Topic: Approaches of Motivation Student Name: Saima Irfan Class: M.Ed. Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)" "Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan

1. Saima Irfan
2k17/MEDMS/21
Presentation Topic On:
“Approaches to Motivation(
Behavioral, Cognitive, Socio-Cultural
and Humanistic)”
Course Title:
“Educational, Psychology and
Guidance”

2. Approaches to
Motivation(Behavioral, Cognitive,
Socio-Cultural and Humanistic)
Four general approaches to motivation:
1. Behavioral Approach
2. Cognitive and Social Cognitive Approach
3. Socio-cultural Approach
4. Humanistic Approach
1. Behavioral Approach
The behavioral approach is based on the concept of
explaining bahavior through observation, and the
belief that our environment is what causes us to behave
differently to suffer illnesses.

3. 2. Cognitive and Social Cognitive
Approach
The Cognitive approach deals with mental processes
like memory and problem solving.
Expectancy x value theories: explanation of
motivation that emphasize individuals’ expectations
for success combing with their valuing of the goal.
3. Socio-Cultural Approach
* Socio-Cultural approaches emphasize the interdepence of social
and individual processes in the co-construction of knowledge.
* The socio-cultural approach examines the influences of social
and cultural environments on behavior.

4. 4. Humanistic Approach
Abraham Maslow (1943) proposed this theory on
human motivation.
The basis of Maslow’s theory is that human beings are
motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower
need to be satisfied before higher need can be
satisfied. According to Maslow, there are general types
of needs (physiological, safety, love and esteem) that
must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly.
He called these needs “deficiency needs”. As long as we
are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving
towards growth, towards self-actualization.

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory
Maslow’s theory assumes that a person attempts to satisfy
the more basic needs before directing behavior toward
satisfying upper-level needs.
Lower-order needs must be satisfied before a higher-order
needs begins to control a person’s behavior.
Based on hypothesis that within every human being there
exists a hierarchy of five needs.

6. Five Needs:
1.Physiological Needs:
Physiological needs are those required to sustain life, such as:
Air, water, food and sleep.
2. Safety Needs:
Once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns to
safety and security in order to be free from the threat of
physical and emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled
by: Living in a safe area, Medical insurance, Job security and
Financial reserves.
3. Social Needs:
Once a person has met the lower level physiological and
safety needs, higher level needs awaken. The first level of
higher level needs are social needs.
Social needs are those related to interaction with others and
may include: Friendship, Belonging to a group and Giving
and receiving love.

7. 4. Esteem Needs:
Once a person feels a sense of “belonging”, the need to feel
important arises. Esteem needs may be classified as
internal or external.
Internal esteem needs are those related to self-esteem such
as respect and achievement.
External esteem needs are those such as social status and
recognition. Some esteem needs are: Self-respect,
Achievement, Attention, Recognition, and Reputation.
5. Self-Actualization:
Self-actualization is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs. It is the quest of reaching one’s full potential as a
person. Self-actualized people tend to have needs such as:
Trust, Justice, Wisdom and Meaning.