Its not as good but still comprises outlines for added substances of parenteral in good.
All credit goes to Mr. Saifullah Khan.
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Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
This presentation quotes various pharmaceutical calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, Alligation method, proof spirit calculations, isotonicity adjustment, posology, temperature measurements, dialysis clearance, Pharmacokinetics calculations were covered with examples.
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
This presentation quotes various pharmaceutical calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, Alligation method, proof spirit calculations, isotonicity adjustment, posology, temperature measurements, dialysis clearance, Pharmacokinetics calculations were covered with examples.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
PARENTERAL ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATIONZainab Riaz
PARENTERAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The term parenteral refers to injectable routes of administration of drug.
So as a hole it means outside of intestine.
PARENTRAL MEDICATIONS AND STERILE FLUIDS:
The parenteral route of drug administration are:
1. Intravenous IV
2. Intramuscular IM
3. Intradermal
4. Subcutaneous
PYROGENS: The water used in parenteral should be free of pyrogens.
METHODS OF REMOVING PYROGENS:
1. Distillation
2. Reverse osmosis
3. Heating at 180 degree celcius for 3 to 4 hours
4. Adsorption method
OFFICIAL TYPES OF INJECTIONS:
SOLVENTS AND VEHICLES USED FOR INJECTIONS:
STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION USP
BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION
NaCl injection USP
BACTERIOSTATIC SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP
RINGER INJECTION USP
LACTATED RINGER INJECTION USP
NON AQUEOUS VEHICLES
ADDED SUBSTANCES USED IN PARENTERALS
SOLUBILIZING AGENTS
STABILIZERS
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
ANTI OXIDANTS USED IN PARENTERALS.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS USED AS PRESERVATIVES.pptxDivya Pushp
Preservativeis a substance or chemical that is added to cosmetic product to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
Similar to Additive substances for parenterals (20)
A public awareness piece.. Provides basics of the disease with an emphasis of the fact that this disease is preventable and curable if handled in a righteous way.
It is very brief outline for testing of sterile pharmaceutical preparations i.e parenteral. However, you people can improve the document for further use by referring to USP & BP.
YOUR COMMENTS WILL BE APPRECIATED.
THANKS
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. ADDED SUBSTANCES:-
“Additive substances or additives are generally
employed in parenteral preparation to enhance its
physical and chemical stability i.e shelf life or esthetic
appearance.”
4. CRITERIA OF ADDED SUBSTANCE:-
• It must be non toxic in quantity administered to the patient
• It should not interfere with therapeutic efficacy nor with the
assay of active therapeutic compound
• It must be prevented from adversely affecting the product
6. ANTIMICROBIALS AGENTS:-
A suitable preservative system is required in all multiple dose
parenteral products to inhibit the growth of microorganism
accidentally introduced during withdraw of individual doses.
Preservatives may be to single dose parenteral products that are not
terminally sterilized as a sterility assurance measure i.e. to prevent
the growth of any microorganism that could be introduced of there
were any inadvertent breach of asepsis during filling operations
8. ANTIOXIDANT:-
Many drugs in solutions are subject to oxidative degradation. Such reaction
are mediated by free radicals or by molecular oxygen or removal of hydrogen
. Oxidative decomposition is catalyzed by metal, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
Drugs possessing a favorable oxidation potential will be especially vulnerable
to oxidation. For example, a great number of drugs are formulated in the
reduced form (e.g. epinephrine,morphine,ascorbic acid,e.t.c.) and are easily
oxidized. By increasing the oxidation potential of the drug oxidation can be
minimized. Salts of sulfur dioxide including bisulfite , metabisulfite and sulfite
are the most common antioxidant used in aqueous parenteral.
9. BUFFERS:-
Many drugs require a certain pH range to maintain product stability. Drug stability strongly
depend on the pH of the solution. Change in pH may occur during storage by the following
ways:-
• By dissolving gas constituent in the product
• By releasing of constituents from rubber closures or plastic components in contact with
the product
• By dissolving of gas and vapours from airspace in the container
• Reactions within the product
Buffer system for parenterals consist of either a weak base or a salt of weak base or a
weak acid or salt of weak acid
11. CHELATING AGENT:-
Chelating metals are added to complex and thereby inactivate
metals such as copper, iron , zinc that generally catalyze
oxidative degradation of drug molecules. Sources of metal
combination include raw material impurities solvents such as
water, rubber stoppers, and containers and equipment
employed in the manufacturing process.
13. INERT GASES:-
Another means of enhancing the product integrity of oxygen
sensitive medicaments is by displacing the air the solution with
nitrogen or argon. This technique may be made more effective by
first purging with nitrogen or boiling the water to reduce dissolved
oxygen. The container is also purged with nitrogen or argon before
filling and may also be topped off with gas before sealing.
14. SOLUBILIZING, WETTING AGENTS:-
Solubilizing agents are used to increased drug solubility by using non
aqueous solvents
Examples:-
• Polyethlene glycol
• Ethyl alcohol
• Glycerin
• Lecithin
• povidone
15. SURFACTANTS:-
Surfactants are used :-
• To dispose a water insoluble drugs as a colloidal
dispersion
• For wetting powder
• To prevent crystal growth in a suspension
• To provide acceptable syringability
• For solubilizing steroids and fat soluble vitamins
17. TONICITY ADJUSTMENT AGENTS:-
Isotonicity is important for parenteral preparation because the possibility that
the product may penetrate red blood cell and cause hemolysis is greatly
reduced if the solution is isotonic with blood i.e. the cells maintain their tone.
Solution that less osmotic pressure than the blood plasma called hypotonic
and solution that more osmotic pressure than the blood plasma called
hypertonic. When introduce hypotonic solution cell may swell and offers brust
because of diffusion of waterinto the cell i.e. hemolysis, if introduce
hypertonic solution ,the cell may lose water and shrink.in sotonic solution the
cell maintain their tone and the solution is isotonic with human erythrocytes.
19. PROTECTANT:-
Protectants are used:-
• To protect against loss of activity caused by some stress
• To prevent the loss of active ingredients by adsorption to
process equipment or to primary packaging material
Protectants are used in the formulations of proteins.