Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy
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This document discusses inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a technique used to detect chemical elements. ICP-OES uses inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths specific to each element. The plasma is generated by inductive coupling from cooled electrical coils operating at megahertz frequencies, reaching temperatures of 6000-10,000 K. Sample solutions are nebulized and injected into the argon plasma, where atoms are excited and emit light proportional to their concentration, which is measured by a spectrometer. Typical applications include environmental testing, food and drinks analysis, materials testing, and healthcare.
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Introduction
Principle
Instrumentation
1. Sharp line radiation source
2. Nebulizer and Burner
3. Monochromator
4. Photomultiplier
5. Recording system
Flameless vaporization techniques
1. Electro thermal atomizers
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Interferences in atomic absorption spectroscopy
1. Special
2. Chemical
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Conclusion
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This document provides information about industrial training on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It discusses the theory behind ICP-OES, including that it is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses inductively coupled plasma to excite sample elements, and the intensity of emission is used to determine concentration. It also outlines the sample preparation, instrumentation components like the nebulizer and torch, operating procedures for the ICP-OES, an example analysis of fertilizer samples, and calculations for determining element concentrations.
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This document provides information on atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), including:
1) AAS is a technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in samples by measuring light absorption by free atoms. It can analyze over 62 elements and is commonly used in pharmaceutical, food, and environmental applications.
2) The basic components of an AAS instrument are a hollow cathode lamp, monochromator, atomizer, detector, and nebulizer. Samples are atomized in a flame or graphite furnace then irradiated to cause absorption of specific wavelengths that are measured.
3) AAS is based on the principle that free atoms generated from a sample can absorb radiation at specific frequencies, allowing quantification of elemental
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of elements by detecting the amount of light absorbed by atoms in the gaseous state at specific wavelengths. It works by vaporizing and atomizing samples using a flame or graphite furnace, then measuring the absorption of light from a hollow cathode lamp at characteristic wavelengths. The instrument consists of a light source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and readout system. Calibration curves of concentration versus absorption are used to determine unknown concentrations in samples. Potential interferences can affect the analysis and must be minimized. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has various applications in fields like metallurgy, pharmaceutical analysis, and biochemical analysis.
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Atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry are analytical techniques used to determine elemental composition. Both techniques involve atomizing samples, but atomic absorption spectrometry uses a hollow cathode lamp to measure absorption of light, while atomic emission spectrometry measures spontaneous emission of light from excited sample atoms. Common atomization sources include flames and inductively coupled plasma, with the plasma providing higher temperatures for atomization. Both techniques utilize monochromators to select specific emission wavelengths and photomultiplier tubes to convert light signals to electrical signals for analysis. The techniques can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements across various applications.
2023 HUJI Soil&Water Dept Lecture Notes ICP-OES_MS.pdf
Here are the lecture notes from the presentation titled 'ICP-OES/MS Analysis: Advancements, Limitations, and Future Applications in Soil and Water Research,' delivered to a group of researchers affiliated with the Soil & Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Seagram Center) in 2023. The aim was to explore advanced technologies in elemental analysis and their application to soil and water research. The Lecture Notes Brochure (22 pages) can serve as a concise guide to ICP-OES/MS for researchers and students, assisting them in selecting the appropriate technique for their projects
AAS.ppt
This document discusses atomic spectroscopy techniques for metal analysis. It introduces principles of atomic spectroscopy including absorption, emission, and fluorescence. Instrumentation for atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are described. Factors for selecting the proper atomic spectroscopy technique for a given application are also covered.
ICPMS (1).pptx
The presentation is about Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) which is a type of mass spectrometry that is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as parts per billion.
Principle and instrumentation
Flame photometry is a technique that uses the characteristic emissions of light from elements introduced into a flame to determine the concentration of certain metal ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and lithium. It works based on the principle that elements emit light at specific wavelengths when excited in a flame. The flame photometer instrument consists of a burner to generate the flame, a nebulizer to introduce the sample, an optical system to transmit and focus the light, filters to isolate wavelengths, and a photodetector to measure light intensity and relate it to concentration. Flame photometry can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals in samples like soils, foods, beverages, and bodily fluids.
CHM260 - AAS (ii)
Flame emission spectrometry is a technique that measures the intensity of light emitted by excited atoms in a flame or plasma. It consists of a nebulizer, burner or plasma torch, monochromator, detector, and computer. Each element emits unique wavelengths when excited, allowing for qualitative and quantitative analysis by comparing emission intensities to standards. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry uses much higher plasma temperatures than flame techniques, resulting in lower detection limits and less interference.
Atomic Spectroscopy: Basic Principles and Instruments
A short lecture about Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Atomic Emission with Coupled Plasma (FP, AA and ICP-AES). Presented at 28.03.2011, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by Vasiliy Rosen, M.Sc.
Classification of Spectroscopy by Dr. Ved Nath Jha.pptx
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L44 x ray fluorescence
This document discusses testing of materials, specifically other testing methods like thermal, mechanical, chemical, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) testing. It provides an overview of XRF testing, noting that it is a non-destructive technique used to determine the elemental composition of materials based on exciting atoms with an external energy source and detecting the characteristic X-rays emitted. Applications of XRF include research in various fields like mining, manufacturing, and environmental studies.
Mass spectroscopy ionization sources by RAJKIRAN REDDY
This document summarizes the principles and various ionization sources of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry works by vaporizing and ionizing a sample, accelerating the ions through a magnetic field which separates them based on mass. The main ionization sources discussed are electrospray ionization, nano electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, fast atom bombardment, electron ionization, and chemical ionization. Each source is briefly described in terms of its process and applications.
Ionization of mass spectroscopy ppt
This document discusses several ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, field ionization, MALDI, FAB, ESI, APCI, APPI, and their applications. It also describes the working of common mass analyzers like quadrupole mass analyzer and time-of-flight analyzer. Finally, it mentions some applications of mass spectrometry like protein characterization, isotope tracking, molecular weight determination, studying reaction mechanisms etc.
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Principles of Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.pptx
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This document discusses a surface engineering course covering topics like nanotribology, biomaterials, and implants. It provides examples of materials used for prosthetics like titanium and carbon fiber. Common implant materials are also listed, such as titanium for joints, dental implants, and bone plates due to its biocompatibility. Low friction materials mentioned include PTFE and molybdenum disulfide, while high friction materials include rubber and brake pads. The document defines terms like tribology, nanotribology, implants, and prosthetics.
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This document provides information about the unit 1 mechanics of metal cutting course for manufacturing technology. It discusses topics like chip formation, cutting tool forces, types of chips, single point cutting tool nomenclature, orthogonal and oblique metal cutting, thermal aspects, tool materials, tool wear, surface finish, and cutting fluids. It also compares orthogonal and oblique cutting, noting things like orthogonal cutting involves 2D cutting with one cutting edge and chip flow perpendicular to the edge, while oblique cutting is 3D cutting with more than one active cutting edge and angled chip flow.
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
Producing very long continuous chips can adversely affect the workpiece surface finish and tool effectiveness, decrease tool life, and increase energy consumption. Chip breakers break chips into small pieces to improve chip control, reduce cutting resistance, and increase machining performance. Continuous chips are produced when the material is ductile, cutting speed is high, depth of cut is small, rake angle is large, and sufficient lubrication is provided. Tool life is defined as the interval of time for which a tool works satisfactorily between two successive sharpenings.
types of cutting Tool wear mechanisms.docx
This document provides information about the mechanics of metal cutting for the Manufacturing Technology course. It discusses the types of chip formation, forces during machining, cutting tools, thermal aspects, tool wear mechanisms, and surface finish. There are seven main types of cutting tool wear mechanisms: abrasion, adhesion, diffusion, chemical, fatigue, oxidation, and electrolyte wear. Each mechanism is briefly described.
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Laser surface alloying (LSA) is a process that uses a high-energy laser beam to melt a thin surface layer of a material and mix it with alloying elements to modify the surface properties. The laser system focuses and directs the beam onto the material's surface, creating a localized melting zone. Alloying elements are then introduced into the molten pool, where they diffuse into the material and solidify to form a homogenized alloyed layer with improved properties like hardness and corrosion resistance. By controlling laser parameters and alloy composition, LSA can tailor surfaces for applications in automotive, aerospace, and cutting tools.
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Thermal spraying is a surface engineering technique that improves or restores the surface of materials. It involves heating coating material like metal, ceramic, polymer powders and spraying them onto a substrate. There are different thermal spraying processes like plasma spraying, detonation spraying, flame spraying and HVOF. The coating material is pre-heated and accelerated towards the substrate where it forms a layer through solidification. Multiple layers are deposited through repetition to achieve the desired coating thickness. The coated surface may then undergo finishing and post-treatment processes. Thermal spraying provides a versatile and cost-effective solution for applying wear and corrosion resistant coatings in various industries.
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This document provides information about a surface engineering course that discusses chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the synthesis of nanomaterials. It explains that CVD is a bottom-up surface coating technique used to synthesize nanomaterials. It outlines the steps for preparing a substrate, which includes cleaning it with an emery sheet, ultrasonication, and acetone. The document then lists the 7-step procedure for the CVD process, which involves loading the cleaned substrate into a quartz tube, creating a vacuum, heating the substrate with argon gas, allowing the source gas like methane to deposit material, cooling with argon, and unloading the coated substrate.
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The document discusses computed radiography (CR) and computed tomography (CT) as non-destructive testing techniques. CR uses imaging plates that store exposure data from x-rays which is then read digitally, allowing sharing of digital images. CT produces cross-sectional images of an object using x-rays and a computer to correlate images taken from different angles as the object is rotated. Both techniques allow internal inspection of parts and detection of defects without damaging the parts.
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This document discusses exposure charts for radiography. It explains that exposure charts are specific to the x-ray machine, film, intensifying screen, and developing combination used. Exposure charts provide consistent results, reduce the number of exposures needed for safety and cost reasons, and allow comparison of films taken at different dates. When compiling an exposure chart, variables like film distance, object distance, processing, film type, screen type, use of grids, and line voltage should be kept constant. Multiple charts may be needed for different combinations. Radiographic equivalence factors allow determining thickness limits and exposure factors for different metals based on charts for standard materials.
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This document discusses the characteristics and properties of radiographic film used in non-destructive testing. It describes key factors such as film speed, contrast, and latitude. Film speed indicates how sensitive the film is to x-ray exposure and is determined by the position of the characteristic curve. Contrast refers to the difference in densities between areas in the image and depends on the slope of the characteristic curve. Latitude is the exposure range over which acceptable densities are produced and is inversely related to contrast. Faster films have higher contrast and narrower latitude, while slower films have lower contrast and wider latitude. The document provides details on how these factors are evaluated and their impacts on radiographic image quality.
characteristic curves & Penetrameters,
This document discusses the use of image quality indicators (IQIs), also known as penetrameters, in radiography. IQIs ensure a minimum level of sensitivity and image quality on radiography films. They are available in different styles and materials to match the part being inspected. Common IQI types include hole-type and wire IQIs. IQIs are selected based on codes or standards and placed on the part or a reference block to verify the radiography technique can detect discontinuities of a specified size, such as a 2% thickness change. IQIs help maintain consistent quality but do not guarantee all defects will be visible.
geometric Factors
This document discusses principles of radiography including interaction of x-rays with matter, film and filmless techniques, and factors that affect radiographic images such as graininess, density, and contrast of films. It also describes Newton's inverse square law that accounts for decrease in radiation intensity with distance from the source. Geometric unsharpness resulting from the size of the radiation source and distances in the setup are explained. Formulas to calculate radiation intensity at different distances and geometric unsharpness are provided.
use of filters and screens
Filters are used in radiography to attenuate low-energy x-ray photons that do not contribute to image quality but add to patient dose. There are two types of filtration: inherent from components in the x-ray tube, and added from interchangeable metal sheets usually made of aluminum, copper, or tin. The total filtration is the combination of inherent and added filtration, with a minimum of 2.5 mm aluminum required by guidelines. Filters absorb lower-energy photons to produce cleaner images with less scatter and reduce dose, while hardening the x-ray beam by increasing its average energy. The amount of filtration is specified based on kilovoltage and desired beam quality.
L40 film and film less techniques
This document discusses and compares film and filmless techniques for non-destructive testing using radiography. With film techniques, radiation is captured on film plates which are then chemically processed to make the image visible. Filmless techniques use radiation-sensitive digital detectors to directly create digital images. While film techniques have better image quality for thick-walled objects, filmless methods have advantages like real-time imaging, lower operating costs, and easier archiving. Both techniques have advantages and disadvantages depending on the application and material properties being examined.
interaction of x ray with matter
Radiography uses X-rays to generate images of the internal structures of objects. There are two major ways that X-rays interact with matter in medical imaging - the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. The photoelectric effect involves the complete absorption of an X-ray photon by an inner shell electron. The probability of the photoelectric effect is proportional to the cube of the atomic number of the material and inversely proportional to the cube of the photon energy. Compton scattering involves the scattering of X-ray photons by loosely bound electrons, resulting in a loss of energy of the photon. The probability of Compton scattering is dependent on the electron density of the material and inversely proportional to photon energy. It is the dominant
eddy current test
This document discusses eddy current testing, a non-destructive testing method. It uses an alternating current in an excitation coil to generate an eddy current in the test material. Variations in the eddy current caused by flaws are detected and analyzed. Advantages include fast scanning, no couplant needed, and ability to inspect through coatings. Limitations include requirement for conductive materials and limited depth of penetration. Applications include surface crack detection and material sorting.
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#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
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#Prerequisites:
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- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
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- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy
- 1. OML751 TESTING OF MATERIALS M.KARTHIKEYAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AAA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SIVAKASI karthikeyan@aaacet.ac.in
- 2. UNIT V OTHER TESTING 1. Thermal Testing: Differential scanning calorimetry, 2. Differential thermal analysis. Thermo-mechanical and 3. Dynamic mechanical analysis: 4. Chemical Testing: X-Ray Fluorescence 5. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and 6. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.
- 3. INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP- AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of chemical elements. It is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses the inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of a particular element. The plasma is a high temperature source of ionized source gas (often argon).
- 4. The plasma is sustained and maintained by inductive coupling from cooled electrical coils at megahertz frequencies. The source temperature is in the range from 6000 to 10,000 K. The intensity of the emissions from various wavelengths of light are proportional to the concentrations of the elements within the sample.
- 6. PRINCIPLE The solution to analyze is conducted by a peristaltic pump though a nebulizer into a spray chamber. The produced aerosol is lead into an argon plasma. Plasma is the forth state of matter, next to the solid, liquid and gaseous state. In the ICP-OES the plasma is generated at the end of a quarts torch by a cooled induction coil through which a high frequency alternate current flows. As a consequence, an alternate magnetic field is induced which accelerated electrons into a circular trajectory. Due to collision between the argon atom and the electrons ionization occurs, giving rise to a stable plasma.
- 7. The plasma is extremely hot, 6000-7000 K. In the induction zone it can even reach 10000 K. In the torch desolvation, atomization and ionizations of the sample takes place. Due to the thermic energy taken up by the electrons, they reach a higher "excited" state. When the electrons drop back to ground level energy is liberated as light (photons). Each element has an own characteristic emission spectrum that is measured with a spectrometer. The light intensity on the wavelength is measured and with the calibration calculated into a concentration.
- 8. TYPICAL INDUSTRIES USING ICP-OES Environmental testing Food and drinks Materials Minerals Glass, ceramics and refractories Healthcare.
- 9. ICP’s principle is similar to which of the following? Flame emission spectroscopy Fourier transforms spectroscopy Atomic emission spectroscopy Absorption spectroscopy MCQ - 1
- 10. Liquid samples are introduced into the ICP spectrometer using which of the following? Nebulizer Curvette having glass windows Probe Laser ablation system MCQ -2
- 11. What is the typical energy of the electrons used to ionize analytes by Electron Ionization (EI)? 50 eV 70 eV 1 eV 1000 eV MCQ - 3
- 12. Which of the following are used for analyzing elements? a. Gas Chromatograph b. Inductively coupled plasma c. High performance liquid chromatograph MCQ - 4
- 13. The most common type of ion detector found in ICP system is which of the following? Faraday cup collector Channeltron Micro-channel plate Flame ionization detector MCQ -5