helps in understanding complex structure Working model: shows the working of mechanism Cut away model: shows internal structure by removing outer layer Exploded model: shows the relationship of parts by separating them Cross sectional model: shows internal structure by cutting horizontally or vertically Flat model: made of card board, thermacole sheet to show front, side and top view Mobile model: parts can be moved to show working Collapsible model: can be folded and unfolded to show different stages Transparent model: made of glass or plastic to show internal structure Abstract model: symbolic representation of abstract ideas Diorama: three dimensional scene in a box with background

3.  “Audiovisual aids are any device which can
be used to make the learning experience
more concrete , more realistic and more
dynamic” KINDAR . S. JAMES

5.  Audio visual material should function as
integral part of educational programme
 Audio visual aids should be centralized under
specialized direction and leader ship
 Advisory committee should be appointed for
the selection and co-ordination of AV aids
 Instructors have to help the student how to
use AV aids
 Budget appropriation should be made
regularly
 Legal aspect should be considered

6. Projected av aids

8. Opaque projector, built of large black
Consists two mirrors at top & bottom;1000w bulb
principle
Light rays passes through the first mirror, then to the
object, light rays from the illuminated picture then
focuses to the second mirror , then it is projected to
screen by using a convex lens
 operation :handle beneath the epidiascope is
lowered
then the picture want to project is placed on the
plate and handle is fixed again , then switch on light

10.  Helps in retention  It is easily
of material breakable
 Attract attention  It should be
 Arouse interest planned in
among the student sequence
 Tests students
interesting

11. 

12. Magic lantern, used for projecting film strips
It contains condensing lenses to concentrate all
light into beam,500w bulb, smooth channel for
threading the film
Near the base of the channel there is knob which
carries a film strip, can be turned by hand to pull
the film strip through the projector
OPERATION : projector is placed on the table, as
face to the screen, insert one end of the film strip
in the knob (inverted position), film strip is
advanced by turning the knob
The blower and the lamp switched on; distance
between the projector and the screen is adjusted
to get the picture on the screen

13.  It is an economical  Theequipment
visual material used for is quite
 It is to make a expensive
convenient to
handle and carry
 Takes up little
space and can be
eassily stored
 Logical sequence
to teaching

14. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
Vital teaching aid, replaces chalk
board, produces images behind and over the
head of the teacher
It consists metal box with 1000w bulb and a concave
reflector
vertical rod on the side of the box carries objective
convex lens and mirror which can be slows up and
down by using rock and pinion arrangement
Size of the sheet is 25cm *25 cm

15. STEPS IN USING OHP
Put the
plug into Move the
the objective
power lens and
Place the Explain the
wall mirror up
OHP on material on the
socket and
the table transparency
switch down to
facing to with a small
on the get the
screen pointer
blower image on
first and the
screen
lamp

16. • Permits the teacher  OHP is too costly
pointing the material &  Writing by some type of
observe the student on pen get blotted out on
the same time plastic
• It can be used in fairly
lighted room
• Materials projected can be
changed quickly and easily
• Operation of OHP is
convenient
• OHP can be used with
other type of AV aids

17. Still picture gives illusion of space
Photographs are made by stereoscopic camera
Observer receives the impression of reality
Two photographs being taken from slightly different
angle which are enlarged and merged into one view

18. Micro film contains photographed reading material each
frame being reduced photo of printed page. It can be used
for the storage and retrieval of information. when micro
film is passed through microfilm reader, an enlarged image
is found on the on the screen

20. CARTOON
Metaphorical presentation of reality, humorous caricature
It is an interpretative which uses symbols to portray an
opinion , situation
Quality of drawing should be high
ADVANTAGES
Initiate certain lesson, motivate students to start a
discussion, make the lesson lively and interesting

21. COMIC STRIPS
Series of pictures
 very interesting in teaching stories, historical events, scientific
process
It enhances imagination , stimulate reality and involvement

22. CHARTS
Visual illustrative media for depicting the relation between
main idea and supporting facts
purposes of charts
 for showing relation by means of facts and figures
To show the continuity of process
For presenting abstract idea
For showing the development of structure
To stimulate thinking
HOW TO USE THE CHART EFFECTIVELY?

23. Types of chart
Narrative chart : narrating the idea and the facts
Cause and effective chart :relationship between rights and
responsibilities
Chain chart: expressing idea and facts in the form of cycles
Evolution chart: for expressing changes in specific item from
beginning
Strip tease chart : expressing information step by step. it has
Great suspense value, holding attention and building interest,
Increases interest and imagination of audience
Pull chart
Flow chart
Time or table chart
Job chart
Tree chart
Flip chart
Pie chart

24. FLASH CARDS
These are the sequence of cards which are presented before the
audience in proper sequence to till a complete story, size :25 *
30cm, it should contain picture or diagrams
PREPARATION OF FLASH CARD
cut full sheet chart paper into four equal parts
Height of the writing should be 5cm
It should hold in a way that the audience can see properly
ADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARDS
used to introduce and present the topic
Can be used to review a topic
Can be used to develop cognitive ability of recognition and
recall of students

25. GRAPHS
It depicts numerical or quantitative or statistical
data are presented in the form of visual symbols
TYPES OF GRAPHS
PIE GRAPH:
Data are presented through
the sectors of circle

26. BAR GRAPH
Category 4
Category 3
Series 3
Series 2
Category 2
Series 1
Category 1
0 2 4 6
A graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the
length of the bars

27. LINE GRAPH
6
5
4
3 Series 1
Series 2
2
Series 3
1
0
Category Category Category Category
1 2 3 4
Concepts are presented through the lines drawn either horizontally
Or vertically .The plotted points are connected each another

28. Pictorial graph
Pictures are used for expressing the idea ,more
attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures are
used for depicting the information

29. Display boards

30. chalk board
It is the life of the class room, helps to teacher in
explaining, illustrating, and giving notes to children. It can be
made of plastic, wood, cement or glass
types of chalk board
ORDINARY CHALK BOARD: it is movable and adjustable
And contains a wooden support
ROLLER TYPE: made of thick canvas, wrapped on a roller
Magnetic board: made up of steel on which magnet can
used to hold the objects
BLACK OR GREEN BLACK BOARD: framed with wood and
available on black or green color

31. Rules in using chalk board
Letters and drawing should be in large size and legible
Avoid spelling mistake
Writing should be in straight row
Do not use abbreviation
While writing on the board , the teacher should ensure
that the class is attentive

32.  Economical  It makes the
teaching aid student to heavily
 Captures student depend on teacher
attention  Makes chalk
 It can be used powder to inhaled
again and again by teacher
 Constant use of
chalk board make
it smooth and full
of glare

33. Bulletin board
It can be used for educational and informational purpose. It is a
soft board which holds pins or tags and used for displaying
material

34. Principles in the use of bulletin board
A board for posting notices should be kept separate from
those for current events and study
Placement of bulletin board is to have one near the
administrator’s office , other near the library third on
conference hall, fourth one is in class room
Appearance should be neat orderly and attractive manner
Notices should be removed as they have fulfilled the purpose
Crowding of material should be avoided ,organized in
attractive manner
Bulletin board should be kept a little above the eye levels of
the average individuals

35. Flannel board
The rigid material covered with flannel cloth. The item to be displayed
are pictures, or drawing

36. Magnetic chalk board
A magnetic chalk board is framed iron sheet carrying porcelain
coating .Magnetic chalk board can used to write with chalk
stick , glass marking pencil, and to display pictures

37. 3-Dimensional aids
Model
Models are the substitutes of real things . It can be made of clay, plaster of
Paris, thermacole cloth, wood etc

38. Types of model
Scale model: correct idea of an object can be displayed
Simplified model : gives a idea about external form of object
Working model : to demonstrate in a simple way of an operation
or process
Cross section model :inside of an object is visible

39. specimen
Part of a real object taken from natural setting.
It shows the quality of structure . Eg :section of
lung

40. Mock up
It emphasizes the functional relationship between device reality
and its workability. Certain elements of original reality is
emphasized to make it more meaning full eg :an artificial kidney
to demonstrate dialysis

41. moulage
It can be made up of plastic material to stimulate
life object

42. object
Brought from natural setting into class room that will
make the instruction more meaning full

43. Audio aids

44. RADIO
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO EXPERIENCE
Immediacy : can describe the events as they happen
Emotional impact :through the combined effect of
music , voice , and environmental sound students
interest can captured
One way communication :no possibility of students
feed back

45. recording

46. advantages
Recording can be stopped at will
Recording can play when we required
It can be used for introducing as well as summarizing the
topic
To evaluate the speech defect in ones own speech
To teach good pronunciation in foreign language

47. television

48. uses
It combines the sound and sight ,thus makes the experience
more concrete, real, and immediate
Offers uniformity in communication even the back bench
feels the pleasure of front row seat
It offers opportunity for seeing and listening
It can teach large number of students at a time
It provides excellent learning opportunity for both pre
service and inservice education of teachers
Helps to make the leisure time more interested

49. Activity aids

50. dramatization
Makes the class room instruction more lively
and interesting.
Student get the opportunity for participating
as well as in observing

51. computer

52.  Handling large  It lacks human and
number of student emotional factor
 Multi dimensional  Computers are very
learning through costly
works and graph  Problem in developing
 The high storage language
capacity of a
computer allows to
complete many
activity at a time

53. summary