This document provides an overview of enculturation and socialization as they relate to identity formation. It discusses key theories around how identities are formed, including psychodynamic, cognitive, and social theories proposed by Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson, and Mead. Norms and values are also defined, with norms representing rules that guide behavior and values representing culturally defined standards of what is good. The document aims to explain how socialization and enculturation enable culture and identities to form through experience and observation of social groups.

1. Enculturation
and
Socialization

2. Essential
Questions
In this unit, you should be able
to:
• explain the development of
one’s self and others as a
product of socialization and
enculturation; and
• identify the context, content,
processes, and consequences of
enculturation and socialization.
• How are identities
formed?
• What is the difference
between norms and
values?
• How do statuses and
roles affect a person’s
social interactions?
2
Learning
Targets

3. Lesson 1: Identity
Formation

4. Identify
Me!
4
How do psychologists and sociologists explain
identity formation?

5. “All members of society
interact with one another. As
they do, they engage in
multiple social processes that
help mold their individual
characteristics, preferences,
and values.
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6. Socialization and
Enculturation
✓ Socialization is the lifelong social
process where people develop
their individual potentials and
learn or adapt culture. The
personal development of people
is dependent on this process.
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7. Enculturation
It is the process where an
individual or a group
learns culture through
experience or
observation.
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8. Enculturation
Enculturation is an important
part of socialization because
it enables culture to be
shared among members of
society.
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9. Enculturation
As you may have already
learned, culture is important
because it facilitates identity
formation. It enables one to
acquire unique qualities, which
are common to a specific social
group. Embracing a culture,
therefore, could be likened to
valid group membership.
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10. Nature
Is a human personality
and identity is inborn
and inherited. This
would mean that who
we are as individuals
are primarily shaped by
our genetics.
Nature versus Nurture
Nurture
It is a principle emphasize
that our personalities are
shaped from birth onwards
by social forces that we
interact with. This would
mean that how we
perceive our world is
based on our environment,
and social groups have a
big impact on the
development of our
personalities.
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11. Theories of Identity
Formation
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As discussed earlier, socialization
greatly influences personality and
identity development. There are
different theories that explain how
individuals form their identities. Let
us discuss each of them.

12. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychodynamic Theory
Sigmund Freud placed great
emphasis on the unconscious in
identity development.
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13. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychodynamic Theory
According to him, human beings
have a basic need to express their sexual
tensions and aggression, and because these
are typically not acceptable mechanisms in
society, human beings suffer from anxiety
that pave way for the development of
neuroticism and other psychological
fixations.
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14. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychodynamic Theory
Freud relied heavily on biology
and genetics to explain human
behavior. While his theories do not
have any empirical basis, he still
became a pillar in psychology among
his contemporaries.
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15. 15
Human identity
development is
influenced greatly by
cognitive processes,
that is, the mechanisms
of the brain. He came to
understand human
behavior upon
observing his three
children growing up.

16. 16
Piaget hypothesized that
humans develop their
personalities during
childhood, in four particular
stages, namely:
sensorimotor stage,
preoperational stage,
concrete operational stage,
and formal operational
stage.

17. Lawrence Kohlberg’s
Theory of Moral
Development
17
Basing his theory on
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Development, Lawrence
Kohlberg postulated that human
beings also develop moral
identities as influenced by their
environmental and interpersonal
experiences.

18. Lawrence Kohlberg’s
Theory of Moral
Development
18
Kohlberg theorized that human
beings begin to face moral issues on
their own at the preconventional level,
during which kids form their sense of
right and wrong. As children grow
older, they move on to the succeeding
stages of moral development.

19. Lawrence Kohlberg’s
Theory of Moral
Development
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Ultimately, they apply their
moral identities – their
sense of right or wrong –
within society and in their
interpersonal relationships.

20. Erik Erikson’s Post-
Freudian Theory
20
Erik Erikson is a psychodynamic
theorist who formulated his own theory,
which may be considered as an extension
of Freud’s. According to Erikson, human
development does not end at childhood but
at old age. In a person’s lifetime, there is a
continuous process of identity
development that is characterized by eight
particular stages

21. Erik Erikson’s Post-
Freudian Theory
21
For every stage, there is a conflict that needs to
be resolved. The outcome of such conflict
resolution paves the way for the development of
personality and identity. Erikson’s theory is
lauded by many of his contemporaries due to its
extensive view of personality and its effort to
use environmental and social factors as primary
influencers of personality development.

22. George Herbert Mead’s Theory of
the Social Self
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Mead greatly emphasized in his
theory that personality and identity
development is a product of social
experience. According to him, people
exchange ideas in a manner that is symbolic
and meaningful. He placed importance upon
how people perceive themselves and how
these perceptions are greatly affected by
social interactions.

23. Remember:
Contemporary social scientists argue that there
is no correct option between nature and nurture
as both are important factors in a person’s
development. This would mean that biological
and environmental factors complement each
other to form unique identities. These factors
are also influenced by society and culture.
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24. Activity: Identify if the statement is true or false.
1. Erik Erikson is a psychodynamic theorist who
formulated his own theory as an extension of Freud’s.
2. According to supporters of the nature principle, human
personality and identity is inborn and inherited.
3. Socialization is the lifelong social process where
people develop their individual potentials and learn or
adapt culture.
4. Contemporary social scientists argue that there is no
correct option between nature and nurture as both
instances are salient in ensuring a person’s development.
5. Lawrence Kohlberg postulated that human beings also
develop moral identities as influenced by their
environmental and interpersonal experiences.
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25. Lesson 2:
Norms and
Values
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26. Lesson 2: Norms and Values
26
Norms are rules or expectations
that guide the behaviors of
members of the society. For
every society, norms are
important factors in keeping
peace and order. They set the
standards of what is acceptable
and unacceptable behavior
within the group

27. Lesson 2: Norms and Values
27
Norms are rules or expectations
that guide the behaviors of
members of the society. For
every society, norms are
important factors in keeping
peace and order. They set the
standards of what is acceptable
and unacceptable behavior
within the group

28. Our process is easy
28
Individuals are encouraged to
conform to social norms every
single day. As such, different ways
of social adaptation and behaviors
have emerged. Along with this, two
types of norms have been identified
by sociologists.

29. 29

30. It is important to remember that
norms—either mores or folkways—are forms
of social control or ways by which people’s
behaviors and actions in society are regulated
or controlled. Social control is important
because it ensures organization and peace in
society. It tries to control behaviors and
social activities in order to avoid conflicts
that may affect the bigger social group.
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31. 31
Values are culturally-defined
standards that people see as good,
acceptable, and desirable that serve
as broad guidelines of living. Values
are developed through socialization.
Through social interactions,
individuals learn to embrace certain
qualities and behaviors that they deem
necessary to becoming acceptable
social beings.

32. Directions: Identify whether the following go against
mores or folkways.
1.Basty purposely punched his Math tutor after she
explained to him that his answers to the exercise were
all incorrect.
2. Regina does not go to mass every single day, even if
she belongs to a devout Catholic family.
3. Mariel habitually comes to the office late, turns in
her assignments beyond the deadline, and avoids
communication with her workmates.
4. Kristine got into a fight with a police officer because
she refused to accept a ticket for over speeding.
5. Mario committed burglary after he declared
bankruptcy
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33. Thank you
for
listening!
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