This document discusses how a new dictator could gain and maintain power over a country. It suggests focusing on gaining group support through policies that benefit certain groups. The dictator should also allow multiparty elections but structure them to favor the ruling party. Formal institutions and repression can also help the dictator control opposition and consolidate power. However, maintaining power becomes difficult if faced with a populist uprising, requiring changing strategies to subdue citizens while keeping their submission.
This document contains lecture notes on different types of authoritarian regimes for a political science class. It discusses how single individuals or small elites can gain and maintain power without democratic accountability through various strategies like controlling the court system and constitution. The notes cover historical examples like Mugabe and Castro, as well as totalitarian states led by Stalin, Hitler, and Mao. Other regimes discussed include monarchies, military dictatorships, and civilian authoritarian regimes that utilize dominant political parties, personalistic rule, or manipulated elections.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes and how dictators maintain power. It begins by asking students to imagine themselves as a new dictator and how they would gain and maintain power in the face of threats. It then covers several types of authoritarian regimes including monarchies, military regimes, and civilian regimes. For each type, it discusses who rules, how they rise to power, and strategies for maintaining control and legitimacy without democratic accountability.
Pol 252_SP15_ authoritarian_regimes_democratic_breakdownatrantham
The document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It defines authoritarianism as rule by a single individual or small elite without democratic accountability. Examples of authoritarian regimes mentioned include totalitarian states like the Soviet Union under Stalin, monarchies, and military dictatorships. Common features of authoritarian rule include the use of ideology to mobilize support, a dominant political party led by a strong leader, state control of media, and the use of terror against dissidents. The passage suggests that authoritarian models may become less sustainable over time as access to information on the internet and social media makes it harder for authoritarian rulers to rely on ignorance.
The document discusses the key characteristics of an authoritarian regime. It states that authoritarian regimes concentrate political power in a small group of leaders who are not democratically elected. In contrast to totalitarian regimes, authoritarian regimes do not have an official state ideology but allow some economic and cultural freedoms as long as the rulers' power is not threatened. The primary goal of authoritarian rulers is to maintain their hold on power and enrich themselves at the expense of the country and its people.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes and how authoritarian leaders maintain power. It begins by asking students to consider how they would gain and maintain power as a new dictator facing populist uprisings. It then covers various regime types including single-party states, military dictatorships, monarchies, and hybrid regimes. It analyzes strategies that authoritarian leaders use such as repression, co-opting institutions, and holding sham elections to favor the ruling party. The document aims to have students understand the challenges of authoritarian rule and how leaders consolidate control without democratic accountability.
This document discusses different forms of authoritarian governments, including dictatorships, monarchies, oligarchies, and military juntas. It notes that authoritarian governments typically concentrate political power within a small elite group, often powerful families, and do not allow opposition parties. They use propaganda, controlled participation, and force including terror to maintain power and direct popular discontent.
This document discusses strategies for maintaining power as a dictator. It begins by asking the student to imagine themselves as a new dictator and how they would gain and maintain power, and whether their actions would change in the face of a populist uprising. It then provides information on different authoritarian regime types like monarchies, military regimes, and civilian regimes. It discusses challenges authoritarians face in consolidating power and countering challenges from citizens. It also analyzes strategies authoritarians use like relying on group support, elections, institutions, and repression.
The concept of the authoritarian personality !!!!Euridiki
The document discusses the concept of authoritarian personality. It begins by defining authoritarianism as a personality disorder characterized by rigid beliefs, obedience to authority, cynicism towards outsiders, and resistance to change. The concept originated to explain the rise of German fascism in the 1930s. Authoritarianism is rooted in feelings of insecurity, uncertainty, and anxiety caused by modern capitalism, which led people to turn to authoritarian ideologies for psychological security. Childhood experiences, such as obedience training from dogmatic parents, also contribute to the development of authoritarian traits like submission to authority figures. Authoritarian personalities are characterized as dogmatic, ethnocentric, aggressive towards outsiders who threaten their beliefs, and having a closed view of the world.
This document contains lecture notes on different types of authoritarian regimes for a political science class. It discusses how single individuals or small elites can gain and maintain power without democratic accountability through various strategies like controlling the court system and constitution. The notes cover historical examples like Mugabe and Castro, as well as totalitarian states led by Stalin, Hitler, and Mao. Other regimes discussed include monarchies, military dictatorships, and civilian authoritarian regimes that utilize dominant political parties, personalistic rule, or manipulated elections.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes and how dictators maintain power. It begins by asking students to imagine themselves as a new dictator and how they would gain and maintain power in the face of threats. It then covers several types of authoritarian regimes including monarchies, military regimes, and civilian regimes. For each type, it discusses who rules, how they rise to power, and strategies for maintaining control and legitimacy without democratic accountability.
Pol 252_SP15_ authoritarian_regimes_democratic_breakdownatrantham
The document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It defines authoritarianism as rule by a single individual or small elite without democratic accountability. Examples of authoritarian regimes mentioned include totalitarian states like the Soviet Union under Stalin, monarchies, and military dictatorships. Common features of authoritarian rule include the use of ideology to mobilize support, a dominant political party led by a strong leader, state control of media, and the use of terror against dissidents. The passage suggests that authoritarian models may become less sustainable over time as access to information on the internet and social media makes it harder for authoritarian rulers to rely on ignorance.
The document discusses the key characteristics of an authoritarian regime. It states that authoritarian regimes concentrate political power in a small group of leaders who are not democratically elected. In contrast to totalitarian regimes, authoritarian regimes do not have an official state ideology but allow some economic and cultural freedoms as long as the rulers' power is not threatened. The primary goal of authoritarian rulers is to maintain their hold on power and enrich themselves at the expense of the country and its people.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes and how authoritarian leaders maintain power. It begins by asking students to consider how they would gain and maintain power as a new dictator facing populist uprisings. It then covers various regime types including single-party states, military dictatorships, monarchies, and hybrid regimes. It analyzes strategies that authoritarian leaders use such as repression, co-opting institutions, and holding sham elections to favor the ruling party. The document aims to have students understand the challenges of authoritarian rule and how leaders consolidate control without democratic accountability.
This document discusses different forms of authoritarian governments, including dictatorships, monarchies, oligarchies, and military juntas. It notes that authoritarian governments typically concentrate political power within a small elite group, often powerful families, and do not allow opposition parties. They use propaganda, controlled participation, and force including terror to maintain power and direct popular discontent.
This document discusses strategies for maintaining power as a dictator. It begins by asking the student to imagine themselves as a new dictator and how they would gain and maintain power, and whether their actions would change in the face of a populist uprising. It then provides information on different authoritarian regime types like monarchies, military regimes, and civilian regimes. It discusses challenges authoritarians face in consolidating power and countering challenges from citizens. It also analyzes strategies authoritarians use like relying on group support, elections, institutions, and repression.
The concept of the authoritarian personality !!!!Euridiki
The document discusses the concept of authoritarian personality. It begins by defining authoritarianism as a personality disorder characterized by rigid beliefs, obedience to authority, cynicism towards outsiders, and resistance to change. The concept originated to explain the rise of German fascism in the 1930s. Authoritarianism is rooted in feelings of insecurity, uncertainty, and anxiety caused by modern capitalism, which led people to turn to authoritarian ideologies for psychological security. Childhood experiences, such as obedience training from dogmatic parents, also contribute to the development of authoritarian traits like submission to authority figures. Authoritarian personalities are characterized as dogmatic, ethnocentric, aggressive towards outsiders who threaten their beliefs, and having a closed view of the world.
Democracy is a system of governance where people rule through elected representatives. There are different types of democracies like presidential and parliamentary systems. Not all democracies provide the same levels of civil liberties and rule of law. There are degrees of democracy, with some countries having more authoritarian practices. Other regime types include authoritarian, totalitarian, and sultanic governments. Multiple factors can support or hinder democracy such as a country's political culture, history, and economic development. Transitions to democracy involve a process of liberalization and consolidation over time.
Democratic Theory and American Political CultureChristopher Rice
PowerPoint for Democratic Theory and American Political Culture lecture series for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor
The document discusses different types of democracy: direct democracy, representative democracy, and elite democracy. It defines the key principles of democracy as free and fair elections, majority rule, and freedom of expression. It notes direct democracy is based on the Athenian model but may not be practical on a large scale. Representative democracy involves citizens electing representatives, but has problems like the tyranny of the majority. Elite democracy believes only elites should have power and most citizens are ignorant. The document also examines criticisms of democracy and debates whether the US is more representative or elitist.
This document provides a summary of lecture topics from a political science course, including bureaucratic power, presidential control of bureaucracies, Congress, the Supreme Court, propaganda, and Thomas Paine's "Common Sense". It also includes summaries of videos and presentations on related topics such as the US military, communism, and biological warfare.
Interest groups are collections of individuals who share views on public policy issues and work to shape policy in their favor. They provide a way for citizens to influence government and have their voices heard. Interest groups lobby at all levels of government to advance their policy positions. While they can provide useful information and stimulate debate, some critics argue that large, well-funded groups may drown out others and push policies that do not benefit the public overall. The illegal activities of lobbyist Jack Abramoff also showed how some groups try to exert influence through improper means like bribery. There is an ongoing debate around whether interest groups overall help or harm democracy.
Slide 1 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Defining Political Science
2. Theory Defined
3. Rational Choice
4. Elitism & Pluralism
5. Spheres of Influence
6. Transitional Effects
7. Manipulation
8. Interdependency Theory
9. Power Theory
10. Transparency
Slide 2 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1.The Irony Of Democracy
2. Elites and Masses
3. Democracy and the Survival of Democracy
4. Elitism Being The Most Realistic
5. Elite Theory Supporting Upward Mobility
6. Defining The Elite Consensus
7. Elitism And Public Policy
8. Mass Behavior And Mass Threats
9. Pluralism In A Democracy
10. Elitism Versus Pluralism
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of power in international relations. It begins by defining power as a state's ability to influence or control other states. It then outlines two main traditions for analyzing power: the national power approach, which equates power with material resources, and the relational power approach, which sees power as the ability to influence another's behavior. The document also discusses various theorists' perspectives on power, including Joseph Nye's concepts of hard, soft, and smart power, and rules for analyzing power put forth by William Wohlforth.
The document discusses key concepts in the study of American government such as political power, democracy, and the distribution of power. It addresses debates around whether the framers of the US Constitution were right to establish a representative democracy over a direct democracy. The text also examines different theories of how political power is distributed, such as pluralism and elite theories, and debates whether democracy is driven purely by self-interest or other factors.
The document discusses different theories about the concepts of politics, power, and their relationship to society. It addresses pluralism theory, which views power as dispersed among various interest groups who influence politics and policy through bargaining and compromise. Elitist theory holds that society is ruled by a small, powerful elite who monopolize decision-making. Marxism views politics and policy as driven by powerful socioeconomic forces that structure choices and ensure policies protect capitalist interests and social stability. Overall, the document examines how different theoretical perspectives understand the nature of politics, power, and their basis in society.
American political culture is characterized by the widely-shared beliefs and values that citizens hold about their government. Some key aspects of American political culture include:
1. A belief in liberty, rugged individualism, and equality of opportunity over equality of results. This has led to conflicts between capitalism and democracy.
2. A tradition of democracy and civic duty, though recent decades have seen growing mistrust in government.
3. A pragmatic approach and belief that government should adhere to principles of generality, prospectivity, publicity, and due process in crafting laws and policies.
4. Tensions between more orthodox and progressive views on social issues like abortion and gay rights have fueled a "culture
01 basic concepts in international relationsfatima d
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in international relations. It discusses the main actors that conduct international relations, including states, intergovernmental organizations, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and terrorist groups. It also covers concepts like sovereignty, limits to sovereignty, failed states, and different models of polarity in the international system.
This document summarizes a chapter about American political culture. It discusses key aspects of American political culture including levels of trust in government, acceptance of wealth inequality, differences from other countries, and the persistence of conflict. It also examines the political system, economic system, and the civic role of religion in American politics. Graphs and tables are included showing trends in government trust, civic engagement, and political tolerance over time. The document concludes by outlining arguments for and against expanding a law allowing more government funding of faith-based social programs.
This document discusses different types of governmental systems, focusing on democracy and nondemocracy. It defines democracy and its key aspects, such as participation, protection of rights, and representation. The document contrasts democracy with nondemocratic systems like authoritarianism and totalitarianism. It also examines characteristics of democracies in practice, the role of elites, and theories about the latest wave of democracies emerging globally.
The document provides a summary of events held by The Africa Society in 2013, including forums on Kenya's 2013 election and new constitution, a reception honoring Ambassador Johnnie Carson, discussions with African writers, and the inaugural meeting of The Africa Society Youth Committee. Key events focused on politics in Kenya and Africa, honoring leaders in Africa relations, and empowering youth on Africa's future. The forums and discussions brought together leaders in government, business, and African communities to share perspectives on important Africa-related issues.
Democracy is a system of governance where people rule through elected representatives. There are different types of democracies like presidential and parliamentary systems. Not all democracies provide the same levels of civil liberties and rule of law. There are degrees of democracy, with some countries having more authoritarian practices. Other regime types include authoritarian, totalitarian, and sultanic governments. Multiple factors can support or hinder democracy such as a country's political culture, history, and economic development. Transitions to democracy involve a process of liberalization and consolidation over time.
Democratic Theory and American Political CultureChristopher Rice
PowerPoint for Democratic Theory and American Political Culture lecture series for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor
The document discusses different types of democracy: direct democracy, representative democracy, and elite democracy. It defines the key principles of democracy as free and fair elections, majority rule, and freedom of expression. It notes direct democracy is based on the Athenian model but may not be practical on a large scale. Representative democracy involves citizens electing representatives, but has problems like the tyranny of the majority. Elite democracy believes only elites should have power and most citizens are ignorant. The document also examines criticisms of democracy and debates whether the US is more representative or elitist.
This document provides a summary of lecture topics from a political science course, including bureaucratic power, presidential control of bureaucracies, Congress, the Supreme Court, propaganda, and Thomas Paine's "Common Sense". It also includes summaries of videos and presentations on related topics such as the US military, communism, and biological warfare.
Interest groups are collections of individuals who share views on public policy issues and work to shape policy in their favor. They provide a way for citizens to influence government and have their voices heard. Interest groups lobby at all levels of government to advance their policy positions. While they can provide useful information and stimulate debate, some critics argue that large, well-funded groups may drown out others and push policies that do not benefit the public overall. The illegal activities of lobbyist Jack Abramoff also showed how some groups try to exert influence through improper means like bribery. There is an ongoing debate around whether interest groups overall help or harm democracy.
Slide 1 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Defining Political Science
2. Theory Defined
3. Rational Choice
4. Elitism & Pluralism
5. Spheres of Influence
6. Transitional Effects
7. Manipulation
8. Interdependency Theory
9. Power Theory
10. Transparency
Slide 2 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1.The Irony Of Democracy
2. Elites and Masses
3. Democracy and the Survival of Democracy
4. Elitism Being The Most Realistic
5. Elite Theory Supporting Upward Mobility
6. Defining The Elite Consensus
7. Elitism And Public Policy
8. Mass Behavior And Mass Threats
9. Pluralism In A Democracy
10. Elitism Versus Pluralism
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of power in international relations. It begins by defining power as a state's ability to influence or control other states. It then outlines two main traditions for analyzing power: the national power approach, which equates power with material resources, and the relational power approach, which sees power as the ability to influence another's behavior. The document also discusses various theorists' perspectives on power, including Joseph Nye's concepts of hard, soft, and smart power, and rules for analyzing power put forth by William Wohlforth.
The document discusses key concepts in the study of American government such as political power, democracy, and the distribution of power. It addresses debates around whether the framers of the US Constitution were right to establish a representative democracy over a direct democracy. The text also examines different theories of how political power is distributed, such as pluralism and elite theories, and debates whether democracy is driven purely by self-interest or other factors.
The document discusses different theories about the concepts of politics, power, and their relationship to society. It addresses pluralism theory, which views power as dispersed among various interest groups who influence politics and policy through bargaining and compromise. Elitist theory holds that society is ruled by a small, powerful elite who monopolize decision-making. Marxism views politics and policy as driven by powerful socioeconomic forces that structure choices and ensure policies protect capitalist interests and social stability. Overall, the document examines how different theoretical perspectives understand the nature of politics, power, and their basis in society.
American political culture is characterized by the widely-shared beliefs and values that citizens hold about their government. Some key aspects of American political culture include:
1. A belief in liberty, rugged individualism, and equality of opportunity over equality of results. This has led to conflicts between capitalism and democracy.
2. A tradition of democracy and civic duty, though recent decades have seen growing mistrust in government.
3. A pragmatic approach and belief that government should adhere to principles of generality, prospectivity, publicity, and due process in crafting laws and policies.
4. Tensions between more orthodox and progressive views on social issues like abortion and gay rights have fueled a "culture
01 basic concepts in international relationsfatima d
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in international relations. It discusses the main actors that conduct international relations, including states, intergovernmental organizations, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and terrorist groups. It also covers concepts like sovereignty, limits to sovereignty, failed states, and different models of polarity in the international system.
This document summarizes a chapter about American political culture. It discusses key aspects of American political culture including levels of trust in government, acceptance of wealth inequality, differences from other countries, and the persistence of conflict. It also examines the political system, economic system, and the civic role of religion in American politics. Graphs and tables are included showing trends in government trust, civic engagement, and political tolerance over time. The document concludes by outlining arguments for and against expanding a law allowing more government funding of faith-based social programs.
This document discusses different types of governmental systems, focusing on democracy and nondemocracy. It defines democracy and its key aspects, such as participation, protection of rights, and representation. The document contrasts democracy with nondemocratic systems like authoritarianism and totalitarianism. It also examines characteristics of democracies in practice, the role of elites, and theories about the latest wave of democracies emerging globally.
The document provides a summary of events held by The Africa Society in 2013, including forums on Kenya's 2013 election and new constitution, a reception honoring Ambassador Johnnie Carson, discussions with African writers, and the inaugural meeting of The Africa Society Youth Committee. Key events focused on politics in Kenya and Africa, honoring leaders in Africa relations, and empowering youth on Africa's future. The forums and discussions brought together leaders in government, business, and African communities to share perspectives on important Africa-related issues.
The document outlines a hypothetical assignment to re-draft the US Constitution as part of a presidential commission. It provides background on types of constitutions, principles of effective constitution-writing, debates during the original Constitutional Convention, examples of constitutional structures from other countries, and debates around federalism. Key aspects covered include legislative vs higher-law models, separation of powers, methods of constitutional review and amendment, and examples of federalism in Nigeria and India.
Child Protection Experiences and Challenges- AMISOM Somalia Perspectivermcpu
The document summarizes child protection experiences and challenges within AMISOM in Somalia. It discusses AMISOM's child protection unit and its activities, including conducting trainings for AMISOM and Somali forces on international law and preventing child rights violations. Some key challenges include inaccessibility in conflict areas and lack of reception centers for children. The presentation looks forward to continued collaboration, integrating training, and supporting Somalia's child protection policies.
Authoritarian Regimes and Democratic Breakdownatrantham
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes including totalitarian states, monarchies, and military and civilian dictatorships. Totalitarian states are characterized by a dominant leader and single ruling party that controls the media and uses violence. Military dictatorships typically seize power through coups and then hold sham elections to maintain control, while cracking down on dissent. Civilian dictatorships are either dominated by a single party or a personalistic leader, and rely on repressing opposition and controlling information. The document examines commonalities and differences between communist and fascist regimes as well as factors that contribute to the rise and persistence of authoritarian rule.
The document provides an overview of a lesson on authoritarian and democratic forms of government. It begins with objectives and a warm-up activity, then introduces authoritarian governments including totalitarian dictatorships, absolute monarchies, and oligarchies. Examples of each type are given along with their advantages and disadvantages. Students will then practice analyzing quotes using the MEAL framework and write a brief comparative response on different forms of government.
This document provides an overview of democracy, including its definition, origins of the word, key features, merits and demerits. It discusses different forms of democracy like direct and indirect democracy. It also analyzes several case studies of countries like Pakistan, China, Mexico and Zimbabwe to examine aspects of their political systems that align with or violate principles of democracy. The document emphasizes that democracy should aim to ensure all citizens can meaningfully participate in decision making.
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One: In a dictatorship, human and civil rights are not protected as dictators reject liberalism and do not need public support to retain power.
Two: Dictators often seize power through emergencies or revolution rather than elections, and citizens have no choice in the new leadership.
Three: Once in control, the dictator's choices alone influence the country regardless of public opinion or actions.
The document discusses different forms of non-democratic governments including dictatorships, totalitarianism, communism, and fascism. It defines key terms and provides examples of different types of dictatorships. It also examines the features of totalitarianism including the use of force, indoctrination, propaganda, and scapegoating. The document analyzes the failures of the Weimar government in Germany and contrasts liberal democracy with communist and fascist systems of government.
The document provides an overview of terrorism, including:
1) Definitions of terrorism from different official sources emphasize premeditated politically motivated violence against civilians to create fear and influence audiences.
2) Terrorism is challenging to define and there are different types including state, dissident, religious, and criminal terrorism.
3) Ideologies like anarchism, Marxism, and fascism can motivate terrorist groups, and extremism is characterized by intolerance of opposing views.
This document provides an overview of the introductory class on terrorism. It includes the course title, instructor information, required reading materials, and an outline of course requirements. The class will cover topics such as defining terrorism, understanding the terrorist mindset, theories on the etiology of deviant behavior, and key figures involved in terrorist organizations. Students will complete quizzes, assignments, and presentations on designated terrorist groups and ideologies. The document establishes guidelines that the class will involve discussion of current events and that no political correctness or cell phone use will be tolerated.
This document discusses various topics related to terrorism, including:
- The history of modern terrorism beginning in the French Revolution.
- Characteristics of terrorism such as using violence to maintain control and create a "new society."
- Factors that can contribute to terrorism such as anomie, identity, religion, and globalization.
- Different types of terrorist groups including religious, national, revolutionary, and environmental terrorists.
- The relationship between organized crime and terrorism and how they can converge.
- The role of the media and technology in enabling terrorist propaganda and operations.
The document defines and discusses different types of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism as acts intended to create fear through violence against civilians. It then outlines and provides examples of several types of terrorism: state terrorism carried out by governments; religious terrorism motivated by religious ideologies; right-wing and left-wing terrorism that aim to combat or overthrow certain political systems; pathological terrorism for personal pleasure; issue-oriented terrorism focused on specific causes; separatist terrorism seeking independence; and narco-terrorism related to drug trafficking. The document also discusses the goals, factors, and effective ways to reduce terrorism such as alleviating poverty, reducing unemployment, ending injustice, reducing corruption, and increasing education.
Myth Making of Political Parties / Divide and control / the Constitution sh...Robert Powell
Exposes political parties for their deception and manipulation of society. Prejudice of emotional rhetoric, and the strategy of divide and defeat. Hegelian strategy in destroying America. Occupy as Hegelian tool. Chaos as strategy against middle America. Millennial citizens must move to protect Constitutional values. Why the Constitution? The two parties? Better to call them the Committers & omitters. What ideological persuasion?
Well, the Democrat Party initiated the KKK, killed thousands and blamed the Republicans. The Republicans were anti-slavery and pro- civil Rights. The control mechanism, is "Psychopolitics" a tool to disguise an objective from the masses. The atheistic, Global Governance thoughts erupted in 1873 with Cecil Rhodes and a few other megalomaniacs. The elite, truly have no souls, their "God" is wealth. You and I
if we let this continue, will simply be slaves of another kind. Rest assured, if the renewal, and removal of corruption does not succeed, you literally will be receiving
your favorite color kneepads in the mail.
The document discusses different forms of government including monarchy, democracy, dictatorship, and oligarchy. It provides descriptions of different types within each form, such as absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy, direct democracy, and representative democracy. Examples are given of different countries that follow each system of government. Multiple choice questions and activities are included to help readers understand the distinctions between forms and types of government.
The document discusses three main approaches to international relations: realism, idealism, and liberalism.
Realism assumes that states act in their self-interest and pursue power due to imperfect human nature and conflicting national interests, which can lead to war. Power is the main determinant of outcomes.
Idealism believes the current power-based system is temporary and a new future society based on morality will emerge. Interests will be adjusted for the benefit of mankind.
Liberalism emerged after WWI to oppose realism. Liberals advocated for collective security through international organizations, legal procedures, and disarmament to maintain peaceful transnational relations. They believe human nature is peaceful and rational, and progress can be
Authoritarian Oligarchies: Modern Day Feudal Rule by an Elite FewThesigan Nadarajan
This document contrasts democracy with authoritarian oligarchies. Democracies are ruled by elected representatives who are accountable to the people, while authoritarian oligarchies concentrate power in the hands of a select elite few. Authoritarian oligarchies resemble feudal systems of the Middle Ages, where individual lords ruled their own territories independently of the king. The document provides questions for determining whether a nation has transitioned from democracy to authoritarian oligarchy based on factors such as concentration of power, corruption, and restrictions on opposition. It concludes that authoritarian oligarchies are formed through usurping democratic power and resist reform in order to maintain political dynasties at the expense of the people.
This document discusses different forms of government and democracy. It introduces direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on political decisions, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives. Representative democracy, also called a democratic republic, was adopted in the US to avoid "mob rule" while still maintaining consent of the people. The document then discusses two theories of American politics - pluralism, where different interest groups compete for power, and elite theory, where a small group of elites actually govern in the interests of preserving the system, despite democratic institutions and values. It notes the irony that democracy relies on wise governance by elites.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a POL 302 course on political violence. It will examine: (1) how institutions, ideas, and individuals promote political violence; (2) forms of contentious politics like revolutions and terrorism; (3) factors that influence revolutions and terrorism such as relative deprivation and resource mobilization; and (4) strategies used in terrorism like coercion and provocation. The course will analyze different types of revolutions including social, political, anti-colonial, and "third world" revolutions, as well as define and compare concepts relevant to the study of political violence.
Slide 1 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
Political institutions are stable structures that develop around basic social needs like government, political parties, and courts. Power is the ability to achieve goals despite resistance, while authority is power considered legitimate. There are three main types of authority - traditional based on longstanding customs, rational-legal based on rules and regulations, and charismatic based on extraordinary personalities. Political systems govern how power is exercised and distributed in a country, with the main types being monarchy which inherits power through families, democracy which gives power to people, and authoritarianism/totalitarianism which denies popular participation and represses dissent.
Voter ID Law is a law that needs some sort of authority distinguishing proof all together for a man to enlist to vote, get a poll for an election, or to vote. Voter distinguishing proof laws are important to battle the genuine peril of voter misrepresentation. There is a long history of voter pantomime all through the United States. Voter extortion meddles with individual races, as well as undermines voter trust in delegate government by and large.
Agenda 21 is a broad course of action of move to be made thoroughly, extensively and at local level by relationship of the United Nations System, Govt., and Main Groups in every region in which human consequences for the earth. A June 2013 study of 1,301 United States voters by the American Planning Association found that 9.1% supported this Agenda, 6.2% confined it, and 85.1% thought they didn't have enough data to shape a feeling.
Federalist #10 discusses factions and their dangers. James Madison defines a faction as a group united by some interest or passion adverse to the rights of other citizens. The chief causes of factions are differences of opinion from self-interest and property ownership. A pure democracy cannot control factions because a majority faction can sacrifice the rights of others. A republic is preferable because it can control factions through representation and by including more citizens over a larger geographic area.
Political ideologies are systems of political beliefs that cover all aspects of human life. They include belief systems like Nazism, Fascism, Communism, and others. The main political ideologies are anarchism, conservatism, fascism, liberalism, socialism, capitalism, nationalism, and feminism. Power can take many forms including power over others through force, power to shape one's own life, power with others through cooperation, and power within through self-worth. Power dynamics can influence decision making, set political agendas, and shape peoples' preferences and beliefs.
Fascism is a totalitarian ideology that strives for radical social change through a nationalist dictatorship. It values nationalism, militarism, and an authoritarian leader above individual rights and democratic values. Fascist regimes maintain power through propaganda, suppression of opposition, and no tolerance of criticism of the state.
This document discusses major topics in comparative politics, including definitions of politics, goals of communities, forms of government, and political processes. It defines politics as how communities pursue goals and deal with conflicts through government. Democracies and authoritarian regimes are the two dominant forms of government. Democracies emphasize bargaining and accountability to citizens, while authoritarian governments concentrate power with rulers and employ more coercion over citizens. Both regimes utilize bargaining and coercion in their political processes, but democracies favor bargaining while authoritarian systems orient more toward coercion.
Similar to Authoritarian Regimes and Democratic Breakdown (20)
This document outlines the syllabus for the PPOL 511 Fall 2020 course. It introduces the instructor, Dr. Austin Trantham, and provides information on their teaching philosophy, research interests, and office hours. The course will meet live on Mondays over Blackboard Collaborate and participation is expected. Grading will be based on discussion leadership, exams, policy papers, and a capstone analysis. The document also outlines expectations for communication, attendance, assignments, classroom conduct, and the university's core values.
The document summarizes various corruption scandals that occurred during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency from 1869 to 1877, known as the "Era of Good Stealings". Speculators Jim Fisk and Jay Gould tried to corner the gold market, while the Secretary of the Treasury allowed private citizens to collect taxes in exchange for large commissions. Several cabinet members and the Attorney General were also found to have accepted bribes and misused government funds and contracts for personal gain. The Whiskey Ring conspiracy involved bribing IRS agents to avoid liquor taxes. The Credit Mobilier scandal revealed that Congress members received stock in the railroad company at below market value.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the POL 205 course on the US bureaucracy. It discusses Max Weber's principles of bureaucracy, the three main functions of the US bureaucracy as implementation, regulation, and adjudication. It also outlines how political influences have shaped the bureaucracy historically from the spoils system to civil service reforms and key laws that have expanded bureaucratic powers like the Interstate Commerce Act and Federal Reserve Act.
Several US politicians faced scandals related to inappropriate sexual behavior while in office. Representative Wilbur Mills had an affair with a stripper named Fannie Foxe. Senator Bob Packwood faced unspecified allegations. Senator Larry Craig was arrested in an undercover sting for allegedly soliciting sex in an airport bathroom. Senator Al Franken resigned from Congress after multiple allegations of inappropriate conduct, including groping a woman during a USO tour.
- Bill Clinton engaged in an inappropriate relationship with Monica Lewinsky and initially denied it. He later admitted the relationship was wrong.
- Republicans led impeachment proceedings against Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice related to the scandal. He was acquitted in the Senate trial.
- The scandal may have hurt Al Gore's 2000 presidential campaign by making Democrats less enthusiastic and the Gore campaign more cautious without Clinton's vigorous campaigning. This potentially changed the outcome of the close 2000 election where Gore lost Florida after a recount.
This document discusses two types of political representation: delegate representation, where a representative follows the exact wishes of their constituents regardless of consequences, and trustee representation, where a representative listens to constituent views but makes their own judgment on the best course of action.
This document summarizes key political, economic, and social developments in the United States from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It discusses the rise of political machines like Tammany Hall in response to immigration and industrialization. New inventions like the cotton gin and development of railroads transformed the economy and sparked labor conflicts. Reform movements like Progressivism sought to curb corruption and regulate large businesses in the Gilded Age.
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Different types of legislatures - professional, hybrid, and citizen - are defined. Additional topics include redistricting, the composition of state legislatures, and models of representation.
This document discusses the roles and powers of state governors. It examines governors' formal powers like appointment power, budgetary authority, and veto power. It also analyzes informal powers like using the bully pulpit to influence public opinion and persuade legislators. Governors can politicize the bureaucracy by appointing loyalists and can strengthen their party by campaigning with other members and aligning their agenda with party goals. The document also notes governors' roles in times of crisis and their ability to declare emergencies.
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Additionally, it addresses redistricting approaches and the demographics of state legislative membership.
This document outlines the structure and roles of political parties at different levels of government in the United States. It discusses the basic units of precincts and wards and how they relate to congressional districts. It then explains the roles of county, state, and national party organizations in recruiting candidates, organizing conventions, fundraising, and strengthening local groups. Finally, it identifies two types of leaders for party organizations: pragmatists who prioritize electability and purists who are more principled and issue-oriented.
This document discusses various topics related to voter participation and turnout in the United States, including: historical barriers to voting like discriminatory laws against Black voters; theories for why U.S. voter turnout lags other industrialized nations such as non-compulsory voting and weekday elections; factors influencing individual voter decisions like party identification, costs/benefits analyses, and retrospective vs prospective voting; and current issues like attempts to increase voter participation through reducing legal obstacles and voter mobilization efforts.
This document provides an overview of the US presidency, including the selection process, qualifications, and basic duties and powers of the office. It discusses how presidents are chosen by the Electoral College to serve 4-year terms, with basic requirements including being a natural-born US citizen at least 35 years old who has resided in the US for 14 or more years. It also outlines the president's formal powers as Commander-in-Chief, to make treaties and appointments, and informal powers through tools like executive orders and public persuasion.
This document discusses the structure and functions of the United States Congress. It outlines that Congress is divided into two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House has 435 voting members elected by population, while the Senate has 100 members with 2 per state elected via state legislatures. Congress passes laws, declares war, regulates commerce, and oversees the executive branch through powers enumerated in the Constitution. The document also examines congressional leadership positions, the committee system, and the legislative process.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and events related to civil liberties and civil rights in the United States. It defines civil liberties as restricting government action to protect individual rights, while civil rights require government action to secure individual rights. Major topics covered include the rights of Black Americans before and after the Civil War, key Supreme Court cases and amendments related to racial equality and voting rights, as well as landmark civil rights acts and events of the 20th century promoting desegregation and prohibiting various forms of discrimination.
POL 375 Trust Legitimacy Support for Governmentatrantham
This document discusses political support at the individual level and reassesses the concept. It covers three main conditions for individual-level political support: awareness of political authorities, awareness of their decisions and policies, and awareness of their goals and behavior. Political support can be based on specific policy actions and perceptions of general performance. It also discusses factors that can act as barriers to political support like cognitive incapacity and issues with measurement. Finally, it briefly outlines different types of legitimacy like traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal legitimacy.
This document provides an introduction to the POL 375 course on the role of government scandals. It discusses reasons for studying scandals, such as understanding why some events become scandals and the effects of inappropriate behavior by public figures. It also presents definitions of key concepts like scandal, corruption, and political scandal. Scandals are defined as involving transgressions that become known and elicit a public response. Corruption refers to actions that deviate from a public role for private gain. The document outlines stages of scandals and possible counter-strategies. It also discusses factors that influence whether actions are seen as more or less corrupt.
This document provides information about state constitutions and how they differ from the U.S. Constitution. It discusses key features of state constitutions such as being more detailed documents that focus on specific policies, having undergone more revisions than the U.S. Constitution, and generally requiring balanced budgets. The document also notes some of the processes states use to amend their constitutions, such as legislative proposals, initiatives and referendums, constitutional conventions, and constitutional commissions.
This document outlines key aspects of the US federal system of government, including the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches at the federal level. It also discusses key features of federalism such as the division of powers between the national and state governments. Over time, the relationship between the national and state governments has shifted, moving from a "layer cake" model to a more cooperative "marble cake" approach. Contemporary issues discussed include immigration, tribal sovereignty, and privacy laws.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
3. INSTRUCTIONS
You are a new dictator of an established country.
How would you gain and maintain your power?
Would your actions change
in the threat of a populist uprising?
We will discuss your thoughts with a partner and the class.
4.
5.
6. Who Rules?
Answer: Single Individual or Small Elite
Political Participation: Players and Rules
No Democratic Accountability
Court System
Constitutional Guarantees
Emphasis: MiddleAges
7. Connection to “waves” of democratization
Declined significantly in 1970s
Number have still taken and maintained power
Robert
Mugabe
Fidel
Castro
8.
9.
10. #1: Problem of Authoritarian Power-Sharing
#2: Problem of Authoritarian Control
11. In the United States and other
democratic nations, executives do not
face threats to their power from
military elites or cabinet members.
Obama as Commander-in-Chief
The Obama Cabinet, 2014
12.
13. Removing leaders is usually not possible
Challenge: Countering challenges from
masses while keeping them submissive
What is the “dictator’s dilemma?”
What strategies do leaders use to maintain
control?
14. #1: Group Support and Policies
#2: Multiparty Elections
#3: Formal Institutions
#4: Repression
The Brazilian Senate
15.
16. Socialist Economy + Authoritarian Politics
Common Features:
Encompassing Ideology
Single Political Party led by Dominant Leader
Mobilization of Support for Party and Leader
State Ownership of Media
Use ofTerror andViolence
Centralized Direction / Control of Economy
19. #1: Role of Legitimacy
#2: Control of Citizen Behavior
#3: Active or Passive Citizenry
#4: Personality of Leader
#5: Use ofViolence
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Respect for submission to authority.
Aggression toward those who do not subscribe to
conventional thinking, or who are different.
Negative view of people (i.e. the belief that people
would all lie, cheat or steal if given the opportunity.)
Need for strong leadership which displays
uncompromising power.
Belief in simple answers (i.e. source of problems is loss
of morality.
Resistance to creative, dangerous ideas; possesses a
black and white worldview.
Tendency to project one's own feelings of inadequacy,
rage and fear onto scapegoated group
A preoccupation with violence and sex.
33. Who Rules?
Emphasis on Royal Descent
CommonTypes of Monarchies:
Ceremonial Monarchies
Ruling Monarchies
Dynastic Monarchies
Challenge is asserting political legitimacy
Without election, how do you make citizens happy?
34.
35. Common rule from
World War II to 1980s
Africa
Asia
Latin America
Middle East
Who Rules?
Group of military officers
Power by coup d'état
36. #1: Breakthrough Coup
-Traditional elite overthrown by military
#2:Veto Coup
- High-ranking officers order repression of mass movement
#3: Guardian Coup (“Musical Chairs” Coup)
- Power seized for efficiency, national security, or corruption
- Leadership shifts between military and citizens
#4: Bloodless Coup
- Threat of violence enough to defer coup from happening
#5: Self Coup
- Assumption of power through co-opting institutions
- Declaration of “emergency” powers
37. How does military consolidate power?
Cannot use violence
Convince citizens of legitimacy / right to rule
Three Responses:
Return to Democratic Rule…eventually…
Hold Elections…but military party has advantages
Defend Nation Against Internal/ExternalThreats
38. 1) Martial Law
Curfews, Banning Protests/Demonstrations
2) Use of Spies/Informants
Mission: Find and Kill Dissidents
3) Ban Opposition Media Outlets
42. COMMUNIST REGIMES
Organization
Hierarchy
Rise to Power
and Legitimacy
Revolution
Nationalism
FASCIST REGIMES
Organization
Dominant Political Figure
Rise to Power
and Legitimacy
Ideology
Promotion of “Democracy”
Charismatic Leadership
43.
44. Person supported by party or military
Retention of political control and authority
Characteristics:
Weak or nonexistent press
Strong secret police
Arbitrary use of state violence
45.
46.
47. Contests are not “free” and fair,” heavily
favoring the ruling party
Illiberal and/or Hybrid Regime
Two MainTypes:
Hegemonic Electoral Regime
Competitive Authoritarian Regime
48.
49. Historical Institutionalism
Poverty and Inequality
State Weakness and Failure
Political Culture
Barriers to Collective Action
Editor's Notes
The following lecture slides and notes are the sole materials of Austin Trantham.
You may NOT copy or reproduce this material in any form without express permission from the author.
Our next topic for the course deals with the presence of authoritarian regimes.
These “governments” develop, thrive, and survive due to democratic breakdown. How does this occur? The rest of this lecture provides some answers.
We need to first consider how to define and conceptualize the idea of authoritarianism.
Authoritarianism is a political system where a single individual or small elite rules without constitutional or democratic checks on their use of power.
This elite decide who gets to participate in politics and then can change the rules at their disposal. They decide incentives for following the rules, as well as create and enforce penalties for breaking the rules.
There is no sense of democratic accountability by citizens (or anyone else) under authoritarian rule. There is no court system to rule leaders’ decrees partially or wholly unconstitutional. There is no constitutional guarantees about separation of powers, regular elections, etc.
Authoritarianism has been the main form of government through most of history. Czars, emperors, kings, and sultans have assumed legitimacy or the right to rule without restraints of their power from ordinary citizens.
Example: “Divine Right of Kings” in Middle Ages
The extent of authoritarianism has ebbed and flowed with Huntington’s “waves” of democratization.
Authoritarian governments declined significantly beginning in the 1970s. After the Soviet Union collapsed, many heralded the beginning of new a democratic era around the globe. This notion, however, was short-lived.
A number of authoritarian regimes have taken and maintained power.
No single Arab country can be classified as a democracy, but authoritarianism present in Africa and Asia as well.
Example: Africa with Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe
Example: Americas with Cuba under Fidel Castro
There is a handout on Canvas regarding authoritarian rule. Please review this.
We next need to discuss how to conceptualize authoritarianism.
A political scientist once wrote that, “authoritarian politics has always been a ruthless and treacherous business.”
As an example, there is no independent authority to enforce agreements made among key political players, so leaders can struggle to maintain power.
These and related issues create two significant problems for authoritarian leaders:
#1: Problem of Authoritarian Power-Sharing
#2: Problem of Authoritarian Control
Chief executives in democratic nations do not have to worry about military officers and cabinet members seizing power through violent or non-constitutional means.
An classic example is the United States Our current president, Barack Obama, is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. armed forces. This being the case, he already has authority over this potential threat sources.
Cabinet members, including those in the Obama administration, serve “at the pleasure of the president. “ Since they can be dismissed at will, this eliminates another threat to the executive’s power.
Authoritarian leaders have lost power and authority more often through internal coups rather than mass uprisings in the post-World War II period.
The answer to this question includes winning support by including other in decision-making process, making them heads of state agencies, and giving them opportunities to enrich themselves.
If leaders cannot trust others, then the next best thing is to eliminate them through dismissal from leadership, arrest, or execution/death.
In most authoritarian states, simply removing leaders is not possible for ordinary citizens—without a mass populist uprising.
The threat of large-scale mass discontent against their rule leads to the second problem of authoritarian control.
The question, then becomes, “How to counter challenges from masses while keeping them subservient and submissive to elites? “
This is tied to the idea of the dictator’s dilemma, first advocated by political economist Ronald Wintrobe. He argues that the basic repressive nature of an authoritarian regime breeds fear, and in turn, misinformation and uncertainty.
The greater the repression, the greater the dilemma for a given dictator. Because they lack accurate information about on degree of political support, the ruler ends up spending more resources than is rational to co-opt opposition.
What strategies do leaders use to maintain control?
#1: Win Support of Groups in Society with Favorable Policies: Regimes may simply give different groups (e.g. poorer classes) assistance by passing policies favorable to their station in life (e.g. raising minimum wage).
#2: Hold Multiparty Elections: This allows the opposition party to enter a political race and run candidates for office. However, the ruling regime controls all of the significant aspects of the electoral process. The incumbent party eventually wins and can now claim to rule with “popular support.”
#3: Creation of Formal Institutions: Legislatures, etc. allow leaders of various societal interests (religious leaders, business and labor groups, etc.) to express popular sentiments that do not come directly from the public in the form of resistance efforts (e.g. protests) The ruling regime uses institutions to control dissent while making concessions and still appearing strong.
Example: Brazil: Military in power during 60s/70s set up elected legislature with one party supporting and one party opposing it. The opposition party, however, was restricted in what it could actually say or do. The ruling regime allowed opposition to voice its views to an extent and regime seemed more open .
#4: Repression: Repressions by an authoritarian government limit civil and political liberties of citizens and/or target leaders of protests, etc. with arrest, torture, etc.
This section discusses how authoritarianism relates to a more extreme form of popular repression by elites known as totalitarianism.
Totalitarianism combines a socialist economy with an authoritarian political system.
Totalitarian regimes have a few common features:
1) Centers on an encompassing ideology, which offers:
a) A critique of existing society
b) A vision for a radically different and supposedly better society
c) A program for realizing this vision
2) A single political party usually led by one dominant leader
3) Continuous efforts to mobilize support for dominant leader and party through
media, rallies, and propaganda.
4) State control of media sources, including newspapers, radio, TV, and book
publishing. All of these efforts serve as a way to promote views and stifle
opposition.
5) Use of terror and violence on massive scale to intimidate or destroy political
opponents and entire races of people
These are a few examples of totalitarian states in modern history.
Historical Examples:
The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
China under Mao Zedong
Germany under Adolf Hitler
Current Examples:
North Korea under Kim Jong-un
Authoritarian regimes different from totalitarian governments in important ways:
1) Legitimacy (“the right to rule”) is still justified by an extreme ideology, but they are not as ambitious or elaborate as under totalitarian governments .
2) Authoritarian states do not seek total control over citizens’ behavior
Sometimes allow limited freedom of the press, just as long as the media
does not criticize the regime’s leadership
3) Authoritarian governments prefer a passive, apathetic citizenry—people who obey the regime and do not challenge it—and so they do not try and galvanize mass support.
Authoritarian leaders may be bland and unpopular due to their techniques,
while those leading totalitarian governments develop a personality cult
involving charisma and the creation of a prophetic image, etc.
4) Authoritarians view themselves as individual beings largely content to control, and often maintain, the status quo. Totalitarian self-conceptions are largely tyrannical.
The tyrant is less of a person than an indispensable “force” to guide and
reshape the universe.
5) While torture, violence, and murder are used to eliminate threats to status quo,
they are not used with same intensity as totalitarian governments.
We can classify authoritarian regimes into three types:
1) Monarchies
2) Military Regimes
3) Civilian Regimes
The next slides will discuss all three types in detail.
This chart classifies the three main types of dictatorships. Please review it.
This graph gives the extent of the three types of dictatorships during the twentieth century. Please review it.
The top line represents civilian regimes, the middle line represents military regimes, and the bottom line represents monarchies.
Which type of authoritarian regime has been most utilized over time?
This graph shows the extent of monarchies, military dictatorships, and civilian dictatorships around the world.
This slide gives you a list of where monarchies, military dictatorships, and civilian dictatorships exist around the world as of 2008. Please review it.
Monarchies are measured by actual length of time in office, monarchies have been the most successful of all authoritarian regime types.
In a monarchy, the answer to the question of “Who Rules?” is someone of royal descent who inherits the Head of State position
Common Types of Monarchies:
1) Ceremonial Monarchies: Serve symbolic function and do not actually have governing authority (e.g. Great Britain)
2) Ruling Monarchies: Elite serve as leaders of their countries. They appoint government ministries and make policy decisions. This type of monarchy is common in Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia, Oman, Jordan.
3) Dynastic Monarchies: Monarch is selected by leading members of the royal family and is accountable to them.
Challenge to all monarchies is asserting political legitimacy.
If you are not elected, how do you lessen dissatisfaction and/or the probability
of revolt? One solution is to base legitimacy in long-standing tradition.
Example: Theocracies use religion / religious tenets
Common form of rule from end of World War II to 1980s. The military was present in political events in lesser developed nations within Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
In military regimes, a group of military officers decides who will rule and exercises some influence over policymaking (junta)
Power is taken by force and held, sometimes through a coup d’etat.
French for “stroke of the state”
Event where a civilian president is overthrown in some way
A coup is a destructive political act, impacting political legitimacy, affecting the fabric of a given society—while potentially leading to actions in other nations.
Argument can be made that coups are necessary evil to remove a tyrannical
figure from power. Counter is that, by staging coup, one is admitting their
incompetence by being unable to remove tyrant by other means.
Coups are the single most common form of regime change in the world.
No known form of government is completely immune to a coup.
In Political Order in Changing Societies, Samuel Huntington classified military coup activity into three major types:
#1: Breakthrough Coup
Traditional elite overthrown by military
Progressive regime forms, centers around ending corruption, etc.
Soldiers overthrow government and create a new bureaucratic elite;
senior officers might be relieved of command by juniors
#2: Veto Coup
High-ranking military officers order violent repression of a mob or mass
movement that is attempting to take power.
In the process, they take over the government themselves.
May be most violent type of coup
#3: Guardian or “Musical Chairs” Coup
One high-ranking officer seizes power from another high-ranking officer, citing
the need for efficiency, national security, or to eliminate corruption. Actions
argued to be temporary.
A game of musical chairs results, with political leadership shifting back and
forth between military and civilian rule. Power structures remain intact, but
players change.
After a successful coup, the question becomes:
How does military consolidate power?
Cannot use violence, because this is what got them to power in the first place—must convince citizens they have right to rule.
What are their options?
1) Promise return to democratic rule after they clean up problems made by civilian leaders.
2) Holding elections—but military-backed party has major advantages over others.
3) Claiming to defend nation from domestic/foreign threats
Suppose these tactics don’t work….then what?
Protests start from ousted government and concerned citizens.
1) Military government can control this through martial law, which includes setting
curfews, banning protests/assemblies.
2) Use of spies and informants to find and arrest dissidents, who are then tortured and killed.
3) Ban opposition newspapers and journals
Military regimes also try and build support by implementing policies that benefit particular groups or society .
Might benefit large section of population or small number of cronies
This slide lists the two main types of civilian regimes.
They will be discussed in detail on the following slides.
In dominant-party regimes, one political party controls access to offices and policy-making.
Main Types of Dominant-Party Regimes:
Communist Regimes
Organization:
Organized by Hierarchy; Power in hands of small elite.
They are “elected” by those in lower party organizations
Rise to Power/Legitimacy – Occurs in two ways:
Revolution – Examples are Soviet Union (Lenin); Cuba (Castro)
Nationalism – Leading country through war while protecting
internal/external sovereignty of State.
Example: Soviets
Defeated Hitler / Nazis
Superpower during Cold War
Example: Chinese
Came from poverty to be an economic and military power
Personalistic regimes center on a charismatic individual, while supported by a party or the military, retains political control and authority .
Characterized by:
1) Weak or nonexistent press
2) Strong secret police
3) Arbitrary use of state violence
This slide depicts an overview of the types of dictatorships we have discussed in this lecture. Please review it.
In electoral authoritarian regimes, leaders hold periodic elections and allow multiple political parties to compete for political power.
These contests are certainly not “free” and fair,” heavily favoring the ruling party.
Winning leadership positions requires being member of ruling party
Example of an illiberal or hybrid regime
Regime is “democratic” in theory, not so in practice (illiberal)
Contains democratic and authoritarian elements (hybrid)
Two Main Types:
Hegemonic Electoral Regime
Leader’s party routinely wins with overwhelming majorities
2) Competitive Authoritarian Regime
Opposition parties win substantial minorities in presidential/ legislative
elections.
Historical Institutionalism
Tries to explain institutional patterns
Political development is consequence of institutional pattern
2) Poverty and Inequality
Worrying about basic economic needs (e.g. making money with a job to support your family) might lead you to support authoritarian regime who promises jobs. Not going to spend time on voting, protesting, etc.
3) State Weakness and Failure
Weak or failed states are more likely to yield to authoritarianism
Tied to economic and social issues
Low economic development Weak state Authoritarianism
Class volatility Weak state authoritarianism
4) Political Culture
Some parts of the world may just be “predisposed” to authoritarianism
5) Barriers to Collective Action
Ousting an authoritarian government requires massive mobilization effort, which is hard to accomplish in face of citizen repression, control of media, etc.
This table (on p. 162 in your textbook) provides a way to understand how the five main explanations for authoritarian persistence have worked in practice through the African country of Zimbabwe. Please review it.