Ludwig's Angina is an infective condition of the floar of mouth above and below the mylohyoid muscle. Tongue is raised, mouth remains open and there may be compromised airway and require tracheostomy. Treatment is medical in the form of antibioticsand pain killers and surgical in the form of incision and drainage.
Your tonsils and adenoids are part of your lymphatic system. Your tonsils are in the back of your throat and your adenoids are higher up, behind your nose. They help protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose. Sometimes your tonsils and adenoids become infected themselves. Tonsillitis makes your tonsils sore and swollen. Enlarged adenoids can be sore, make it hard to breathe and cause ear problems.
The first treatment for infected tonsils and adenoids is antibiotics. If you have frequent infections or trouble breathing, you may need surgery. Surgery to remove the tonsils is tonsillectomy. Surgery to remove adenoids is adenoidectomy.
Ludwig's Angina is an infective condition of the floar of mouth above and below the mylohyoid muscle. Tongue is raised, mouth remains open and there may be compromised airway and require tracheostomy. Treatment is medical in the form of antibioticsand pain killers and surgical in the form of incision and drainage.
Your tonsils and adenoids are part of your lymphatic system. Your tonsils are in the back of your throat and your adenoids are higher up, behind your nose. They help protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose. Sometimes your tonsils and adenoids become infected themselves. Tonsillitis makes your tonsils sore and swollen. Enlarged adenoids can be sore, make it hard to breathe and cause ear problems.
The first treatment for infected tonsils and adenoids is antibiotics. If you have frequent infections or trouble breathing, you may need surgery. Surgery to remove the tonsils is tonsillectomy. Surgery to remove adenoids is adenoidectomy.
Nasal discharge, also known as rhinorrhea, is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions related to the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). It is the result of excess mucus production in the nasal cavity, which can be caused by inflammation or infection of the nasal passages.
Common causes of nasal discharge include allergies, colds, sinus infections, and nasal polyps. Allergies can cause the nasal passages to become inflamed and produce excess mucus, leading to a runny nose. Colds and sinus infections can also cause inflammation and infection, leading to nasal discharge.
Nasal polyps are growths in the nasal cavity that can obstruct airflow and cause chronic inflammation and excess mucus production. Other less common causes of nasal discharge include foreign bodies in the nasal cavity, tumors, and hormonal changes during pregnancy.
Treatment for nasal discharge depends on the underlying cause. For allergies, antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids may be recommended. For colds and sinus infections, decongestants, saline nasal sprays, and antibiotics may be used. Nasal polyps may require surgical removal.
In addition to nasal discharge, other symptoms that may be present with ENT-related conditions include nasal congestion, headache, facial pain or pressure, cough, and sore throat. If nasal discharge is persistent, accompanied by other symptoms, or affects quality of life, it is important to seek medical evaluation by an ENT specialist.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. 1. Catarrh of the Maxillary Sinus
Definition:
It is a chronic catarrh or inflammation of the mucosa of the
maxillary sinus usually gives rise to the accumulation of
mucopurulent exudation. This condition is common in old
horses and is usually unilateral.
Causes:
(1) Traumatic.
(2) Extension from nasal catarrh or by extension diseases of
teeth and alveoli.
(3) In some infectious diseases (such as glanders and
malignant catarrhal fever).
3. •Symptoms:
(1)Unilateral nasal discharge, which at firstly is mucoid then
mucopurulant then purulent and foetid. It is more clear after
exercise and dropping of the head.
(2)The animal lowers the head, snorts and cough.
(3) White streaks is formed on the upper lip when the
affection continues for a long time.
(4) Conjunctivitis and lacrimation, due to extension of the
inflammation to the lacrimal ducts and sacs.
(5) Tenderness is usually present during pressure over the
sinus.
(6) Difficulty in respiration and swelling of sub-maxillary
lymph glands.
4. Diagnosis:
(1) From clinical symptoms.
(2) Exclude glanders by mallein test.
Treatment:
(1) Removal o f the affected tooth if
present.
(2) Trephining followed by repeated
irrigation o f the cavities by astringent
solutions and physiological saline.
5. 2. Catarrh of the Frontal Sinus
Definition:
It is a chronic inflammation in the mucous membrane of the frontal
sinus with the formation of mucopurulent masses of exudate.
Causes:
As catarrh of the maxillary sinus.
NB: Sinusitis in pet animals is usually caused by dental diseases. It
is usually involves the frontal and maxillary sinuses.
Symptoms:
(1) Unilateral fetid nasal discharge especially during snorting and
after cough.
(2) The frontal bone and base o f the horn are sensitive to pressure
and percussion.
(3) In cattle, the head is held to the side affected in unilateral
affection.
(4) Epileptic attacks may be present.
6.
7. Diagnosis:
(1) The affection is easily recognized by the tenderness to
pressure in the frontal region and base o f the horns.
(2) Nasal discharge is present.
(3) Area affected is warm to touch.
Treatment:
(1) Remove the initiating cause.
(2) Trephining of the frontal bones and irrigation by normal
saline.
(3) Antibiotic.
(4) Injection of enzymes.
In pet animals, local installation of enzymes (trypsin) helps
to liquefy the pus and tissue debris
8. Diseases o f the guttural pouch
Catarrh of the Guttural Pouch
Definition:
It is an acute or chronic inflammatory process in the pouch
with accumulation of masses of exudate.
Causes:
(1)Traumatic.
(2) Foreign bodies or food particles.
(3)May be secondary to pharyngitis due to the extension of
the inflammation from the upper parts of the nasal cavities.
(4) Glanders.
(5) Mycosis.
9.
10. Clinical findings:
(1) Pharangitis.
(2) Mucoid or purulent nasal
discharge.
(3) Slight enlargement of the sub-
maxillary glands
(4) Enlargement o f the parotid
regions.
11. Complications:
(1) Stenosis of the larynx.
(2) Dysphagia with regurgitation caused by narrowing o
f the pharyngeal cavity.
(3) Edema and swelling of the pharyngeal wall.
(4) Aspiration pneumonia may develop.
Treatment:
(1) Lower the head several times daily in order to
evacuate the exudate.
(2) Press on the guttural pouch area to help evacuation.
(3) Antibiotic.
NB: Irrigation is forbidden because o f the possibility of
aspiration pneumonia.
12. Tonsillitis (in pet animals)
The canine tonsils are elongated and fusiform
and are attached by a somewhat narrowed base.
The tonsils consist of aggregations of lymphoid
tissue. They play an important role in
preventing the entrance of microorganisms
into the general circulation because of the
phagocytic macrophages, which they contain.
Causes:
(1) Infection is usually caused by Streptococcus
hemolyticus.
(2) Chronic vomiting, regurgitation and bronchitis
result in secondary tonsillitis.
13. Symptoms:
(1)Cough.
(2)Fever.
(3) Inappetence.
(4) Dysphagia and salivation.
Diagnosis:
By inspection of the tonsils.
(1) Acutely inflamed tonsils appear bright
red, and inflammation of the surrounding
mucosa may be obvious.
(2) Punctuate hemorrhages may also be
seen.
(3) Localized abscesses may be visible
as white spots on the surface of the
tonsils.
14. Treatment:
(1) Antibiotic (as penicillin) or
broad-spectrum antibiotics.
(2) Analgesic drugs to relief pain.
•
NB: Tonsillectomy provides
permanent relief from clinical
signs.
15. Diseases o f larynx and trachea (next
lecture)
Laryngitis and trachitis
Definition:
It is an inflammation of the air
passages of the larynx, trachea
and sometimes bronchi. It is
characterized by cough, noisy
inspiration and respiratory troubles.
16. Causes:
(1) Sudden exposure to cold.
(2) Inhalation o f irritant gases and vapour or
dusty air.
(3) Bad usage of stomach tube or probage.
(4) Excessive drinking or blowing or barking.
(5) In course of some infectious agents such as
infectious equine bronchitis, strangles and
equine influenza virus infection, Equine viral
rhinopneumonitis, equine viral arteritis, calf
diphtheria, bovine rhino-trachitis, pharyngeal
abscess or retropharyngeal lymph node rupture.
17. Clinical signs:
(1) Cough is the classical sign, it is short, dry and harsh with
long interval in acute affections and can be easily induced by
pinching of the trachea or larynx then become moist long cough
with short interval (chronic).
(2) Inspiratory dyspnoea varies according to the degree of
obstruction.
(3) Fever in cases of infection.
(4) Nasal discharge and swelling of the nasal mucous
membranes if there is extension of inflammation.
(5) Palpation of the larynx reveals pain and cough.
(6) Swelling of the submaxillary lymph gland.
(7) Inspiratory dyspnoea in severe cases.
(8) Slight rise of body temperature, but it will be so high in
infectious diseases.
(9) Dysphagia, when the inflammation extended to the pharynx.
18. Course o f the
disease:
Only few days, but if
neglected, it may extend
to 2 weeks.
Diagnosis:
It depends on:
(1)History.
(2)Clinical symptoms.
19. Treatment:
(1) Remove or treat the real
cause.
(2) Non steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, such as
phenylbutazone used to decrease
fever and maintain the appetite
during the acute phase o f the
infection.
(3) Antibiotic for secondary
bacterial infection after culture and
sensitivity test or use broad-
spectrum antibacterial and or
trimethoprim sulpha, for 5-7 days.
