SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
A presentation-on-nucleic-acid-therapeuticsTasmina Susmi
Nucleic acid therapeutics are based on nucleic acids or closely related chemical compounds. They include antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers and small interfering RNAs, and are typically considered in cases where specific inhibition of the function of a particular gene involved in disease is thought to be therapeutically desirable.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
hi.friends this is my first slide presentation which contain the information about the PERSONALIZED MEDICINES.this is the future medicinal treatment so,I hope you people like my presentation.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
A presentation-on-nucleic-acid-therapeuticsTasmina Susmi
Nucleic acid therapeutics are based on nucleic acids or closely related chemical compounds. They include antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers and small interfering RNAs, and are typically considered in cases where specific inhibition of the function of a particular gene involved in disease is thought to be therapeutically desirable.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
hi.friends this is my first slide presentation which contain the information about the PERSONALIZED MEDICINES.this is the future medicinal treatment so,I hope you people like my presentation.
Analyze the Molecular Genetics of a Solitary Causative Genetic Material behin...ijtsrd
Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. Duchenne muscular dystrophy DMD is the most common X linked disorder muscular dystrophy. It is caused by an absence of the protein named as dystrophin, which helps to keep muscle cells intact. In my research on this topic, I will emphasis on a complete analysis of molecular gene behind muscular dystrophy. According to a survey with few hospitals labs in my region with 40 50 patients, we had identified the ratio of around 90 of male and 10 of the female victim with the muscular dystrophy disorder. The lifespan of people having this disorder decreases unconditionally and it majorly effect the youngsters. Main concern for the treatment methodology or medical interventions are limited to treating symptoms. Nishtaa Modi ""Analyze the Molecular Genetics of a Solitary Causative Genetic Material behind Muscular Dystrophy"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29850.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/cell-biology/29850/analyze-the-molecular-genetics-of-a-solitary-causative-genetic-material-behind-muscular-dystrophy/nishtaa-modi
Gene therapy is the process of inserting therapeutic genes into cells to prevent or cure wide range of diseases. The newly introduced genes will encode proteins and correct the deficiencies that occur in genetic diseases. Gene therapy primarily involves genetic manipulations in animals or humans to correct a disease, and keep organism in good health. It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease and development.
liquisolid technology is a topic related to pharmaceutics presented by konatham teja kumar reddy from chilkur balaji college of pharmcy ,hyderabad,telangana
comparsion of anti-inflammatory activity of bauhina variegata is presented k.shanthi 4th B.pharmacy,chilkur balaji college of pharmacy ,hyderabad,telanganna
pharmacovigilance from pharmaceutical administration topic presented by konatham kumar reddy from chilkur balaaji college of pharmacy hyderabad telangana
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. ANTISENSE THERAPY
Under the guidance of
S.SEETHARAM SWAMY
(Assistant Professor)
Presented by:
HARIKA ENAKONDA
13GD1R0013
IVTH B-PHARMACY
CHILKUR BALAJI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad-500008)
3. Antisense therapy is a form of treatment for genetic disorders or infections.
When the genetic sequence of a particular gene is known to be causative of a
particular disease, it is possible to synthesize a strand of nucleic acid(,DNA, RNA
or a chemical analogue) that will bind to the messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by
that gene and inactivate it, effectively turning that gene "off".
This synthesized nucleic acid is termed as "anti-sense" Oligonucleotide(ASO)
because its base sequence is complementary to the gene's messenger RNA
(mRNA), which is called the "sense" sequence (so that a sense segment of mRNA
"5'-AAGGUC-3' " would be blocked by the anti-sense mRNA segment " 3'-
UUCCAG-5' ").
INTRODUCTION:
4. Antisense oligonucleotides have been researched as potential drugs for diseases
such as cancers (including lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic
carcinoma, malignant glioma and malignant melanoma), diabetes, Amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS), Duchenne muscular dystrophy and diseases such as
asthma, arthritis and pouchitis with an inflammatory component.
As of 2014 two antisense drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) fomivirsen, (marketed as Vitravene) as a treatment for
cytomegalovirus and mipomersen (marketed as Kynamro) for homozygous
familial hypercholesterolemia.
6. OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS:
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short
fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure.
Currently, the process is implemented as solid-phase synthesis using
phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from
protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dA, dC, dG, and T), ribonucleosides (A, C, G, and
U), or chemically modified nucleosides, e.g. LNA or BNA.
Oligonucleotides are often isolated by HPLC to obtain the desired
oligonucleotides in high purity.
7.
8. APPLICATIONS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES IN MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE:
1. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides.
2. These are primers for DNA sequencing and amplification.
3. These are probes for detecting complementary DND or RNA by molecular
hybridization.
4. These are tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction
sites.
5. These are used for the synthesis of artificial genes.
9. Delivery:
The nucleases that cleave the Phosphodiester linkage in DNA are expressed in
almost every cell, unmodified DNA molecules are generally degraded before they
reach their targets.
Therefore, most clinical candidates have modified DNA "backbones", or the
nucleobase or sugar moieties of the nucleotides are altered.
Additionally, other molecules may be conjugated to antisense molecules in order to
improve their ability to target certain cells or to cross barriers like cell membranes or
(BBB).
10. ANTISENSE THERAPY TO DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) is an X-linked recessive form of
muscular dystrophy, affecting around 1 in 3,600 boys, which results in muscle
degeneration and premature death. The disorder is caused by a mutation in the
gene dystrophin, located on the human X chromosome, which codes for the
protein dystrophin.
Dystrophin is an important component within muscle tissue that provides
structural stability to the dystroglycan complex (DGC) of the cell membrane.
11. Signs and Symptoms:
Pseudo hypertrophy.
Difficulty in standing.
Fibrosis.
Neuromuscular disorder i.e., muscle weakness.
Hips, pelvic area, thighs, shoulders and calves are affected.
Awkward manner of walking, stepping or running.
Fatigue.
Skeletal deformities.
Cardio myopathy.
Congestive heart failure.
Loss of muscle mass.
Respiratory disorder.
12. Diagnosis:
Genetic counselling is advised for people with a family history of the disorder.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be detected with about 95% accuracy by genetic
studies performed during pregnancy.
DNA test:
• The muscle-specific dystrophin gene is composed of 79 exons.
• DNA testing and analysis can usually identify the specific type of mutation of the
exon or exons that are affected.
Muscle biopsy:
•If DNA testing fails to find the mutation, a muscle biopsy test may be performed. A
small sample of muscle tissue is extracted using a biopsy needle.
•The key tests performed on the biopsy sample for DMD are immunocytochemistry
and immunoblotting for Dystrophin.
13. These tests provide information on the presence or absence of the protein. Where the protein
is absent, this is a positive test for DMD. Where Dystrophin is present, the tests will indicate
the amount and molecular size of Dystrophin, helping to distinguish DMD from milder
dystrophinopathy phenotypes.
Prenatal tests:
DMD is carried by an X-linked recessive gene. Males have only one X chromosome, so
one copy of the mutated gene will cause DMD. Fathers cannot pass X-linked traits on to
their sons, so the mutation is transmitted by the mother.
If the mother is a carrier, and therefore one of her two X chromosomes has a DMD
mutation, there is a 50% chance that a female child will inherit that mutation as one of her
two X chromosomes, and be a carrier. There is a 50% chance that a male child will inherit
that mutation as his one X chromosome, and therefore have DMD.
14. Prenatal tests can tell whether their unborn child has the most common
mutations.
Prior to invasive testing, determination of the foetal sex is important; while
males are sometimes affected by this X-linked disease, female DMD is
extremely rare. This can be achieved by ultrasound scan at 16 weeks or more
recently by free foetal DNA testing.
Chorion villus sampling (CVS) can be done at 11–14 weeks, and has a 1%
risk of miscarriage. Amniocentesis can be done after 15 weeks, and has a 0.5%
risk of miscarriage. Foetal blood sampling can be done at about 18 weeks.
Another option in the case of unclear genetic test results is foetal muscle
biopsy.
15. TREATMENT:
There is no cure for DMD, and an on-going medical need has been recognized by
regulatory authorities. Phase 1-2a trials with exon skipping treatment for certain
mutations have halted decline and produced small clinical improvements in walking.
Corticosteroids
• Ex: prednisolone and deflazacort.
• Randomized control trials have shown that beta2-agonists increase muscle strength
but do not modify disease progression.
• Mild, non-jarring physical activity such as swimming is encouraged. Physical
therapy is helpful to maintain muscle strength, flexibility, and function. Orthopedic
appliances (such as braces and wheelchairs) may improve mobility and the ability for
self-care.
16. Stem cell replacement:
Though stem cells isolated from the muscle (satellite cells) have the ability to
differentiate into myotubes when injected directly into the muscle of animals, they
lack the ability to spread systemically throughout.
This problem was circumvented by using another multipotent stem cell, termed
pericytes that are located within the blood vessels of skeletal muscle.
Once pass the vasculature, pericytes have the ability to fuse and form myotubes.
This means that they can be injected arterially, crossing through arterial walls into
muscle, where they can differentiate into potentially functional muscle.
17. Gene therapy:
In 2014 and 2015, researchers used a new gene editing method to correct a mutation that
leads to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in a mouse model of the condition.
Researchers used a technique called CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, which can
precisely remove a mutation in the Dystrophin gene in DNA.
The benefit of this over other gene therapy techniques is that it can permanently correct
the “defect” in a gene rather than just transiently adding a “functional” one.
Biostrophin is a delivery vector for gene therapy in the treatment of Duchenne muscular
dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy.
18. ANTISENSE THERAPY TO CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS:
Cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as CMV retinitis, is an inflammation of the retina of
the eye that can lead to blindness. Caused by human cytomegalovirus, it occurs
predominantly in people whose immune system has been compromised, 15-40% of those
infected with AIDS. There are different types of retinitis, such as retinitis pigmentosa (causes
tunnel vision).
Fundus photograph of CMV retinitis
19. Signs/symptoms
Blurred vision
Blind spots
Specks in your vision
Cause:
Cytomegalovirus (herpes viruses) causes cytomegalovirus retinitis. These viruses include
herpes simplex viruses and Epstein-Barr virus. Once an individual is infected it stays in the
body for life.
Triggers for reactivation of CMV virus
Leukaemia:
AIDS
Immunosuppressive chemotherapy
Leukaemia
20. MECHANISM:
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or CMV) is a DNA virus in the family Herpesviridae
known for producing large cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions,CMV infects
around 40% of the population worldwide.
Those areas infected by cytomegalovirus have cells evolve to necrosis,though
inflammation within the retina is not great. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments can occur
following the development of holes in areas of healed retinitis (retina may be
atrophic).[Proliferative vitreoretinopathy has been observed in cases of retinal detachment.
21. Diagnosis:
The diagnosis of CMV retinitis can be done by the following:
•Ophthalmic screening frequency is based on CD4 count.
•BUN
•CD8+ T-lymphocyte count
•CMV DNA capture ( polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test)
•DNA PCR ( ocular fluids)
•Viral load
•Complete blood count
22. Treatment:
Structure of ganciclovir
1.Ganciclovir:
oral valganciclovir,
intravenous ganciclovir,
IV foscarnet, and
IV cidofovir
Intravitreal injections:
An injection of medicine into the vitreous near the retina, of foscarnet in concomitance with
oral valganciclovir can be used for treatment as well.
Often individuals with CMV retinitis will need surgery for either retinal detachment or
intravitreal instillation of ganciclovir.
Retinal detachment occurs in up to 29% of affected eyes, repair being most effective with
endolaser and silicone oilendotamponade.
23. Intravitreal ganciclovir implant has the benefit of less systemic toxicity.
Adverse effect:
• vitreous hemorrhage
2.Fomivirsen:
Fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene) is an antiviral drug. It is used in the treatment of
cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV) in immunocompromised patients, including those with
AIDS. It was licensed by the FDA for CMV in Aug 1998.
Mechanism:
It is an oligonucleotide that blocks translation of viral mRNA by binding to the
complementary sequence of the mRNA transcribed from the template segment of a key
CMV gene UL123, which encodes the CMV protein IE2. It was the first antisense
antiviral approved by the FDA.
Dose:
6.6mg/ml through intraocular injection
24. CONCLUSION:
As discussed throughout this report, human health is determined by the interaction of
several factors, including the social environment, genetic inheritance and personal
behaviors. Socioeconomic status, race or ethnicity, social networks or social support, and
the psychosocial work environment all have been shown to affect health outcomes. These
social determinants influence health at multiple levels through out the life course. In
addition to the vast array of social determinants that influence health, a person inherits
complete set of genes from each parent that contributes both directly and indirectly to the
pathogenesis of disease. Genes have been identified for relatively uncommon, simple
Mendelian patterns of disease inheritance such as cystic fibrosis and recently research has
begun to explore genetic susceptibility to disease as the consequence of the joint effects of
many genes. Behaviors also have been shown to affect health for example tobacco use,
obesity and physical inactivity further more complex traits such as sex or gender and race.
As this report demonstrates, research has documented association's between social factors
and health, behaviors and health, genetics and health.
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5 .DeClerq E, Eckstein F, and Merigan TC. (1969) Interferon induction increased through
chemical modification of a synthetic polyribonucleotide. Science,
6. Campbell JM, Bacon TA, and Wickstrom E. (1990) Oligodeoxynucleoside
phosphorothioate stability in subcellular extracts, culture media, sera, and
cerebrospinalfluid. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods,
26. 7. Matsukura M, Shinozuka K, et al. (1987) Phosphorothioate analogs of
Oligodeoxynucleoside: inhibitors of replication and cytopathic effects of human
immunodeficiency virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8. Sierakowska H, Sambade M, et al. (1996) Repairofthalassemichumanβ-globin mRNA in
mammalian cells by antisense oligonucleotides. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA,