Regina Anthony, a 30-year-old pregnant woman at 27 weeks gestation, presented with dizziness, generalized body weakness, swollen limbs, and paleness for 3 months. On examination, she appeared pale and sickly. Laboratory results showed severe anemia with a hemoglobin of 7.1 g/dL. She was diagnosed with severe anemia in pregnancy secondary to HIV infection. She received blood transfusions, antiretroviral therapy, and treatment for anemia. Anemia is common in pregnancy and can be caused by iron deficiency, infection, or other nutritional deficiencies. It poses serious risks if left untreated.
Case Study Report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsiaRashmi Regmi
it is a case study report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsia
I did when I was posted on Kist Medical TEaching Hospital for Midwifery Practicum
Prepared by:
Rashmi Regmi
B Sc Nursing
Manmohan Memorial Institute Of health Sciences
Case Study on Intrauterine Growth RestrictionAbhineet Dey
A clinically based study of a case of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) or Foetal Growth Restriction (FGR).
Moderator:
Dr M. K. Mazumdar
Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital
Presented by:
29: Abhineet Dey
30: Devasree Kalita
31: Parishmita Sharma
33: Ankur Jain
34: Dhurjyoti Nath
35: Mousumi Mehtaz
42: Liza Hazarika
Students of 8th Semester,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam
Uterine fibroid - Case scenarios and DiscussionHaynes Raja
This presentation is prepared to meet out the undergraduate medical student needs especially to understand the practical aspects of uterine fibroid and to rapidly revise some important viva questions.
Dedicated to my Great Teachers in the Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Dr. Lavanya Kumari and Dr. Sangeereni, Inspiring Friends Dr. Paulin Benedict, Dr. Jeyakumar Meyyappan and Dr. Hannah Jane and our REVELLIONZ 08’ batch.
postpartum period Is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks.
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most deaths occur during the postnatal period
It is the time after birth, a time in which the mother's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, returns to a non-pregnant state.
Postpartum Nursing Physical Assessment
Physical Assessment is necessary to identify individual needs or potential problems
Explain to pt purposes of the examination.
obtain her consent.
Record your findings and report results to the mother.
Avoid exposure to body fluids.
Teach pt as you assess – use every opportunity since there is limited time.
Case Study Report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsiaRashmi Regmi
it is a case study report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsia
I did when I was posted on Kist Medical TEaching Hospital for Midwifery Practicum
Prepared by:
Rashmi Regmi
B Sc Nursing
Manmohan Memorial Institute Of health Sciences
Case Study on Intrauterine Growth RestrictionAbhineet Dey
A clinically based study of a case of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) or Foetal Growth Restriction (FGR).
Moderator:
Dr M. K. Mazumdar
Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital
Presented by:
29: Abhineet Dey
30: Devasree Kalita
31: Parishmita Sharma
33: Ankur Jain
34: Dhurjyoti Nath
35: Mousumi Mehtaz
42: Liza Hazarika
Students of 8th Semester,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam
Uterine fibroid - Case scenarios and DiscussionHaynes Raja
This presentation is prepared to meet out the undergraduate medical student needs especially to understand the practical aspects of uterine fibroid and to rapidly revise some important viva questions.
Dedicated to my Great Teachers in the Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Dr. Lavanya Kumari and Dr. Sangeereni, Inspiring Friends Dr. Paulin Benedict, Dr. Jeyakumar Meyyappan and Dr. Hannah Jane and our REVELLIONZ 08’ batch.
postpartum period Is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks.
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most deaths occur during the postnatal period
It is the time after birth, a time in which the mother's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, returns to a non-pregnant state.
Postpartum Nursing Physical Assessment
Physical Assessment is necessary to identify individual needs or potential problems
Explain to pt purposes of the examination.
obtain her consent.
Record your findings and report results to the mother.
Avoid exposure to body fluids.
Teach pt as you assess – use every opportunity since there is limited time.
Taking a good history is very important in making a proper and most appropriate diagnosis.
And it is applicable to all specialties of the medical field.
Jadella Implant is a form family planning which comes in two silicon rods,implan subdermal Over the years it release progestin to prevent ovulation thus prevent pregnancy
Case Report:Massive Ovarian Cyst in a Adolescent GirlTana Kiak
For benign tumours adhesion prevention strategies should be used. Surgical intervention should as much as possible be directed towards preservation of ovarian tissue. There is scarcity of published literature on this subject.
We need bigger studies to address the issue of how much fertility preservation is safely possible.Irrespective of indication for surgery, it is always preferable to attempt conservative, fertility sparing surgery in adolescents.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. Obstetrics & Gynecology - 2014
CASE PRESENTATION & CASE REVIEW
CASE ONE
PRESENTER:
Dr. T.KIAK
2. CASE SUMMARY
Cont…
Regina Anthony is a 30 years old Gravida 3 Para 2 at 27 weeks
gestation who is admitted for dizziness, GBW, swollen limbs
and Paleness of 3 months duration seeking further
management
3. ID:
ァName: Regina Anthony
ァAge/Sex: Female 30
ァMarital Status: Married
ァOrigin: Magarima , Hela Prov
ァOccupation: Subsistence Farmer
ァReligion: Revival
ァNext of Kin: Nephew
ァDOA: 16th of September 2014
ァROA: A&E-Referral Case
ァInformation: Patient (Pidgin)
Background:
Cont…
ァUn-booked Mother
ァMultiparity (P2G3)
ァLCB 1 year ago
ァK: 3/28 Regular Cycles
ァLMP: End of February 2014
ァQuickening: Early July
2014
ァGestational Age: 29/40
ァEDD: Early December 2014
ァNot on Family Planning
4. Presenting Complaints
ァDizziness
ァGeneralized Body Weakness 3/12moths
ァSwollen limbs & abdomen
ァPale
History of Presenting Complaint
Cont…
The above patient was unwell since she got pregnant but did not seek help until now. She
complained of dizziness when walking long distance and developed general body
weakness and fatigue when climbing mountain. She also realized a lump was
developing from abdomen with lower limbs swelling. Her relatives also noticed that she
appeared pale. She developed these signs and symptoms 3 months ago and decided to
seek help. Pt Admitted taking anti-retro treatment since June and hubby was also on
treatment. Treatment include 300mg lamivudine and Efavirenz 600mg tablets. She was
referred to MGH for further management
5. Specific Interrogation
2nd hospital admission,1st at Nearest Health Center
No history of PV Bleeding
No history of Trauma
No history of recent travel
No history of cough or night sweats
Past Obstetric & Gynecology History
Denies any STI history
No history of Miscarriages or stillbirths
Previous deliveries were vaginal birth
1st child died after 2/12 months from NNS
2nd child died after 1/12 months from NNS both
delivered @ MHGH
Denies any complication during birth
Cont…
Past Medical History
Previous hospital admission was due
to chronic diarrhoea for a month
No family history of TB, HNT ,DM or
Asthma
Family History
3rd born in the family of 5
All siblings are alive and well
Both parents are alive and well
6. Social History
She is the 3rd wife , husband has 2 other wives but both
are divorced
Husband is self-employed
Wife subsistence Farmer
Was a smoker but quite a year ago
Drug and Food History
No known allergies to food or
drug
General Examination
ァMelanesian Female appears sick-looking and puffy face, wasted, pale and in mild
distress.
Vitals
ァTemperature: 37 ‘C , BP: 90/60 mmHg, PR: 80/min, RR: 20/min
Cont…
7. GIT/ABDOMEN
ァPale nail with koilonychai
ァPallor conjuntivae
ァOral thrust
ァNo Spleenomegaly
ァGravidae uterus with abdominal oedema
ァSymphysis Fundal Height (SFH) 27cm
ァCephalic, singleton and Longitudinal Lie
ァAdequate Liqor Volume
ァFMF with FHR of 142bpm
USS:
ァPlacenta Fundal Posterior, BPD/FL: 29 weeks, AFI: 11cm
No significant Finding in other system
Cont…
Provisional Diagnosis: Severe Anemia in Pregnancy 2nd to Retro-Infection
8. Plan of Management
1.Full Blood Investigation
a. FBC/UEC
b. Blood Film: MCV, MCH, MCHC
c. VDRL/ Widals
d. MPS
e. PICT- after counseling
f. Pack-Cells 2 units
2.Conservative Management
• Cortrimazole 500mg oral BD, Albendazole 2tab oral stat, Fefol 2 tabs
oral BD.
• Continue 6 Hourly Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
• Continue 6 Hourly maternal Observations
• Consult HIV Clinic for Follow-Up with Anti-Retro Treatment
Cont…
10. CASE REVIEW: Anemia in Pregnancy
PREVALENCE
WHO estimates that 2 billion people—over 30% of the world’s
population—are anemic, although prevalence rates are variable because
of differences in socioeconomic conditions, lifestyles,food habits, and
rates of communicable and noncommunicable diseases.
Nearly half of all pregnant women suffer from anemia: 52% in low-resource
countries and 23% in high-resource regions. Every second
pregnant woman and about 40% of preschool children are anemic in
developing countries.
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent cause of anemia, with iron
deficiency being the most common form of anemia in more than 90% of
the cases
Individuals who are deficient in iron are also deficient in other important
micronutrients, although this important correlation is often overlooked by
the medical profession and almost always unthought-of by the public at
large.
11. Definition - Hemoglobin of <11gm/dl in first & third trimester and below
10.5gm/dl in 2nd trimester
Classification according to Severity
mild 10-11 gm/dl
Moderate 7-10gm/dl
Severe 4-7 gm/dl
Very severe <4 gm/dl
Classification according to Etiology: Physiologic Vs Pathologic
Concept of Physiologic Anemia - disproportionate increase in
plasma volume , RBC & Hemoglobin mass during pregnancy
Criteria for physiologic anemia
Hb:10gm%, RBC: 3.2million/mm3, PCV: 30%
Peripheral Smear showing normal morphology of RBC with
central pallor
12. The most common causes of Pathological anemia in pregnancy include.
1. Deficiency : Iron, Folic Acid, Vit B12
2. Hemorrhagic: Ante-partum Hemorrhagic
3. Hereditary: Thalassemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia
4. Bone Marrow Insufficiency: Aplastic Anemia
5. Infection: Malaria, TB, Viral Infection includes HIV
6. Chronic Renal Disease
13. The simplest approach to the differential diagnoses of Pathological Anemia is to
differentiate anemias by the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), measured in fL.
MCV less than 80 fL or microcytic anemia etiologies are
Thalassemia
Iron deficiency
Anemia of chronic disease
MCV 80-100 fL or normocytic anemia etiologies are:
Hemorrhagic anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Anemia associated with bone marrow suppression
Anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency
Anemia associated with endocrine dysfunction
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Anemia associated with hypothyroidism or hypopituitarism
MCV greater than 100 fL or macrocytic anemia etiologies are:
Folic acid deficiency anemia
Vitamin B-12–deficiency anemia
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia (eg, zidovudine)
Anemia associated with reticulocytosis
Anemia associated with liver disease
14. Microcytic anemia
Iron Deficiency: Anemia accounts for 75-95% of the causes of anemia in
pregnant woman-
Common Causes: poor diet, Multiparity, Menorrhagia
Symptoms: ill health, fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, restless leg
syndrome, dysnoea, palpitation
Exam: Paler, Pale nail, koilonychias, pale tongue, oedema
Investigation: Low Hb, RBC, PCV, MCH, MCV
Blood film shows hypochromic microcystic
Low serum iron, ferritin, High Total Iron Binding Capacity
15. Macrocytic Anemia
Caused by def in folic acid & Vit B12. An increase MCV(>100 fl)
can be suggestive of folate & B12 deficiency
Deficiency in folate can cause megaloblastic anaemia which is
found in 5% of pregnancies. Anaemia is more likely to be found
later in pregnancy due to the rapidly growing fetus, and primarily
occurs as a result of reduced dietary intake or poor absorption.
Folic acid is important for nucleic acid formation & inadequate level
lead to reduction in cell proliferation - Risk of Neuro-tube defect
(NTD)
Vitamin B12 deficiency is uncommon in pregnancy but it is required
for synthesis of new DNA the demand in pregnancy increases by
up to ten times.
16. Causes
Poor diet- Gastrointestinal upset & Oral antibiotic decrease
absorption
Lack of Vit C - hepatic disease- decrease storage
Multiparity, RH incompatibility -increase demand
Symptoms: anorexia, Pallor, enlarged spleen & Liver
Investigation: decrease Hb, RBC, PCV, increase MCV
Blood film show megaloblastic cell & hyper-segmented
neutrophile
Management
folate can be found in green leafy vegetables, legumes and orange juice.
Women at risk of folate deficiency (e.g. multiple pregnancy, haemolytic
anaemia) should take 5 mg of folic acid throughout the pregnancy
Treatment: Intramuscular Cobalamin 1000mcg daily for 1 wk followed by
Cobalamin 1000mcg of monthly injections for vitamin B12 deficiency
17. Other Causes of Anemia
Microangiopathic anaemia can be seen in pregnancy conditions such
as preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and with thrombotic
thrombocytopenia purpure. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia occurs up
to four times more frequently in pregnancy.
19. Chronic infections and disorders as causes of anemia
Infectious cause of anemia are more common in low resource countries.
Anemia can be caused by infections such as parvovirus B-19,
cytomegalovirus (CMV), HIV, hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
malaria, babesiosis, bartonellosis, hookworm infestation, and Clostridium
toxin.
It has serious short- and long-term consequences during pregnancy
and beyond. The anemic condition is often worsened by the presence of
other chronic diseases as stated earlier.
Untreated anemia also leads to increased morbidity and mortality from
these chronic conditions as well.
It is surprising that despite these chronic conditions (such as malaria,
tuberculosis, and HIV) often being preventable, they still pose a real threat
to public health
20. Pathophysiology
The exact pathophysiologic mechanism by which anemia is caused in
chronic inflammatory conditions is unknown.
1. A common factor may be the contribution of hepcidin, a polypeptide
hormone. Chronic inflammatory conditions lead to release of cytokines
from the reticuloendothelial system as a part of cell-mediated
immunity.In response to these cytokines, mainly interleukin 6 (IL-6),the
liver produces increased amounts of hepcidin, which in turn prevents
release of iron from its stores. The process is mediated by blocking iron
channels (such as ferroportin). Inflammatory cytokines also appear to
influence other important aspects of iron metabolism, such as
decreasing ferroportin expression, and possibly directly suppressing
erythropoiesis by decreasing the ability of the bone marrow to respond
to erythropoietin.
2. The propensity to infections is also thought to be caused by altered
cellular immunity due to iron deficiency.
21. Short-term risks of anemia
Antepartum: Prone to infections, preterm labor, left ventricular failure.
Intrapartum: Heart failure, postpartum hemorrhage, shock.
Postpartum: Heart failure, puerperal sepsis, uterine sub-involution,
increased cesarean delivery morbidity.
Fetus: Increased stillbirth and morbidity and mortality due to intrauterine
growth restriction, prematurity & sepsis.
Long-term risks of anemia
Anemia leads to debilitating physical (tiredness, lethargy, reduced exercise
tolerance, dyspnea, dizziness, anginal pain, and palpitation) and mental
(impaired cognitive function) symptoms, both of which negatively affect quality
of life.In terms of the effect of anemia on HIV, some studies strongly suggest
that adverse pregnancy events (such as low birth weight, stillbirth, preterm
birth, and intrauterine growth restriction) are worsened in the presence of
anemia. Moreover,mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV may be
increased. HIV infection in pregnancy also increases anemia-related maternal
deaths. Anemic condition, in turn, can result in HIV disease progression
23. Anemia is often worsened by chronic communicable and
noncommunicable diseases, the most important being malaria,
HIV,tuberculosis, and diabetes. When anemia occurs in pregnancy it
not only results in poor pregnancy outcome in the short term but, in
the long term, it also leads to worsening of these chronic
conditions,reduced work capacity, and an impaired cognitive
developmentof the child.
A joint social and political approach is necessary to control anemia in
pregnancy, as it represents a life-threatening but preventable cause of
maternal and childhood morbidity and mortality
24. References:
1. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261586-overview
2. Raja Gangopadhyaya, Mahantesh Karoshia, Louis Keithb: Anemia and
pregnancy: A link to maternal chronic diseases:International Journal of
Gynecology and Obstetrics 115 Suppl. 1 (2011) S11–S15
3. WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta. Worldwide
prevalenceof anaemia 993–2005.
www.who.int.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596657_eng.
pdf. Published 2008.
4. Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, Keller C, Taudorf S, Pedersen BK, et al. IL-
6mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the
ironregulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest 2004;113(9):1271–6.
5. Haurani FI. Hepcidin and the anemia of chronic disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci
2006;36(1):3–6