This document discusses various types of aqueous solvents used in pharmaceutical applications. It provides details on purified water, water for injection, bacteriostatic water for injection, sterile water for injection, sterile water for irrigation, and sterile water for inhalation. For each type, it outlines definitions, uses, preparation methods, packaging and storage requirements, and other key information. The document aims to describe the different aqueous solvents and their applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage formMuhammad Jamal
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This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage formMuhammad Jamal
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This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Amperometry refers to the measurement of current under a constant applied voltage and under these conditions it is the concentration of analyte which determine the magnitude of current.
In Amperometric titrations, the potential applied between the indicator electrode (dropping mercury electrode) and the appropriate depolarizing reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode) is kept constant and current through the electrolytic cell is then measured on the addition of each increment of titrating solution. It is a form of quantitative analysis.
Otherwise called as Polarographic or polarometric titrations.
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Amperometry refers to the measurement of current under a constant applied voltage and under these conditions it is the concentration of analyte which determine the magnitude of current.
In Amperometric titrations, the potential applied between the indicator electrode (dropping mercury electrode) and the appropriate depolarizing reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode) is kept constant and current through the electrolytic cell is then measured on the addition of each increment of titrating solution. It is a form of quantitative analysis.
Otherwise called as Polarographic or polarometric titrations.
FORMULATION OF PARENTERAL PRODUCTS REQUIREMENTS, FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, PRETREATMENT OF WATER ,REVERSE OSMOSIS ,STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION USP ,PYROGENS,
PARENTERAL ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATIONZainab Riaz
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PARENTERAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The term parenteral refers to injectable routes of administration of drug.
So as a hole it means outside of intestine.
PARENTRAL MEDICATIONS AND STERILE FLUIDS:
The parenteral route of drug administration are:
1. Intravenous IV
2. Intramuscular IM
3. Intradermal
4. Subcutaneous
PYROGENS: The water used in parenteral should be free of pyrogens.
METHODS OF REMOVING PYROGENS:
1. Distillation
2. Reverse osmosis
3. Heating at 180 degree celcius for 3 to 4 hours
4. Adsorption method
OFFICIAL TYPES OF INJECTIONS:
SOLVENTS AND VEHICLES USED FOR INJECTIONS:
STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION USP
BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION
NaCl injection USP
BACTERIOSTATIC SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP
RINGER INJECTION USP
LACTATED RINGER INJECTION USP
NON AQUEOUS VEHICLES
ADDED SUBSTANCES USED IN PARENTERALS
SOLUBILIZING AGENTS
STABILIZERS
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
ANTI OXIDANTS USED IN PARENTERALS.
Wastewater Characteristics in the Pharmaceutical IndustryTanvir Moin
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Wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry is characterized by a wide range of pollutants, including:
Organic compounds: These include active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), solvents, and other organic chemicals.
Inorganic compounds: These include heavy metals, salts, and other inorganic chemicals.
Microorganisms: These include bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
The concentration of these pollutants can vary greatly depending on the type of pharmaceutical products being produced. For example, wastewater from the production of antibiotics will contain high levels of antibiotics, while wastewater from the production of other types of pharmaceuticals may contain lower levels of antibiotics but higher levels of other pollutants.
Parenterals, most useful presentation for GPAT aspirant and UG PG students of Pharmacy field. Details regarding parenteral routes, formulation consideration and quality control tests
Its not as good but still comprises outlines for added substances of parenteral in good.
All credit goes to Mr. Saifullah Khan.
Leave your comments to let us improve it for more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
⢠The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
⢠The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate âany matterâ at âany timeâ under House Rule X.
⢠The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Hanâs Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insiderâs LMA Course, this piece examines the courseâs effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. SOLVENTS
⢠âSolvents are integral part of chemical
reactions and it is difficult to imagine
reactions without solvents.â
⢠Reactions are solvent selective.
⢠Solvents is a liquid substance capable to
dissolve other substances (solutes) without
chemical changes.
4. AQUEOUS SOLVENTS
ďś WATER AS A SOLVENT:
⢠Universal solvent.
⢠Polar in nature.
ďś PROPERTIES OF WATER FOR
PHARMACEUTICAL USE:
⢠Like any pharmaceutical
material, water must
confirm to GMPnorms.
⢠Must be portable and
comply with WHO guide
lines for drinking water
quality.
5. TYPES OF
PHARMACEUTICAL WATER
⢠Purified water.
⢠Water for injection.
BULK
FORM
⢠Bacteriostatic Water for injection.
⢠Sterile water for inhalation.
⢠Sterile water for injection.
⢠Sterile water for irrigation.
⢠Sterile purified water.
PACKAGED
FORM
7. Purified water is water that has been
mechanically filtered or processed to
remove impurities and make it suitable for
use.
DEFINITION
8. DESCRIPTION:
⢠May originate from either a spring or surface or
groundwater source or directly from the tap.
⢠It simply doesnât matter. Since, the purification
process is designed to remove virtually all types of
impurities, the quality of the source water has little
bearing on the quality of the final product.
⢠Best choice of water.
9. USES:
⢠as excipients in manufacturing of
pharmaceuticals.
⢠for Equipment Cleaning.
⢠Preparation of bulk chemicals.
⢠Prepared using potable water as feed.
⢠Must meet ionic, organic chemical and
microbial requirements.
10. PARAMETERS OF PURITY:
⢠Purified water is usually produced by the purification of
potable water.
ď The impurities that may need to be removed are:
⢠inorganic ions.
⢠organic compounds.
⢠Bacteria.
⢠endotoxins and nucleases.
⢠particulates (typically controlled by filtration)
⢠gases (typically managed by degassing when required)
21. DEFINITION
⢠This is pyrogen-free water,
purified by distillation for
the preparation of products
for parenteral use.
⢠It is intended for use as
solvent only in solution
⢠That are to be sterilized
after preparation and
endotoxin content must be
controlled.
22. REQUIREMENTS
⢠Water for injection can be prepared under
aseptic conditions.
⢠It contain no added substance.
⢠It must meet the requirements of pyrogen test
and sterility test for purified water
23. TYPES OF WATER FOR INJECTION
⢠Potable Water:
Used in early stages of chemical synthesis.
⢠Purified Water:
Used as excipients in manufacturing of
pharmaceuticals.
⢠Bacteriostatic Water for
injections(USP):
Contains added antimicrobial preservatives
which prevent the growth of
microrganisms.
24. ⢠Sterile water for injection
USP is a sterile, non
pyrogenic preparation
which contains no
bacteriostatic, antimicrobial
agent or added buffer and is
supplied only in single dose
containers to dilute or
dissolve drugs for injection.
25. METHOD OF PREPARATION
Water for injection can be prepared by
⢠By distillation method
⢠By reserve osmosis
26. REVERSE OSMOSIS
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses
a semi permeable membrane to remove larger particles from
water.
27. BY DISTILLATION METHOD
Water for Injections is a specially prepared form of distilled
water. It is a clear, colorless sterile liquid and it does not
contain any other ingredients.
29. ADVANTAGES OF WATER INJECTION:
There are a variety of reasons why drugs would be
injected rather than taken through other methods.
Some of the advantages are:
ď§Increased effect
ď§More efficient usage
30. DISADVANTAGES:
In addition to general problems associated with any IV drug
administration, there are some specific problems associated
with the informal injection of drugs by non-professionals, which
are:
⢠Increased chance of infection
⢠Increased chance of overdose
⢠Arterial damage
31. PRECAUTIONS :
⢠Do not use for intravenous injection unless the osmolar
concentration of additives results in an approximate isotonic
admixture.
⢠Consult the manufacturerâs instructions for choice of vehicle,
appropriate dilution or volume for dissolving the drugs to be
injected, including the route and rate of injection.
⢠Inspect reconstituted (diluted or dissolved) drugs for clarity (if
soluble) and freedom from unexpected precipitation or
discoloration prior to administration.
33. Sterile Water for Injection, USP
is a sterile, nonpyrogenic
preparation of water for
injection which contains no
bacteriostat, antimicrobial
agent or added buffer and is
supplied only in single-dose
containers to dilute or dissolve
drugs for injection. For I.V.
injection, add sufficient solute
to make an approximately
isotonic solution.
DESCRIPTION
34. Indications and Usage for Sterile Water
for Injection
This parenteral preparation is indicated only for diluting or
dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous
injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the
drug to be administered.
Contraindications
Sterile Water for Injection, USP must be made approximately
isotonic prior to use.
35. PRECAUTIONS
⢠Do not use for intravenous injection unless the osmolar
concentration of additives results in an approximate
isotonic admixture.
⢠During pregnancy
⢠Pediatric Use
⢠Drug Interactions
38. ⢠âBacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP is a sterile,
non pyrogenic preparation of water for injection
containing 0.9% (9 mg/mL) of benzyl alcohol added
as a bacteriostatic preservative.â
DEFINITION
39. PREPARATION
⢠Bacteriostatic water for injection is prepared
from water for injection (WFI) that is sterilized
and suitably packaged, containing one or
more suitable anti microbial agents.
40. PACKAGING AND STORAGE:
⢠Preserve in a single dose or multiple dose glass or
plastic containers.
⢠Reconstituted solutions may be stored for up to 20
days at 2-8°C prior to use.
41. ADVICE FOR PATIENTS:
ď Discard reconstituted solution after 20 days.
ď Previously reconstituted solutions mixed with freshly
reconstituted solutions must be administered within
6 hours following mixing.
ď Should not used for neonatal medications.
42. SIDE EFFECTS:
Some side effects that may occur after drugs are added
to bacteriostatic water include fever, abscess
formation, venous thrombosis, necrosis and infections.
45. DEFINITION
Sterile Water for Irrigation USP is a sterile,
hypotonic, nonpyrogenic irrigating fluid or
pharmaceutical aid (solvent) entirely composed
of Sterile Water for Injection USP. It is prepared
by distillation and contains no antimicrobial or
bacteriostatic agents or added buffers.â
The pH is 5.7 (5.0-7.0).
46. METHODS OF PREPERATION
Sterile Saline solution has 0.9% Sodium Chloride and is used for
wound irrigation and cleaning:
⢠Use a pressure cooker.
⢠Fill the cooker with water.
⢠Place cooker with water on a heat stove.
⢠Boil water for a minimum of 20 minutes.
⢠The temperature within the cooker should be maintained at
121 degrees Celsius or 250 degrees Fahrenheit throughout
the boiling period.
⢠Your sterile water is ready
47. ADVICE FOR PATIENTS:
⢠Sterile Water for Irrigation USP is hypotonic and will cause
hemolysis.
⢠After opening container, its contents should be used promptly.
⢠Discard unused portion of irrigating solution since it contains
no preservative.
USES:
⢠Sterile Water for Irrigation USP is indicated for use as an
irrigating fluid or pharmaceutic aid. Sterile Water may also be
used as an adjunct in the preparation of non-intravenously
administered nutrient mixtures.
49. DEFINITION:
Injection that is packaged and rendered sterile and is intended for
use in inhalators and in the preparation of inhalation solutions. It
carries a less stringent specification for bacterial endotoxins than
sterile water for injection, and therefore , is not suitable for
parenteral applications.
EXPLAINATION:
Water for injection that is sterilized and contains no antimicrobial ag
ents.
It is intended for use in inhalators and in the preparation of
inhalation solutions.
50. PHARMACEUTICAL USES
â˘Used in manufacturing of inhalants; thus deals with the
breathing issues.
â˘It is also used in humidifiers reservoirs of low-flow oxygen
therapy.
OTHER EXAMPLES:
â˘Virazole
â˘Acetytcysteine
51. CAUTIONS
⢠Should keep them safely.
⢠Should avoid its mistaken use for the intravenous IV
solutions.
⢠The practitioners of health care should recognize the
danger of infusing plain sterile water intravenously.
SIDE EFFECTS
⢠Chest soreness may occur.
⢠Redness/irritation of eye.
⢠Worsening of breathing trouble; slow fast
or irregular heart beat.
⢠Allergic reactions.
53. STERILITY:
Sterility is the absence of life or the absolute freedom from
biological contamination , therefore a product or device is either
sterile or it is contaminated.
STERILIZATION:
It is the process of effectively killing the transmissible agents; such
as micro organisms.
METHODS OF STERILIZATION:
54. What is the need of using STERILE
WATER/its IMPORTANCE ? Why do we
use sterile water for irrigation , injection,
inhalation?
56. IMPORTANCE OF AQUEOUS SOLVENTS:
ď In addition to solubility, solvent selection is also based on
clarity, toxicity, viscosity, compatibility, with excipients,
chemical inertness, palatability, odour, color and economy .
ď In most cases, specially solution for oral opthalmic or
parenteral administration, water is preferred solvent because
it meets the majority of the above criteria better than other
available solvents.
ď A number of fixed oils , such as corn oil, cotton seeds,
peanut oil and sesame oil , serve useful solvent functions.
ď Water is used as solvent for desired flavoring or medicinal
agent .