are frequently encountered where they refer to dispersions of 1 to 3, 3 to 10, and greater than 10, respectively.
- 17. Limited-Dispersion Applications… • Limited-dispersion flow-injection techniques have found considerable application for high-speed feeding of such detector systems as flame atomic absorption and emission as well as inductively coupled plasma.
- 18. DISCRETE AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS... • A wide variety of discrete automatic systems are offered by numerous instrument manufacturers. Some of these devices are designed to perform one or more.
- 19. Automatic Sampling and Sample Definition of Liquids and Gases... • This device consists of a movable probe, which is a syringe needle or a piece of fine plastic tubing supported by an arm that periodically lifts the tip of the needle or tube form the sample container and positions it over asecond container in which the analysis is performed.
- 20. Robotics... • The robotic system is controlled by a microprocessor that can be instructed to bring samples to the master laboratory station where they can be diluted, filtered, partitioned, ground, centrifuged, extracted, and treated with reagents.
- 21. Useful Websites Dealing With Instrumental Analysis... • http://www.cas.org • http://www.chemcenter/org • http://www.kerouac.pharm.uky.edu/asrg/wave/wav ehp.html • http://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm • http://www.lplc.com/ • http://www.zirchrom.com/ • http://hplc.chem.vt.edu/ • http://www.chrom.com/