Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning to explain how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences. He identified reinforcement, punishment, and extinction as processes that influence whether behaviors increase or decrease. Skinner argued that behaviors can be shaped through differential reinforcement by gradually moving an organism closer to a desired behavior. Behavior modification techniques apply operant conditioning principles to change behaviors by reinforcing wanted actions and reducing unwanted ones.
This descriptive ppt on Behaviorism will help to take the knowledge in crux. It includes how the behaviorism came into fame after the fall of Psychology and goals of behaviorism. It includes the brief contribution of Watson and B.F Skinner two leading forces of Behaviorism. It includes classical conditioning, S-R relationship,it also includes operant conditioning. It also states about the criticism of Behaviorism.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
behavioral theory formed the basis of most of the learning theory applied in child rearing and in classrooms. Parents and teachers still find that, in many instances, individuals do learn when provided with the appropriate blend of stimuli, rewards, negative reinforcement, and punishments. Especially with small children and simpler tasks, behavioral principles are often effective.
Eventually, however, educators began to feel that although stimulus-response does explain many human behaviors and has a legitimate place in instruction, behaviorism alone was not sufficient to explain all the phenomena observed in learning situations. The teacher’s are able to use this approach but they have to consider about the weaknesses and try to solve the weaknesses.
Operant condition theory is one among prominent behaviorist theories proposed by Skinner. The slides will help to unfold basic ideas about this theory.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
45 slides I have made which consists of three important learning theories; Classical Conditioning Theory, Operant Conditioning Theory and Observant Conditioning Theory and empirical studies of each.
This descriptive ppt on Behaviorism will help to take the knowledge in crux. It includes how the behaviorism came into fame after the fall of Psychology and goals of behaviorism. It includes the brief contribution of Watson and B.F Skinner two leading forces of Behaviorism. It includes classical conditioning, S-R relationship,it also includes operant conditioning. It also states about the criticism of Behaviorism.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
behavioral theory formed the basis of most of the learning theory applied in child rearing and in classrooms. Parents and teachers still find that, in many instances, individuals do learn when provided with the appropriate blend of stimuli, rewards, negative reinforcement, and punishments. Especially with small children and simpler tasks, behavioral principles are often effective.
Eventually, however, educators began to feel that although stimulus-response does explain many human behaviors and has a legitimate place in instruction, behaviorism alone was not sufficient to explain all the phenomena observed in learning situations. The teacher’s are able to use this approach but they have to consider about the weaknesses and try to solve the weaknesses.
Operant condition theory is one among prominent behaviorist theories proposed by Skinner. The slides will help to unfold basic ideas about this theory.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
45 slides I have made which consists of three important learning theories; Classical Conditioning Theory, Operant Conditioning Theory and Observant Conditioning Theory and empirical studies of each.
An operant is a set of acts which constitutes an organism doing
something. In the process of operant conditioning operant responses are modified or changed by reinforcement Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior. An operant is a set of acts which constitutes an organism doing something. In the process of operant conditioning operant responses are modified or changed by reinforcement. It is called trial and error learning .
Video link: You can see video from YouTube also
https://youtu.be/BfK8O61ar4E
www.youtube.com/channel/UCAxHLKkrYaZ62adpr47kr8w?view_as=subscriber
Skinner Operant conditioning | Thorndike trial and error learning ProfessorBellaLetstr
Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior. An operant is a set of acts which constitutes an organism doing something. In the process of operant conditioning operant responses are modified or changed by reinforcement. It is called trial and error learning .you can download it link is given
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R02XvbCA5oCp7Ol36Wai7cXcgMr-pkqe/view?usp=sharing
www.youtube.com/channel/UCAxHLKkrYaZ62adpr47kr8w?view_as=subscriber
This presentation will help you understand the concepts and principles used in Operant conditioning. This will also help you to understand the difference between classical and operant conditioning.
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Reproductive Physiology Overview
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Reproductive system physiology
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The reproductive system is responsible for the production and development of offspring. It includes various organs and structures that differ between males and females. In this response, I will provide an overview of the reproductive system physiology for both males and females.
Male Reproductive System Physiology:
Testes: The testes are the primary male reproductive organs. They produce sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis and secrete the hormone testosterone.
Epididymis: The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the surface of each testis. It serves as a site for sperm maturation and storage.
Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is a muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands: These accessory glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and protects the sperm. The seminal fluid is combined with sperm to form semen.
Urethra: The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder and also serves as a passage for semen during ejaculation.
Female Reproductive System Physiology:
Ovaries: The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs. They produce ova (eggs) through a process called oogenesis and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes are ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They serve as the site for fertilization, where the sperm meets and fertilizes the egg.
Uterus: The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy.
Cervix: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It contains a small opening called the os, which allows the passage of menstrual blood and sperm.
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Mammary Glands: While not directly part of the reproductive system, the mammary glands in the breasts produce milk for nourishing newborns after childbirth.
Hormonal Regulation:
The reproductive system is regulated by hormones that coordinate and control its functions. In males, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes, while FSH promotes sperm production.
In females, the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which triggers the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces pro
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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3. Introduction to B. F Skinner
• By the 1920s, John B. Watson had left
academic psychology and
other behaviorists were becoming
influential, proposing new forms of
learning other than classical conditioning.
• Perhaps the most important of these was
Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
4. • Skinner's views were slightly less extreme
than those of Watson (1913).
• Skinner believed that we do have such a
thing as a mind, but that it is simply more
productive to study observable behavior
rather than internal mental events.
5. Cont …
• He believed that the best way to
understand behavior is to look at the
causes of an action and its consequences.
• He called this approach operant
conditioning.
6. Operant Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning deals with operants -
intentional actions that have an effect on
the surrounding environment.
• Skinner set out to identify the processes
which made certain operant behaviours
more or less likely to occur
7.
8. • Skinner is regarded as the father of
Operant Conditioning, but his work was
based on Thorndike’s law of effect.
• Skinner introduced a new term into the
Law of Effect - Reinforcement.
• Behavior which is reinforced tends to be
repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior
which is not reinforced tends to die out-or
be extinguished (i.e. weakened).
9. • B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term
operant conditioning;
• it means roughly changing of behavior by
the use of reinforcement which is given
after the desired response
• Skinner identified three types of responses
or operant that can follow behavior.
10.
11. Neutral operant
• Neutral operants: responses from the
environment that neither increase nor
decrease the probability of a behavior
being repeated.
12. Reinforcer
• Reinforcers: Responses from the
environment that increase the probability
of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers
can be either positive or negative.
13. Punisher
• Punishers: Responses from the
environment that decrease the likelihood
of a behavior being repeated. Punishment
weakens behavior.
14.
15. Positive reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement strengthens a
behavior by providing a consequence an
individual finds rewarding.
• For example, if your teacher gives you £5
each time you complete your homework
(i.e. a reward) you will be more likely to
repeat this behavior in the future, thus
strengthening the behavior of completing
your homework.
16. Negative Reinforcement
• The removal of an unpleasant reinforcer
can also strengthen behavior.
• This is known as negative reinforcement
because it is the removal of an adverse
stimulus which is ‘rewarding’ to the animal
or person.
• Negative reinforcement strengthens
behavior because it stops or removes an
unpleasant experience.
17. • For example, if you do not complete your
homework, you give your teacher £5. You
will complete your homework to avoid
paying £5, thus strengthening the behavior
of completing your homework.
18. Punishment
• Punishment is defined as the opposite of
reinforcement since it is designed to
weaken or eliminate a response rather
than increase it.
• It is an aversive event that decreases the
behavior that it follows
19. Problems with punishment
• There are many problems with using
punishment, such as:
• Punished behavior is not forgotten, it's
suppressed - behavior returns when
punishment is no longer present.
• Causes increased aggression - shows that
aggression is a way to cope with
problems.
20. Cont…
• Creates fear that can generalize to
undesirable behaviors, e.g., fear of school.
• Does not necessarily guide toward desired
behavior - reinforcement tells you what to
do, punishment only tells you what not to
do.
21.
22.
23. • In operant conditioning if no food pellet is
delivered immediately after the lever is
pressed then after several attempts the rat
stops pressing the lever
• (how long would someone continue to go
to work if their employer stopped paying
them?).
• The behavior has been extinguished.
24. Different ways of Delivering
Reinforcement
• Ferster and Skinner (1957) devised
different ways of delivering reinforcement,
and found that this had effects on
• 1. The Response Rate - The rate at which
the rat pressed the lever (i.e. how hard the
rat worked).
• 2. The Extinction Rate - The rate at
which lever pressing dies out (i.e. how
soon the rat gave up)
25. • An animal/human is positively reinforced
every time a specific behaviour occurs,
e.g. every time a lever is pressed a pellet
is delivered and then food delivery is shut
off.
• Response rate is SLOW
• Extinction rate is FAST
26. • Behavior is reinforced only after the
behavior occurs a specified number of
times.one reinforcement is given after
every so many correct responses, e.g.
after every 5th response.
• For example a child receives a star for
every five words spelt correctly.
• Response rate is FAST
• Extinction rate is MEDIUM
27.
28. • One reinforcement is given after a fixed
time interval providing at least one correct
response has been made. An example is
being paid by the hour.
• Response rate is MEDIUM
• Extinction rate is MEDIUM
29. • Behavior is reinforced after an
unpredictable number of times. For
examples gambling or fishing.
• Response rate is FAST
• Extinction rate is SLOW (very hard to
extinguish because of unpredictability )
30. • Providing one correct response has been
made, reinforcement is given after an
unpredictable amount of time has passed,
e.g. on average every 5 minutes.
• An example is a self-employed person
being paid at unpredictable times.
• Response rate is FAST
• Extinction rate is SLOW
31.
32. • Skinner argues that the principles of
operant conditioning can be used to
produce extremely complex behaviour if
rewards and punishments are delivered in
such a way as to encourage move an
organism closer and closer to the desired
behaviour each time.
33. • According to Skinner, most animal and
human behaviour (including language) can
be explained as a product of this type of
successive approximation
34. Behavior modification
• Behavior modification is a set of therapies
/ techniques based on operant
conditioning (Skinner, 1938, 1953).
• The main principle comprises changing
environmental events that are related to a
person's behavior.
• For example, the reinforcement of desired
behaviors and ignoring or punishing
undesired ones.