Anther wall development
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The document discusses the development of anther walls. An anther starts as a mass of cells and develops into a four-lobed structure, with some cells in each lobe becoming the archesporium. The archesporial cells divide to form primary parietal and sporogenous cells. The parietal cells divide further to form 2-5 concentric layers of the anther wall. Davis identified four types of anther walls based on the behavior of secondary parietal layers - basic, dicotylendonous, monocotylendonous, and reduced. The basic and reduced types differ in that the basic type has middle layers while the reduced type lacks middle layers.
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becomes sessile The top of the polyp has nine extensions Polyps reproduce asexual They have
a solitary polyp body They do not have a mouth If a sponge is fragmented and cells are
dissociated from one another, the cells will reorganize their structure and function, and clumps
of isolated cells will form a new. reproduce sexually. form spicules in the pattern of the cloth.
die from being separated.
Solution
14] nemertea is not a class of platyhelmenthes
Answer = c) Nemertea
Nemertea is a phylum not a class
is phylum of invertebrate animals also known as ribbon worm or proboscis worm
explaination = Phylum Platyhelhelminthes divided into four 4 classes
1] Turbellaria = include mainly free living marine species
2] Monogenea = these are ectoparasites mostly of fish
3] Trematoda = Are internal parasites of mollusca & humans
4] Cestoda = Are internal parasites of vertebrates.
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- 2. Content Introduction Antherwalldevelopment BasicType ReducedType Conclusion References
- 4. Anther Wall Development AVeryyounganthercomprisesa homogeneousmassofcellsboundedby awelldefinedepidermis. Duringitsdevelopmenttheanther assumesafourlobedappearance. Ineachlobesomehypodermalcells becomemoreprominent–thesecells constitutethearchesporium.
- 5. Anther Wall Development Thearchesporialcellsdivideintopericlinal division. Primaryparietalcellstowardsthe epidermis. Primary sporogenenouscellstowardthe interioroftheanther. Thecellsoftheparietallayerundergoa seriesofpericlinal&anticlinaldivisions–2 to5concentriclayersofantherwall. Theprimarysporogenouscells,either directlyorafterafewmitoses,functionas microsporemothercell.
- 7. Types Basedonthebehaviourof secondary parietallayers,Davis (1966)recognised into 4types of antherwall. BasicType DicotyledonousType MonocotyledonousType ReducedType
- 8. BasicType Primary Parietal layer OuterSecondary InnerSecondary parietallayer parietallayer Endothecium Middle layer Middlelayer Tapetum
- 9. BasicType Primary parietalwall undergoes periclinaldivision formingouterand inner secondary parietal layers. Boththelayersundergoes periclinal division. Onetowardstheepidermisdifferentiatesintoendotheciumfollowedby middlelayer. Anothersecondaryparietallayerproducesanothermiddlelayerandthe tapetum. Itis the most primitivetype. Ex:Anacardiaceae, Rhamnaceae,Tiliaceae.
- 10. ReducedType PrimaryParietallayer OuterSecondary InnerSecondary parietallayer parietallayer Endothecium Tapetum
- 11. ReducedType Primaryparietallayerundergoes periclinaldivisionforming2 secondarylayers. OuterlayerfunctionsasEndothecium. InnerlayerfunctionsasTapetum. Middlelayersareabsent. Ex:Lemnaceae.
- 12. Conclusion Onlydiferencebetween theBasicandReducedtypeis that,BasicTypecontains middlelayers andinReduced typemiddlelayersareabsent. Thesewalllayerslikeendothecium is protective,Middle layersarefoodreservoirsandTapetuminnutrition.
- 13. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. 1978. The embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas publiser house, New Delhi. Pp:16-28. Pullaiah.T , Lakshminarayana.K. & Hanumantha rao.B. Plant reproduction. Scientific publishers( India) Jodhpur. Pp: 08-20. Johri, B.M. 1984. The embryology of Angiosperms. Springer Verlag. Pp:53-67.