- Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cell count or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia affects around 2 billion people worldwide including 20-40% of people in India.
- Iron-deficiency anaemia is classified based on the underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction, or loss of red blood cells.
- Diagnosis involves examination of symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests including a blood smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on the severity of the deficiency.
LR&H - Clinical case highlighting the approach to anaemia in small animalsI Want To Become A Vet
Clinical case focusing on the topic of lymphoreticular and haemopoetic. The cases aim to highlight commonly presenting concerns and how the similar presenting complaints can represent very different disease processes. The cases are presented in a fashion so that they can be worked through in the same approach a working vet would. The level is intended for pre-veterinary students and veterinary students.
For more information please go to http://IWantToBecomeAVet.com
LR&H - Clinical case highlighting the approach to anaemia in small animalsI Want To Become A Vet
Clinical case focusing on the topic of lymphoreticular and haemopoetic. The cases aim to highlight commonly presenting concerns and how the similar presenting complaints can represent very different disease processes. The cases are presented in a fashion so that they can be worked through in the same approach a working vet would. The level is intended for pre-veterinary students and veterinary students.
For more information please go to http://IWantToBecomeAVet.com
Anemia Indian scenario In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Dr Ashutosh Ojha
this is a comprehensive presentation in Post Doctoral Certificate in Nephrology training program. At Gauhati Medical College Hospital ,Dept Of Nephrology.
Romanowsky Stain /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This is a slide presentation for MBBS students. a brief overview of hemochromatosis, an iron overload condition. overview of hemochromatosis, pathophysiology, clinical features, approach, and management
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Anaemia: Definition of anaemia and prevalence of IDD
Anaemia is defined as ‘a reduction of the
haemoglobin concentration, red-cell count, or packed
cell volume to below normal levels’.
Some 2 billion people worldwide are affected by iron-
deficiency anaemia (IDD).
IDD is widely prevalent in India, with
20% of adult males,
40% of children and adult non-pregnant females
80% of pregnant females being affected.
3. Classification
The main groups of anaemias classified according to the
underlying cause
Reduced red-cell production:
• Defective precursor proliferation
• Defective precursor maturation
• Defective proliferation and maturation
Increased rate of red-cell destruction:
• Haemolysis
Loss of red cells from the circulation:
• Bleeding
4. Distribution and loss of iron
1.The total amount of iron in the adult body is between 3 and 4 gm as haem
2. Haem is found as haemoglobin and myoglobin, although appreciable
quantities are found the liver, kidney and intestine
3. In a normal individual, the average red cell life span is 120 days. Thus,
0.8–1% of red cells turn over each day. Because each milliliter of red cells
contains 1 mg of elemental iron, the amount of iron needed to replace
those red cells lost through senescence amounts to 20 mg/d (assuming an
adult with a red cell mass of 2 L
Adult male 80 kg (mg) Adult female 60 kg (mg)
Haemoglobin 2500 1700
Myoglobin/ enzymes 500 300
Transferrin iron 3 3
Stores 600 to 1000 0 to 300
5. Recommended daily allowance for iron.
Current recommended dietary allowances of iron for
Indians:
Boy 16-18yrs 50 (mg of iron/day)
Girl 16-18 30
Men >18 28
Women >18 30
Pregnant women 38
*Computed based on absorption rates of 3 per cent for males,5 percent for females
6. Causes of iron deficiency
Increased Demand for Iron
Rapid growth in infancy or adolescence
Pregnancy
Erythropoietin therapy
Increased Iron Loss
Chronic blood loss
Menses
Acute blood loss
Blood donation
Phlebotomy as treatment for polycythemia vera
Decreased Iron Intake or Absorption
Inadequate diet
Malabsorption from disease (sprue, Crohn's disease)
Malabsorption from surgery (postgastrectomy)
Acute or chronic inflammation
7. Absorption of iron from gut and homeostasis
Iron absorption—this occurs in the duodenum and upper jejunum and
the following complex processes are involved:
(1) divalent metal transporter protein (DMT1)—essential for
uptake of ferrous ions by gut cells and erythron
(2) ferrireductase—reduces ferric form to ferrous
(3) uptake of haem by enterocytes—mediated by an unknown
membrane protein;
(4) ferroportin—mediates egress of ferric ions from enterocytes.
Iron homeostasis—this is maintained by rigorous control of absorption
from the diet orchestrated by the peptide hormone, hepcidin, which is
synthesized by the liver and regulates the process by inhibiting efflux
of iron from enterocytes.
8. Iron metabolism and Haem synthesis
Most body iron is present in haemoglobin in circulating
red cells
The macrophages of the reticuloendotelial system store
iron released from haemoglobin as ferritin and
haemosiderin
They release iron to plasma, where it attaches to transferrin
which takes it to tissues with transferrin receptors –
especially the bone marrow – where the iron is
incorporated by erythroid cells into haemoglobin
There is a small loss of iron each day in urine, faeces, skin
and nails and in menstruating females as blood (1-2 mg
daily) is replaced by iron absorbed from the diet.
10. Stages in the development of iron deficiency*
Prelatent :- the stage of negative iron balance
reduction in iron stores without reduced serum iron
levels
Latent:- stage of iron-deficient erythropoiesis
iron stores are exhausted, but the blood haemoglobin
level remains normal
Stage of Iron deficiency anemia
blood haemoglobin concentration falls below the lower
limit of normal
*discussed in detail later
11. Approach to IDD will be considered under the
following heads:
History
Clinical features: general and specific
Examination
Blood tests
Bone marrow picture
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
12. History
In slowly developing anaemia, even at very low
haemoglobin levels, symptoms of anaemia may be absent.
History of a sore tongue, dysphagia, dyspepsia, bleeding
from any site, and of symptoms suggestive of
malabsorption is important in cases of anaemia.
Family history is important mainly in haemolytic anaemias
eg. thalassaemias in Sindhis, Kutchhis
Sickle cell disease in Patels
G-6-PD deficiency in Parsis
13. Symptoms of anaemias in general
Can be classified as per each system:
Fatigue
Dizziness, light headedness
Headache
Insomnia
Tinnitus
Palpitation
Dyspnoea
Lethargy
Disturbances in menstruation, reduced libido
Impaired growth in infancy
14. Symptoms of IDD
Irritability
Poor attention span with lack of interest in
surroundings
Poor work performance
Behavioural disturbances
Pica (geophagia. pagophagia, abnormal food cravings)
Defective structure and function of epithelial tissue
especially affected are the hair, the skin, the nails, the tongue,
the mouth, the hypopharynx and the stomach
Increased frequency of infection.
15. Pica (perverted eating habits)
The habitual ingestion of unusual substances
earth, clay (geophagia)
laundry starch (amylophagia)
ice (pagophagia)
Usually is a manifestation of iron deficiency and is
relieved when the deficiency is treated
It is dangerous because it can lead to helmenthiasis
(hookworm)
16. Abnormalities in physical examination
Pallor - of skin, lips, nail beds and conjunctival mucosa
Nails - flattened, fragile, brittle,
-koilonychia( hollow nail) due to retarded growth of nail plate.
3 stages: brittleness, platynychia and spooning
Tongue and mouth
Atrophic glossitis, angular cheiliosis, stomatitis
Dysphagia
Stomach
atrophic gastritis, (reduction in gastric secretion,
malabsorption)
The cause of these changes in iron deficiency is uncertain,
but may be related to the iron requirement of many
enzymes present in epithelial and other cells
19. Laboratory investigations
The single most important investigation is a careful examination of a
good-quality Romanowsky-stained peripheral smear (PS).
Some common morphologic abnormalities of the red cells seen on PBS
in IDD are as follows :
Abnormality Significance
Hypochromia (Defective haemoglobinisation) iron-deficiency anaemia,
thalassaemias
Microcytosis (Defective haemoglobinisation) iron-deficiency anaemia,
thalassaemias
Anisocytosis (Variation in size of cells) iron-deficiency anaemia,
thalassaemias
haemoglobinopathies
Pencil cells and target cells are amongst others to be seen and both are the
result of defective haemoglobinisation and/or excess membrane
21. Pencil cells: Oval to elongated, ellipsoid shape with central
area of pallor and hemoglobin at both ends of cell
Significance: Iron deficiency anaemia (Elongated cells)
Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (Oval Cells)
23. Target Cells:
Characterised by thin “bulls-eye” shape and an increase in the surface
membrane area to volume ratio due to a decrease in Hb
Significance: Iron Deficiency Anaemia,
Vit B12 deficiency Anaemia and
other disorders (eg Liver Disorders, Thalassemia)
24. Reticulocyte count: (N= upto 2%)
This gives an estimate of the adequacy of the marrow
response to the anaemia.
Reticulocytes are young red cells with presence of
nuclear remnants in the cytoplasm
Reticulocytopenia occurs in nutritional deficiency
anaemias and aplastic anaemia
25. Laboratory findings (1)
Blood tests
erythrocytes
hemoglobin level
packed cell volume (PCV)
RBC
MCV and MCH
Retic count
anisocytosis
poikilocytosis
Hypochromia
leukocytes
normal
platelets
usually normal or thrombocytosis
26. Iron studies
Serum Iron - the amount of circulating iron bound to
transferrin(normal range is 50–150 g/dL)
Total Iron-Binding Capacity(TIBC) - an indirect measure of the
circulating transferrin (normal range is 300–360 g/dL)
the serum ferritin level correlates with total body iron stores; thus,
is the most convenient laboratory test to estimate iron stores. The
normal value for ferritin in Adult males 100 g/L, while adult females
30 g/L.
Red cell protoporphyrin : reflects an inadequate iron supply to
erythroid precursors to support hemoglobin synthesis. Normal
values are <30 g/dL of red cells. In iron deficiency, values in excess
of 100 g/dL are seen.
Serum Levels of Transferrin Receptor Protein: because transferrin
receptor protein (TRP) is released by cells into the circulation,
serum levels of TRP reflect the total erythroid marrow mass.
Normal values are 4–9 g/L
27. Laboratory findings (2)
Iron metabolism tests
serum iron concentration
total iron-binding capacity
saturation of transferrin
serum ferritin levels
sideroblasts
serum transferrin receptors
28. Bone marrow examination
Staining of iron stores in the bone marrow with Perls’s
reagent where it appears blue.
Examination of the amount of iron provides useful
information as to the appropriateness of iron therapy for
hypochromic anaemia eg. In CKD, Chronic inflammation.
29. Laboratory findings (3)
Bone marrow examination
high cellularity
mild to moderate erythroid hyperplasia
bone marrow shows absence of stainable iron
30. Stages in the development of iron deficiency
Prelatent :- the stage of negative iron balance
reduction in iron stores without reduced serum iron levels
Hb (N), MCV (N), iron absorption (), transferin saturation (N),
serum ferritin (), marrow iron ()
Latent:- stage of iron-deficient erythropoiesis
iron stores are exhausted, but the blood haemoglobin level
remains normal
Hb (N), MCV (N), TIBC (), serum ferritin (), transferin saturation
(), marrow iron (absent)
Stage of Iron deficiency anemia
blood haemoglobin concentration falls below the lower limit
of normal
Hb (), MCV (), TIBC (), serum ferritin (), transferin saturation
(), marrow iron (absent)
31. Differential diagnosis
Tests Iron Deficiency Inflammation Thalassemia Sideroblastic
Anemia
Smear Micro/hypo Normal
micro/hypo
Micro/hypo with
targeting
Variable
Sr.Iron <30 <50 Normal to high Normal to high
TIBC >360 <300 Normal Normal
Percent
saturation
<10 10–20 30–80 30–80
Ferritin (g/L) <15 30–200 50–300 50–300
Hemoglobin
pattern on
electrophoresis
Normal Normal Abnormal with
thalassemia; can
be normal with
thalassemia
Normal
32. Management of iron deficiency anemia
Correction of the iron deficiency
Orally
Blood transfusion
intravenously
Treatment of the underlying disease
33. Blood tranfusion (PRC’s)
Indications:
Symptoms of anemia
Cardiovascular instability
Continued and excessive blood loss from whatever source
Advantages:
1. Transfusions correct the anemia acutely
2. Transfused red cells provide a source of iron for
reutilization (assuming they are not lost through
continued bleeding.)
34. Oral iron therapy
The optimal daily dose - 300 mg of elemental ironOral iron preparations
Generic Name Tablet (Iron Content) in mg
and % of absorption
Ferrous sulfate 325 (65) 20% ( Fefol, Fesovit, Orofer)
Ferrous fumarate 325 (107) 33% (Vitcofol. Livogen, Enzofer)
Ferrous gluconate 325 (39) 12%
Polysaccharide iron 150 (150) 100%
35. Oral iron: additional points
continue treatment for 3 - 6 months after the anemia is
relived
side effects
heartburn, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea
iron absorption
is enhanced: vitC, meat, orange juice, fish
is inhibited: cereals, tea, milk (tannin, phylates and
phosphates)
36. Failure of oral therapy
Incorrect diagnosis
Complicating illness
Failure of the patient to take prescribed medication
Inadequate prescription (dose or form)
Continuing iron loss in excess of intake
Malabsorption of iron
37. Parenteral iron therapy (1)
Is indicated when the patient
intolerance to oral iron
loses iron (blood) at a rate to rapid for the oral
intake
is unable to absorb iron from gastrointestinal
tract
38. Parenteral iron therapy (ii)
Preparations and administration
iron - dextran complex (50mg iron /ml)
intramuscularly or intravenously
necessary is the test for hypersensitivity, no longer
used
newer iron complexes such as sodium ferric gluconate
(Ferrlecit) and iron sucrose (Venofer) have lower rates
of adverse effects.
iron to be injected (mg) = (15-pts Hb/gm%) x body weight
(kg) x2.3 + 1000(for stores)
39. Side effects
Local:
pain at the injection site, discoloration of the skin,
lymph nodes become tender for several weeks, pain in
the vein injected, flushing, metallic taste
Systemic:
Immediate: hypotension, headache, malaise,
urticaria, nausea, anaphylactoid reactions
Delayed: lymphadenopathy, myalgia, arthralgia,
fever