A short lecture about Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Atomic Emission with Coupled Plasma (FP, AA and ICP-AES). Presented at 28.03.2011, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by Vasiliy Rosen, M.Sc.
Atomic spectroscopy plays a major role as the basis of a wide range of analytical techniques that contribute data on elemental concentrations and isotope ratios .These analytical data provide the raw material on which progress in geochemistry depends.
The main advantages of AAS & AES are that it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use, while still offering high throughput, quantitative analysis of the metal content of solids or liquids. This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of applications.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a very common technique for detecting metals and metalloids in samples.
It is very reliable and simple to use.
It can analyze over 62 elements.
It also measures the concentration of metals in the sample.
Spectroscopy using spectrophotometers of different types like: U.V, Mass Spectrophotometer, absorption , Emission, Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-rays Spectrophotometer
A short lecture about Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Atomic Emission with Coupled Plasma (FP, AA and ICP-AES). Presented at 28.03.2011, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by Vasiliy Rosen, M.Sc.
Atomic spectroscopy plays a major role as the basis of a wide range of analytical techniques that contribute data on elemental concentrations and isotope ratios .These analytical data provide the raw material on which progress in geochemistry depends.
The main advantages of AAS & AES are that it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use, while still offering high throughput, quantitative analysis of the metal content of solids or liquids. This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of applications.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a very common technique for detecting metals and metalloids in samples.
It is very reliable and simple to use.
It can analyze over 62 elements.
It also measures the concentration of metals in the sample.
Spectroscopy using spectrophotometers of different types like: U.V, Mass Spectrophotometer, absorption , Emission, Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-rays Spectrophotometer
a brief discussion of AAS, an analytical technique use for heavy metal analysis. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a quantitative method of analysis of any kind of sample; that is applicable to many metals
AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electro thermal vaporization.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a very common technique for detecting metals and metalloids in samples.
It is very reliable and simple to use.
It also measures the concentration of metals in the sample.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of an element by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed at a characteristic wavelength when it passes through cloud of atoms
As the number of atoms in the light path increases, the amount of light absorbed increases.
Applications: Presence of metals as an impurity or in alloys can be perform.
Level of metals could be detected in tissue samples like Aluminum in blood and Copper in brain tissues.
Due to wear and tear there are different sorts of metals which are given in the lubrication oils which could be determined for the analysis of conditions of machines.
Determination of elements in the agricultural samples.
Water sample analysis (e.g. Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Al, Ba content).
Food sample analysis.
Analysis of animal feedstuffs (e.g. Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Se, Zn).
Analysis of additives in lubricating oils and greases (Ba, Ca, Na, Li, Zn, Mg). analysis of soils.
Clinical sample analysis (blood samples: whole blood, plasma, serum; Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Fe).
Analysis of Environmental samples such as- drinking water, ocean water, soil.
Pharmaceutical sample Analysis: Estimation of zinc in insulin preparation, calcium in calcium salt is done by using AAS. Principle: The sample, in solution, is aspirated as a spray into a chamber, where it is mixed with air and fuel.
This mixture passes through baffles, here large drops fall and are drained off. Only fine droplets reach the flame.
Light from the hollow-cathode lamp passes through the sample of ground-state atoms in the flame.
The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration.
The element being determined must be reduced to the elemental state, vaporized, and imposed in the beam of the radiation in the source.
When a ground-state atom absorbs light energy, an excited atom is produced.
The excited atom then returns to the ground state, emitting light of the same energy as it absorbed.
The flame sample thus contains a dynamic population of ground-state and excited atoms, both absorbing and emitting radiant energy. The emitted energy from the flame will go in all directions, and it will be a steady emission.
Because the purpose of the instrument is to measure the amount of light absorbed, the light detector must be able to distinguish between the light beam emitted by the hollow cathode lamp and that emitted by excited atoms in the flame.
Pharmaceuticals: In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final product. By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be determined.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a spectro analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements by free atoms in the gaseous state.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on absorption of light by free metallic ions.
In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electrothermal vaporization
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical technique that measures the concentrations of elements.
Atomic absorption is so sensitive that it can measure down to parts per billion of a gram (µg dm–3 ) in a sample.
The technique makes use of the wavelengths of light specifically absorbed by an element. They correspond to the energies needed to promote electrons from one energy level to another, higher, energy level.
Atomic absorption spectrometry has many uses in different areas of chemistry.
Clinical analysis : Analysing metals in biological fluids such as blood and urine.
Environmental analysis: Monitoring our environment – eg finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking water, air, petrol and drinks such as wine, beer and fruit drinks.
The technique makes use of the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample in order to assess the concentration of specific analytes within it. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the [Beer–Lambert law].
The electrons within an atom exist at various energy levels. When the atom is exposed to its own unique wavelength, it can absorb the energy (photons) and electrons move from a ground state to excited states.
The radiant energy absorbed by the electrons is directly related to the transition that occurs during this process.
Furthermore, since the electronic structure of every element is unique, the radiation absorbed represents a unique property of each individual element and it can be measured.
An atomic absorption spectrometer uses these basic principles and applies them in practical quantitative analysis
A typical atomic absorption spectrometer consists of four main components:
Atomization
Light source,
Atomization system,
Monochromator &
Detection system
Atomization can be carried out either by a flame or furnace.
Heat energy is utilized in atomic absorption spectroscopy to convert metallic elements to atomic dissociated vapor.
The temperature should be controlled very carefully for the conversion of atomic vapor.
At too high temperatures, atoms
Instrumental Method of Analysis Unit 2 (3) Atomic absorption spectroscopy/AAS/
Atomic flame Photometry
(Part -1)
Introduction- Briefing
Atomic spectroscopy involved three major techniques- Atomic emission spectroscopy,
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
Principle, Theory of atomic Absorption spectroscopy
Interferences
Instrumentation-
Type AAS
1. Single beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer
2. Double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer
the light source/radiation source- that emits the spectrum of the element of inetrest
the atomization system/ absorption cell- in which atoms the sample are produced (flame, graphites furnance etc
the monochromator- for light dispersion
the detection system- which measures the light intensity and amplified the signal
A read out device- that show the reading after it has been processed
Working AAS instrument (B. chopper, C. Flame atomizer - There is two types of burners in common used
1. Total consumption burner
2. Premixed burner
D. Fuel/ oxidant
E. Monochromator- Prism, gratting
F. Detectors-Photomultiplier tube
G. Recorder
Difference between Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Advantange and limitation
Applications
A presentation containing the Principle, shematic diagram, omponents of the instrument, working of the instrument, application, advantages and disadvantages of the instrument.
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2. Study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation
with matter.
These are the waves which is a form of
alternating current of high frequency having the same speed
as that of light.
This deals with the interaction of electromagnetic
radiation with atoms which are most commonly in their
lowest energy state called ground state
3.
4. Defn of spectroscopy.
After interaction there is variation in intensity of
electromagnetic radiation.
Instrument which records this variation in intensity.
Sample itself emits radiation- Emmision spectroscopy
Sample itself absorbs radiation- Absorption spectroscopy
5. AAS is the most powerful instrumental method
for quantitative determination of trace metals in
liquids.
Gives total metal content of the sample & it is
independent on molecular form of the metal.
Determine concentration of-
- 60-70 metals
- metals
- non-metals indirect method
6.
7. • AAS based on the absorption of energy by
ground state atoms in the gaseous state.
8. Total amount of light absorbed shown by
equation-
v light absorbed = πe2 Nf
mc
Where,
e charge on electron of mass m
c the speed of light
N total number of atoms that may absorb
9. AAS is independent on flame temperature.
i.e. variation in flame temperatures represents
relatively less effects in AAS than in FES (flame
emission spectroscopy) in which the smaller
number of atoms are giving an emission signal.
In terms of detection limits AAS & FES are quite
similar
It is specific since atoms of a particular elements
can only absorbed radiation of their own
characteristic wavelength.
10. In FES the emission intensity is dependant upon the
number of exciting atoms & greatly influenced by
temperature variation whereas in AAS depends upon
number of unexcited atoms and absorption intensity
independent on temperature.
Analytical signal results from sum of all energies
emitted as excited atoms and in AAS signal is achieved
by difference in intensities in presence and absence of
liquid sample containing metals.
In AAS Beer’s law is obeyed i.e. absorption is directly
proportional to concentration. This is not true in case
of FES
15. The light source is usually a hollow cathode lamp
of the element that is being measured.
It contains a tungsten anode and a hollow
cylindrical cathode made of the element to be
determined.
These are sealed in a glass tube filled with an
inert gas (neon or argon ) . Each element has its
own unique lamp which must be used for that
analysis .
17. From bottom to
top, the lamps are for
-Mg
-Ca
-K
-combination of Fe,
Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Cr.
Each element uses a
specific wavelength of
light.
18. Elements to be analyzed needs to be in
atomic state
Atomization is separation of particles into
individual molecules and breaking molecules
into atoms .This is done by exposing the
analyte to high temperatures in a flame.
19. The role of the atom cell is to primarily dissolvate a liquid sample
and then the solid particles are vaporized into their free gaseous
ground state form . In this form atoms will be available to absorb
radiation emitted from the light source and thus generate a
measurable signal proportional to concentration.
20. Flame AA can only analyze solutions , where
it uses a slot type burner to increase the path
length, and therefore to increase the total
absorbance .
Sample solutions are usually introduced into a
nebuliser by being sucked up a capillary tube
.In the nebuliser the sample is dispersed into
tiny droplets , which can be readily broken
down in the flame.
21.
22.
23.
24. This is a very important part in an AA
spectrometer. It is used to separate out all of
the thousands of lines. Without a good
monochromator, detection limits are severely
compromised.
A monochromator is used to select the specific
wavelength of light which is absorbed by the
sample, and to exclude other wavelengths. The
selection of the specific light allows the
determination of the selected element in the
presence of others.
25. The light selected by the monochromator is
directed onto a detector that is typically a
photomultiplier tube , whose function is to
convert the light signal into an electrical signal
proportional to the light intensity.
The processing of electrical signal is fulfilled by a
signal amplifier . The signal could be displayed for
readout , or further fed into a data station for
printout by the requested format.
26.
27.
28. 1) Quantitative & Qualitative analysis
2) Determination of metallic elements in biological
materials
3) Simultaneous multicomponent analysis
4) Determination of lead in petrol
5) Determination of metallic elements in food
industry
6) Determination of calcium, magnesium,sodium
and potassium in blood serum
