Respiration, types of respiration, examination of mucous membrane, changes of color , examination of lymph-nodes, examination of skin and associated structures
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
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Endocrine system history and examinationPritom Das
Some slides are taken from different textbooks of medicine like Davidson, Kumar and Clark and Oxford, and some from other presentations made by respected tutors. I'm barely responsible for compilation of various resources per my interest. These resources are free for use, and I do not claim any copyright. Hoping knowledge remains free for all, forever.
Etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. It is important physical and chemical process
and gas exchange (inspiration and expiration).
It is voluntary and non-voluntary process,
based on movement of different reparatory
muscles(diaphragm, intercostal, sternal and
abdominal) and controlled by respiratory
center in medulla oblongata
3. Respiratory system consists of …. And lung
consists of bronchi, bronchioles and aceni (air
sacs)
The exchange of O2 and CO2 is done by simple
diffusion which depends on partial pressure of
membrane that separates aceni and blood
4. Respiratory rate, rhythm, type and quality
should always be noted when assessing the
animal’s health
In rest position we can observe respiration by
putting hands on flank region or accurately by
auscultation
Rate is the number of respiratory cycles
(Inspiration Expiration pause) in one minute. It
will increase (Polypnoea) or decrease
(Oligopnoea)
5. Polypnoea is due to physiological (fear,
excitation, irritation, effort, heat, humidity) or
pathological (fever, anaemia, res. Dis) causes
Oligopnea is due to lesions of CNS,
hydrocephalus, uremia and Res. Passages
stenos is
Hyperpnoea is the increased pulmonary
ventilation (increased respiratory rate with or
without increase in the amplitude or width of
the movement
6. Types of respiration:
1- costo-abdominal: this type of respiration is
seen in equines
2- abdominal respiration: this type of respiration
is evident in cattle and small ruminants
3-costal respirations This type of respiration is
evident in dogs and cats and birds
Changes in respiration:
Wholly costal is due to: diaphragmatic problems,
bloat and lung and pleurisy problems
7. Wholly abdominal is due to: Pleuritis
Double expiration is due to: Chronic alveolar
emphysema
Respiratory rhythm
It is regular or irregular res. Cycles
Expiration is long in pulmonary emphysema
Pause is canceled in sick animals and long in
toxaemia, and heart and kineys diseases
8. Examination of Mucous Membranes
Has great clinical importance as it reflects the
general condition of the animal as well as certain
disease conditions (e.g. jaundice in case of liver
diseases).
The visible mucous membranes are oral, nasal,
conjunctival and vaginal.
Changes in color may result from disturbance in
oxidation process of the blood, disturbances in
blood circulation or of certain other disease
conditions.
9. Noticeable changes in mucous membranes
include changes in color, presence of exudates
and swelling.
1- Changes in color:
The normal color of the visible mucous
membranes varies between species. In
general, different shades of pink (light pink,
pink or rosy red) are considered normal. The
following changes occur in various diseases
10. 1. Pale mucous membranes
a. Moist pale :
due to anaemia
b- dry pale:
due to shock
2. Congested mucous membranes
Mucous membrane is redish in color due to fever
3. Yellowish or icteric mucous membranes
Icterus of jaundice occurs due to increase of
blood bilirubin concentration (blood parasites,
leptospirosis, hepatitis)
11. 4. Brick red mucous membranes
Due to heavy metals intoxication
5. Cyanosed mucous membranes
Bluish discoloration of visible mucous
membranes resulting from presence of
reduced haemoglobin in blood capillaries.
12. 2- Swelling of mucous membranes
Inflammation of mucous membranes results in its
swelling; in which case the mucous membranes
may also be hot and tender (i.e. showing cardinal
signs of inflammation).
Marked swelling of conjunctival mucous
membranes is characteristic of equine
influenza. A slight degree of swelling is noticed in
contagious pleuropneumonia of horse and cattle
plague, anthrax and fowl diphtheria
13. 3- Presence of exudate
Escape of serous fluid and fibrinogen from
blood vessels, which also contains
desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes and
erythrocytes
31. The examination includes:
Size, tenderness, consistency, lobulation,
temperature of overlying skin, discharge if
present and adhesions.
A normal lymph node varies in size depending on
animal species and age. It is commonly larger in
younger animals; of firm consistency. Small
lymph nodes may appear to be smooth;
lobulation can be palpated in large lymph
nodes. Normally, lymph nodes should be freely
movable under the skin or surrounding tissues
32. Abnormalities:
1. Swelling is caused by:
a- Acute local inflammation b- Systemic infectious
diseases c- Chronic inflammation d- Infection of
the lymph node itself e- Lymphomas.
2. Tenderness: Acute infection and inflammation
causes pain on palpation.
3. Loss of lobulation in cases of acute infection.
4. Hotness due to acute inflammation.
5. Abnormal consistency, fluctuation in cases of
suppuration
33.
34.
35. 6. harder consistency in cases of chronic inflammation.
7. Discharge of exudates or pus in cases of abscess
formation.
8. Adhesions to underlying tissues or overlying skin
resulting from chronic inflammation.
9. Increase in size of certain lymph nodes is of
particular clinical importance, for example:
a. Mediastinal lymph nodes resulting in dyspnoea,
b. Posterior cervical lymph nodes causes obstructive
oedema of the head.
c. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes when enlarged may
result in urine retention through pressure on the
urethra.
36.
37. Examination of Skin and Associated
Structures
it is considered the mirror of health
Bad management and inappropriate diet are
quickly reflected on the skin condition
Aspects of examination of skin include: condition
of hair, surface of skin, subcutaneous tissue
elasticity and examination of horny structures
A shiny coat and well-pigmented hide is an
indicator of optimum conditions of management,
feeding and productivity
38. Hair
We examine consistency, hair color and detachment
some animal breeds have naturally smooth or naturally
curly hair. Loss of luster and dryness reflects bad
management and/or nutritional deficiency
Hair color is also breed-specific; in an animal with a
natural dark hair color, deficient diet (qualitative or
quantitative) may result in paleness of hair; this is
termed ?hunger hair?. Easily detached hair is also a
sign of nutritional or trace element deficiency
Presence of parasites such as lice, fleas, mites or ticks
result in Alopecia (areas of hair loss) and itching
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45. Abnormalities
I- Alopecia
due to (Senility:, Hereditary, Hormonal, Parasitic,
Follicular dysfunction and Poisoning (mercury,
selenium and thallium)
II- Hypertrichosis
Excessive development of hair or wool which may
be inherited or due to hormonal
imbalance. Inflammation or pressure may also
result in hypertrichosis.
III- Changes in pigmentation
White or dark due to irritation
46. Skin surface
Should be smooth and possesses a surface fat film
which is produced by sebaceous glands
Increased production of fat results in dandruff
skin feels rough which occurs in the following
conditions (Endoparasitism, Tuberculosis, Mange and
Hyperkeratosis)
Seborrhea is the increased fat secretion by sebaceous
glands. This results from certain metabolic disorders
(Vit A deficiency) and dermatitis. It is manifested by
greasy or scaly deposits of fat
47. Subcutaneous tissues:
Loss of elasticity occurs in dehydration due to
any cause; e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea or water
deprivation. Examination of elasticity of skin is
done by holding a fold of skin in the neck region,
back or ribs and then letting it go
In healthy animals, the skin regains its normal
shape easily and quickly whereas in dehydrated
animals the fold of skin does not regain its
normal appearance.
48. An increase in size of subcutaneous tissue occurs in cases of
oedema (anasarca); this could be inflammatory or non-
inflammatory.
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Presence of soft yielding swelling that crepitates on
palpation and sometimes
Cutaneous Appendages
Where horns are examined, counting of horn rings is useful
to estimate age or the animal as the first ring appears at 2.5
to 3 years and a new one is formed after each calving
Secondary skin lesions (Erosion, Ulcer, Crust, Dandruff)
Primary skin lesions (Spot, Papule, Vesicle, Blister, Pustule,
Wheal)
49. Examination of Musculo-Skeletal
System
The primary function of the musculskeletal
system is to support the body in various ways
to insure normal location and posture
The components of the musculoskeletal
system are muscles, tendons, bones and joints
50. Muscles
Superficial muscles are examined by inspection
and palpation. The main clinical affections of
muscles are:
1- Atrophy 2- hypertrophy 3- Increased tone of
musculature a. Continuous (tonic) as in
tetanus b. Tremors