medicinal properties of Terminallia chebula(harro) with its habit and habbitat,microscopic character, macroscopic character and plant have pharmacological properties like antioxidant,anticancer, cardioprotective activity,antidaibetic,antibactarial,antifungal,antiviral and anti-infammatrory properties.
medicinal properties of Terminallia chebula(harro) with its habit and habbitat,microscopic character, macroscopic character and plant have pharmacological properties like antioxidant,anticancer, cardioprotective activity,antidaibetic,antibactarial,antifungal,antiviral and anti-infammatrory properties.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Preparation and Standardisation of Ayurvedic Dosage formsManjusha Kondepudi
Standardization of Asava&Arista, Churna, Bhasma, Avalehya and Gutika.
Importance of standardization of herbals
Standardization of herbal raw material, plant extract
Alternative system of medicine (ayurvedic, unani, homeopathy, sidhha, sujog, ...Ravish Yadav
the topic include information on other system of medicine which ois practice in india. which include traditional system information as well as pancha mahabhutas
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Preparation and Standardisation of Ayurvedic Dosage formsManjusha Kondepudi
Standardization of Asava&Arista, Churna, Bhasma, Avalehya and Gutika.
Importance of standardization of herbals
Standardization of herbal raw material, plant extract
Alternative system of medicine (ayurvedic, unani, homeopathy, sidhha, sujog, ...Ravish Yadav
the topic include information on other system of medicine which ois practice in india. which include traditional system information as well as pancha mahabhutas
Antimicrobial Properties of Spices by Komal BhadoriaKomal Bhadoria
The antimicrobial activity varies widely, depending on the type of spice or herb, test medium, and microorganism. Spices should not be considered as a primary preservative method. However, the addition of herbs and spices are expected to aid in preserving foods held at refrigeration temperatures, at which the multiplication of microorganisms is slow.
From ancient medical knowledge to the modern drug development in indiaBeena Negi
FROM ANCIENT MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE TO THE MODERN DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA, Traditional System of Medicine, Modern System of Medicine, Drugs Developed
in India
The term “medicinal plant” include various types of plants used in herbalism ("herbology" or "herbal medicine"). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such uses.
The word “herb” has been derived from the Latin word, “herba” and an old French word “herbe”. Now a days, herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, stigma or a root, as well as a non-woody plant. Earlier, the term “herb” was only applied to non-woody plants, including those that come from trees and shrubs. These medicinal plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfume and also in certain spiritual activities.
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period. Ancient Unani manuscripts Egyptian papyrus and Chinese writings described the use of herbs. Evidence exist that Unani Hakims, Indian Vaids and European and Mediterranean cultures were using herbs for over 4000 years as medicine. Indigenous cultures such as Rome, Egypt, Iran, Africa and America used herbs in their healing rituals, while other developed traditional medical systems such as Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese Medicine in which herbal therapies were used systematically.
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
Global Market For Herbal Products In IndiaANKITA MANKAR
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defence against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals. Numerous phytochemicals with potential or established biological activity have been identified. However, since a single plant contains widely diverse phytochemicals, the effects of using a whole plant as medicine are uncertain. Further, the phytochemical content and pharmacological actions, if any, of many plants having medicinal potential remain unassessed by rigorous scientific research to define efficacy and safety.
Studies on plants having antihelmenthic activityDr. sreeremya S
An herb is a plant that is esteemed for flavour, aroma, or different qualities. Herbs are used
in cooking, as medicines, and for spiritual purposes. From old days to now a day, medicinal
plants are a potential and valuable for the treatment of several diseases and disorders.
Arid zone medicinal plants A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agricult...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Arid zone medicinal plants A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
Therapeutics values of plant derived compoundsSenthil Natesan
Natural products, including plants, animals and minerals have been the basis of treatment of human diseases. History of medicine dates back practically to the existence of human civilization. The current accepted modern medicine or allopathy has gradually developed over the years by scientific and observational efforts of scientists. However, the basis of its development remains rooted in traditional medicine and therapies. The history of medicine includes many ludicrous therapies. Nevertheless, ancient wisdom has been the basis of modern medicine and will remain as one important source of future medicine and therapeutics. The future of natural products drug discovery will be more holistic, personalized and involve wise use of ancient and modern therapeutic skills in a complementary manner so that maximum benefits can be accrued to the patients and the community
Drugs from Plants : Extraction, Purification & Analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
Phytochemicals: Extraction, Purification & Analysis.
Introduction, Some of the medicinal plants & uses, different processes of extraction & purification. Analysis requirement & Analytical technique.
liquisolid technology is a topic related to pharmaceutics presented by konatham teja kumar reddy from chilkur balaji college of pharmcy ,hyderabad,telangana
comparsion of anti-inflammatory activity of bauhina variegata is presented k.shanthi 4th B.pharmacy,chilkur balaji college of pharmacy ,hyderabad,telanganna
pharmacovigilance from pharmaceutical administration topic presented by konatham kumar reddy from chilkur balaaji college of pharmacy hyderabad telangana
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIHELMENTHIC ACTIVITY OF TERMINALA CHEBULA
1. ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIHELMENTHIC
ACTIVITY OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA
Under the guidance of
Mr. P. KISHORE KUMAR
(Assistant Professor)
Presented by
M. ANUSUJA
13GD1R0028
IV-I B. Pharmacy
2. INTRODUCTION
• Haritaki is widely used as medicinal plant in Ayurveda
• Natural cleanser of digestive system
• Digestive tonic.
• Increases the motility of GIT.
• Used to prepare formulation of triphala
5. Botanical Description:
– A tree, 15-24 m high
– Leaves ovate or elliptic with a pair of large glands at
the top of the petiole.
– Flowers yellowish white, in terminal spikes
– Drupes ellipsoidal, obovoid or ovoid, yellow to
orange- brown
– Seeds hard, pale yellow.
6. Propagation and Cultivation:
It grows on variety of soils but thrives best in clay and sandy
soils.
The fruits ripen from November to March depending upon
the locality.
Mostly fallen fruits are collected in first half of January, they
are dried and the seeds can be stored for one year.
The germination of seeds is low because of hard cover and
seed requires pre-sowing treatment
The general growth of the plant is slow.
7. Macroscopic Studies:
• Fruit yellowish – brown, ovoid, generally 20-35 mm
long, 13-25mm wide, wrinkled and ribbed
longitudinally. Pericarp is fibrous, 3- 4 mm thick,
non-adherent to the seed.
• Taste astringent.
8. Biological activity study:
The ethanolic extract of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) was
investigated for the cardioprotective activity against
isoproterenol (200mg/Kg sub-cutaneously) induced
myocardial damage in rats.
Triphala, a combination of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula),
Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica) and Amalaki (Emblica
officinalis) in equal parts is evaluated for anti-inflammatory
activity in adjuvant induced right hind paw oedema in Swiss
albino mice.
9. Substitutes and Adulterants:
• Terminalia citrineTerminalia citrine RoxbRoxb. ex Flem., found in the foothills of
Himalayas from Nepal east words to Assam is also called
Haritaki in Bengali language Terminalia chebulaTerminalia chebula and they
are also used medicinally as those of T. chebulla .
11. ACTION OF HARITAKI ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA:
o Deepaniya: Increases appetite.
o Brimhana: Nourishing.
o Grahi: Absorbs fluids from the intestine.
o Stanya shodhana: Purifies breast milk.
o Rechana: Purgative.
o Medhya: lmproves intellect.
12. Test plant and its extraction:
The dried powder of Terminalia chebula was collected from Holy
Drugs, a local pharmaceutical company for indigenous medicine.
After chloroform extraction, the solid residue was dried at 40ºC
overnight to remove residual chloroform.
The solid powder was resuspended in 40 ml ethyl acetate and
kept at 25ºC for 12 h. Ethyl acetate extract was recovered
following the same procedure as stated for chloroform ex-tract.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHEBULAANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHEBULA
13. DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
• Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agent was
determined in vitro by using the stan-dardized agar-disc
diffusion method known as the Kirby Bauer.
• Four bacterial species, viz. E. coli, Salmonella sp, Shigella
sp and Vibrio cholerae, collected from a local diagnostic
centre were employed as test organisms together with
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
• The cells were allowed to grow until they obtain the
McFarland standard 0.5 (approximately 108 CFU/ml). For
S. cerevisiae, sabaurouds dextrose broth (SDB) was used.
14. In vitro Antibacterial Activity:
• Plant material
• Preparation of extract
• Bacterial culture
• Bacterial susceptibility testing
15. ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS
EXTRACT OF FRUITS OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA.
• Terminalia chebula Retz. (Harra) Is a plant of the family
combertaceae, commonly called the king of medicine and is
always listed in the Ayurveda (Anonymous, 2002).
• The tree is abundantly grown in North India at an altitude of
1000-3000 ft. It is used to treat digestive disease, urinary
disease, heart disease, parasitic infection, fevers, flatulence,
constipation, etc., and is an important constituent of triphala
formulation (Dwivedi, 2004 and Dwivedi S et. al., 2007).
• The present study was undertaken to screen the antihelmintic
activity of the fruits extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz.
16. MATERIALS & METHODS
• Collection of Plant Materials
• Preparation of Extract
• Experimental Model
• Standard Drug
• Antihelmenthic Investigation
17. CONCLUSION:
This is strongly concluded that it is possible to identify anti-microbial and anti-helmenthic
activity of hartaki churna at their generic level and future it will show a new pathway to identify
the new anti-microbial activity under herbal medicine category .
18. REFERENCE :
1. Singh A.K. et al, Anti microbial and anti helminthic activity of
haritaki, Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Vol.
XXII,No.3-4 : 208-215.
2. Anonymous, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, New Delhi,
published by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of
India, Part – I, Vol – I : 47
3. Bhaumik T. et al, Chemical investigation of Terminalia chebula
Retz., Bulletin of Medico Ethno-botanical Research, 1989; 10 :
190-192.
4. Anonymous, Database of Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda,
New Delhi, published by Central Council for Research in
Ayurvedic Sciences(CCRAS),2008, Vol – III : 282.
5. Dahanukar SA. et al, Cyto protective effect of Terminalia
chebula and Asparagus racemosus on gastric mucosa, Indian
Drugs, 1983;20 : 442 – 445.
Drugs used to fight infection are called either antimicrobials or anti-infectives. What was the first effective antimicrobial?
Penicillin. We know that with the advent of these drugs morbidity and mortality have been greatly reduced.
Antimicrobals all work in different ways. In addition antibiotics may be classified as Bacteriocidal- kills bacteria or bacteriostatic inhibit bacteria, but doesn’t actually kill them. it can be reversible unless the host itself has destroyed the organism.
Sulfonomides, erythromycin and tetracyclines are examples of bacteriostatic drugs. Penicillins and the cephalosporins weaken the cell wall bybinding with certain proteins to to decrese synthesis of the cell wall. These antibiotics are also called autolytic in that they also destroy the cell wall by destroying such as with vancomycin. Inhibition of protein synthesis: there are drugs that are able to disrupt bacterial protein synthesis9ribosomes0. examples are erthromycin and clindamycin. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis inhibit DNa synthesis that is used for bacterial repliation such as the fluorquinolones. Inhibition of metabolic pathways(antimetabolites). Nucleic acid synthesis is dependent on folic acid for productionthere are certin drugs that prevent this process from occurringsuch as the sulfonomides. Destruc of cell membrane permeability: the antifungal drugs acta to alter the cell wall permeabilitythey act as inhibitors of enzymes involved in the synthesis of sterols which are essential components of the fungalsmembranes.
Lastly, we have inhibition of viral enzymesthese drugs inhibit essential enzymes for replication. Acyclovir is an example of this type of drug
From your studies in Microbiology you understand that it is important ti identify the pathogenHow do we do this? By the gram stain which is the gold standard. If the pt is pretreated before the organism is identified it will be more difficult. What does the gram stain identify ( + & -) Gram pos- aeorbic, ( staph, strep) gram neg- anaerobic( E-colikleibsiella, pseudomonas, gram-neg (gonorrhea)no oxygen required.
What is the normal WBC count( 5-10,000)
Remember organism should be culutres to find right organism. Culture and sensitivity test. Sometimes can be drug resistant. Culutre determines what bug while the sensitivity determines the drug. Narrow spectrum: treat limited oragnisms-have Identified organisms- less likely to disrupt normal flora. Broad-spectrum treat multiple organisms- more likelt to dusrupt normal flora.. Used when a specific causative organism is unknown.
Narrow spectrum drug treats limited organisms while the broad spectrum treats a greater array of organisms. However the broader spectrum drugs can disrupt the normal flora, while the narrow spectrum has less of an effect.
What is antimicrobial resistance? The microbe becomes resistant to the drug. Specifically, the the beta-lactam antibiotics are affected by the microbes ability to produce the beta-lactamase enyzymes which can inactivate the particular drug.. Many of these have developed enzymes to inactivate the effects of penicilli Stap aureus is almost entirely penicilln resistant. MRSA- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus- in MRSA this pathogen is widely resistant to to almost al the penicillins so that there is an alteration of penicillin binding proteins which resuces the ability of penicillins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. Many strains of Msra is also resistant to the aminogycosides, tetracyclines.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)- Strins of enterococci have developed resistance to penicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin. Other antibiotics such as Cipro have been used un their placem. Tb has also become multiple-drug resistant. The cause of this multiple resistance is inadequate drug therapy. It may be too short of a time on drug or a dose that was too low or may have been related to compliance.
The most important consideration is to match the right bug with the right drug. Treat viral agents with antivirals treat bacterial agents with antibacterial drugs. Clearly identify pathogen with gram-stain, Do a C&S to determine the best drug for the pathogen. . Also important to choose a drug with the lowest effective dose to affectThe organism, no growth is seen.the MIC- minimum inhibitory concentration.
Drug Susceptibility In choosing the best drug it might be necessary to do a C&S, however the site of the infection often gives valuable info on the the most effective drug.ie, urinary tract infec caused by Ecoli. That is called”empiric Therapy’’ If the infection, however may be caused by multiple bacteria. A C& S would be necessary? When would A C&S be performed? Drug Spectrum-narrow or wide Choose the drug with the narrowest spectrum. Prevents suprainfections p938. Sometimes combination therapy may be used . When multiple drugs are used the microbe is less likely to become drug resisitant..
Drug Dose- Amt of drug needed to choose the lowest effective response.
Period of Time-Also important to that takes the shortest period of time to affect the organism. Averagetime 7-10 days, dependent on organism.
Site of Infection: TO be effective must reach the site with a concentration greater than the MIC. With abcess and pus formation concentration drugs will be impeded, decreased vasculants
Pt Assessment: Each pt must be carefully evaluated prior to initiating antibiotic therapy , What is their overall health status, other meds, drug allergies, gender, culture. Also remember that the pt’s immune system is a critical factor in determining is very important. For example immunocompromised pts should receive bacteriostatic drugs because their immune response is limited.
Remember age is another critical factor- usually the elderly as well as infants are most prone to drug toxicity
Remember with suprainfection normal flora is destroyed. Can have unrestrained growth that oocurs when normal flora is altered because of treatment with antibiotics.
Some antibiotics can decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills so it is important to determine this aspect. It is also important to monitor blood levels . Peak Levels –time of maximum effect. A peak level is drawn 30 min to 45 after IV and 1 hr after administration. You want to keep the drug at a therapuetic level p939
Trough Level: Level prior to the next dose
Assessment See notes on pg 4&5 What are some important pieces of info that we need to gather form the patient?
How about potential nursing dx? Planning phase: Important goals to set? Interventions
Remember that the bacterial cell wall is rigidand it therfore protects the environment ot the cell, anything to disrupt this wall can cause death of the cell.Drugs that affect the cell wall must be able to penetrate the cytoplasmic membrane within the cell
Beta-lactamases are enzymes that disrupt the beta-lactum ring. Penicillins are called beta-lactam antibiotics because their chemical structure contain abeta-lactumring that is essential for antibacterial activity.