Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
Operant condition theory is one among prominent behaviorist theories proposed by Skinner. The slides will help to unfold basic ideas about this theory.
Topic: Theory of Learning (Classical Conditioning)
Student Name: Sunena Imtaiz
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This descriptive ppt on Behaviorism will help to take the knowledge in crux. It includes how the behaviorism came into fame after the fall of Psychology and goals of behaviorism. It includes the brief contribution of Watson and B.F Skinner two leading forces of Behaviorism. It includes classical conditioning, S-R relationship,it also includes operant conditioning. It also states about the criticism of Behaviorism.
This presentation will help you understand the concepts and principles used in Operant conditioning. This will also help you to understand the difference between classical and operant conditioning.
In reality, people do not respond exactly like
Pavlov's dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets.
These techniques are also useful in the treatment of phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations
Operant condition theory is one among prominent behaviorist theories proposed by Skinner. The slides will help to unfold basic ideas about this theory.
Topic: Theory of Learning (Classical Conditioning)
Student Name: Sunena Imtaiz
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This descriptive ppt on Behaviorism will help to take the knowledge in crux. It includes how the behaviorism came into fame after the fall of Psychology and goals of behaviorism. It includes the brief contribution of Watson and B.F Skinner two leading forces of Behaviorism. It includes classical conditioning, S-R relationship,it also includes operant conditioning. It also states about the criticism of Behaviorism.
This presentation will help you understand the concepts and principles used in Operant conditioning. This will also help you to understand the difference between classical and operant conditioning.
In reality, people do not respond exactly like
Pavlov's dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets.
These techniques are also useful in the treatment of phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations
Customer behaviour, deatils of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning Johirul Alam
Major differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning , Classical Conditioning uses in marketing strategy, Hamburgers and Automobiles marketing strategy.
6LearningRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of.docxfredharris32
6
Learning
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Learning
Acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience
Associative learning: Learning that certain events occur together
Events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.
Cognitive learning: Acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language
2
Forms of Conditioning
Classical conditioning
One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Produces respondent behavior
Operant conditioning
One learns to associate an action and its consequence.
Produces operant behavior
Conditioning - A process of learning associations.
Stimulus: Any event or situation that evokes a response.
Respondent behavior: Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant behavior: Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
3
Figure 6.1 - Classical Conditioning
4
Figure 6.2 - Operant Conditioning
Retrieve and Remember 1
Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?
ANSWER: Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and, as a result, learn associations—often without our awareness. For example, we may have eaten a sweet pastry with a cup of coffee often enough to associate the flavor of the coffee with the treat, so that the cup of coffee alone just doesn’t seem right anymore!
6
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s experiments
Pavlov’s legacy
Figure 6.3 - Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
8
Classical Conditioning: Terms
Neutral stimulus (NS): Evokes no response before conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US): Unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
Unconditioned response (UR): Unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
9
Conditioned Response and Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Irrelevant stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Pavlov’s Experiments
Explored conditioning processes
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Ivan Pavlov: “Experimental investigation…
should lay a solid foundation for a future true
science of psychology” (1927).
Retrieve and Remember 2
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff that causes your eye to blink.
After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone.
What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
ANSWERS: NS = tone before conditioning; US = air puff; UR = blink to air puff; CS = tone after conditioning; CR = blink to tone
12
Acquisition
I.
this ppt contains almost all concepts of freud's psychodynamic theory of personality. It can be very helpful for psychology students for understanding the concept and for their psychology notes.
Building Emotional Intelligence: A key to successful life.Aachal Taywade
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this ppt gives a brief description about aptitude testing, types and examples of aptitude tests. it is a useful ppt for students of psychology for preparing their psychology notes.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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5. Conditioning
“…a process by which people or animals are
trained to behave in a particular way
when particular things happen.”
12/21/16 5
6. Classical Conditioning
Proposed by: Dr. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a
famous Russian physiologist. He had won
Nobel Prize for this discovery.
Other names of CC: Respondent Conditioning/
Pavlovian Conditioning.
Definition: “…learning that takes place when a
conditioned stimulus is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus.”
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7. How Pavlov Discovered CC?
• Actually Pavlov was studying the digestive
system of dog. During his studies he noticed
that his dogs, started secreting saliva as soon
as they saw the empty plate in which food
was served.
• Ideally, plate is not a stimuli that is sufficient
to activate hunger drive and secrete saliva. So
he designed the experiment to see if other
neutral stimuli can also do the same job.
12/21/16 7
8. The Experiment
Setup: Dog is kept hungry on experimental table
fitted with mechanically controlled devices
observer is hidden from dog but he can see the
dog through mirrors .
Procedure:
1.Bell sound Food is produced.
2.Dog Sees food Salivates.
3.Step 1 is repeated several times.
4.Bell Sound Dog Salivates.
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10. Concept of US, UR, CS, CR
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US): produces response
without prior learning (eg. Food)
• Unconditioned Response (UR): the response to US.
This is not due to learning. (eg., salivation on seeing
food).
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): it is that stimulus which was
previously neutral. It produces response after learning/
Classical Conditioning has occurred. (eg., sound of
bell).
• Conditioned Response (CR): the response to CS. This is
due to learning. (eg., salivation on hearing bell).
12/21/16 10
11. Before conditioning US UR
(Food) (Salivation on seeing food)
During conditioning CS+US UR
(Food + Bell) (Salivation on seeing food)
After Conditioning CS CR
(Bell)
(Salivation on hearing bell
sound.)
12/21/16 11
12. Determinants of Classical Conditioning
1. Time Relations between Stimuli:
a) Simultaneous Conditioning
b) Delayed Conditioning
c) Trace Conditioning
d) Backward Conditioning
a), b), c) are also called as forward conditioning.
1. Type of Unconditioned Stimuli:
a) Appetitive
b) Aversive.
2. Intensity of Conditioned Stimuli
12/21/16 12
13. Time Relations between Stimuli:
a) Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US are
presented and terminated together.
b) Delayed conditioning: CS is presented, leave
it for a while present US and terminate CS &
US together. This is most effective way.
c) Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends
before US is presented.
d) Backward conditioning: CS is presented after
US is terminated.
12/21/16 13
15. NOTE:
Delayed conditioning is found to be most effective way
of producing a strong conditioned response.
According to Ross & Ross (1971), whichever sequence
is used, the time between the stimuli may be critical.
The optimal interval between the onset of CS and the
onset of US is very short, Typically between one- half
and one second. As this interval increases, CS usually
weakens. When this gap is more than several seconds,
no learning is achieved. Except in learning aversions to
certain tastes.
12/21/16 15
16. Type of Unconditioned Stimuli :
The US used in studies of CC are basically of two types:
i. Appetitive US automatically elicits approach responses, such as
eating, drinking, caressing, etc. These responses give
satisfaction and pleasure.
ii. Aversive US such as noise, bitter taste, electric shock, painful
injections, etc. are painful, harmful, and elicit avoidance and
escape responses.
Appetitive classical conditioning is slower and requires greater
number of acquisition trials, but aversive classical conditioning
is established in one, two or three trials depending on the
intensity of the aversive US.
12/21/16 16
17. Intensity of Conditioned Stimuli
• This influences the course of both appetitive
and aversive classical conditioning.
• More intense CS are more effective in
accelerating the acquisition of CR.
• The more intense the CS, the fewer are the
number of acquisition trials needed for
conditioning.
12/21/16 17
18. Some important concepts
• Extinction: Repetition of CS without US
vanishes CR.
• Spontaneous Recovery: After extinction, if CS
is repeatedly followed by US, CR will once
again be produced. (Re-learning)
• Stimulus Generalization : CR is produced on
stimuli that are similar to CS.
• Stimulus Discrimination: CR is produced on
specific CS only.
12/21/16 18
19. Application
• Most fears are produced by CC.
Therefore, CC techniques are used to
eliminate phobia. Most of the treatments
for phobia are based on CC principles.
• Addictions are also developed by CC
itself. Like phobia, CC principles are used
to treat addiction as well.
• CC plays an important role in
hypertension as well. Research says that
high B.P. is easily conditioned to stressful
events. Thus, a person who has
experienced many stressful events at
home/workplace, shows high B.P. by
simply walking into that environment.
• Systematic desensitization is a form of
therapy which was used to treat anxiety
disorders. Its no more used now-a-days.
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