local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Avian Influenza (AI) is a viral influenza of birds including chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, and other avian species.
There are three main types of Influenza (A,B & C).
Influenza Type-A
Multiple species
Influenza Type-B
Human
Influenza Type-C
Human & swine
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Rabies its transmission, clinical features and preventionmanojj123
Many people think that rabies is transmitted through only dog. But its not true, rabies is transmitted through not only dog, but also spread through bite or scratch from rabies infected animal like dog, bats, raccons, fox, monkeys etc.. Any open wound exposed saliva of infected animal can be potential source of infection.
Many European countries and North America have already eliminated rabies as a public health problem through mandatory vaccination of dog and good access to post exposure prophylaxis for human beings.
More than 95% of human death occurs in Asia/ Africa. And 99% of human rabies cases came from dogs. There is a small proportion of human rabies reported due to transmission via wild life (such as fox, wolves, jackels, raccoon, bats). Rabies kills more than 60,000 people each year (that is one death in every 9 minute) over 150 countries.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Avian Influenza (AI) is a viral influenza of birds including chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, and other avian species.
There are three main types of Influenza (A,B & C).
Influenza Type-A
Multiple species
Influenza Type-B
Human
Influenza Type-C
Human & swine
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Rabies its transmission, clinical features and preventionmanojj123
Many people think that rabies is transmitted through only dog. But its not true, rabies is transmitted through not only dog, but also spread through bite or scratch from rabies infected animal like dog, bats, raccons, fox, monkeys etc.. Any open wound exposed saliva of infected animal can be potential source of infection.
Many European countries and North America have already eliminated rabies as a public health problem through mandatory vaccination of dog and good access to post exposure prophylaxis for human beings.
More than 95% of human death occurs in Asia/ Africa. And 99% of human rabies cases came from dogs. There is a small proportion of human rabies reported due to transmission via wild life (such as fox, wolves, jackels, raccoon, bats). Rabies kills more than 60,000 people each year (that is one death in every 9 minute) over 150 countries.
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
This presenation includes
Introduction
Etiology- structure, various species which comes under the genus lyssa virus
Epidemiology
Distribution
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
prevention and control
Resistance to physical and chemical action
Prophylaxis
Rabies ,a deadly viral disease transmitted by the most beautiful beings. by ...uzmashireenmbe01
This ppt features all the basic aspects of Rabies with respect to virology. From students to teachers this ppt is handy for everyone. This includes rabies case study introduction, structure, virus life cycle, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, treatment and awaresess.
Etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Respiration, types of respiration, examination of mucous membrane, changes of color , examination of lymph-nodes, examination of skin and associated structures
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Husbandry
Somali National University
Mogadishu, Gaheyr Campus
Sep. 07. 2019
INFECTIOUS DISEASES II (Viral Diseases)
ANIMAL RABIES
2. Rabies virus belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family,
which includes at least three genera of animal
viruses,
Lyssavirus
Ephemerovirus
Vesiculovirus.
3. The genus Lyssavirus includes rabies virus, Lagos bat,
Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat virus 1 & 2
and Australian bat virus.
4. Rhabdoviruses have nonsegmented, negative-
stranded RNA genomes.
The virions have a distinctive bullet-shaped
morphology, and possess a lipid-containing
bilayer envelope.
5. Rabies virus causes acute encephalitis in all
warm-blooded hosts, including humans, and
the outcome is almost always fatal.
6. Survey by OIE in 2013 found that there were more than
150 countries and regions infected by rabies, and over 55
000 people died of rabies every year, most in developing
countries in Asia and Africa.
8. Species Affected
It is probable that all species are
susceptible Rabies including domestic
animals, poultry and wild animals.
mainly dogs and cats.
9. Dogs: the main carrier of rabies
More than 95% of human cases of rabies are due to
bites from infected dogs. Controlling and eradicating
rabies therefore means combating it at its animal source.
10. Transmission
Transmission of the disease is almost invariably
through the bite of a rabid animal although infection
through abraded surfaces or the conjunctiva
contaminated with infected saliva can occur and
aerosol infection in caves inhabited by rabid bats has
been demonstrated.
11. Pathogenesis
The virus travels along the nerve fibres from the point
of introduction to the cerebro-spinal cord and then to
the brain, followed by centrifugal spread throughout
the peripheral and central nervous systems.
12. It is at this stage, before the first symptoms appear that
spread may occur to the salivary glands and the saliva be-
come infective.
It is therefore essential that when an animal is suspected of
being rabid all human and animal contacts during the two
to three days preceding the onset of symptoms should be
traced and appropriate action taken.
15. Clinical Features
The clinical features of rabies are similar in most
species, but there is great variation between
individuals. Following the bite of a rabid animal the
incubation period is usually between 14 and 90 days,
but may be considerably longer.
16. An incubation period of 2 years has been reported in a
cat, and four human cases have been described with
incubation periods proven to be from at least 11 months
to at least 6 years.
17. A dog which is normally quiet may suddenly appear
very friendly, and one normally docile may without
warning become short tempered, may refuse
interference, and tend to hide in corners.
18. Dog rabies is characterized by clinical manifestations,
including changes to normal behavior, such as:
Biting without provocation
Eating abnormal items such as sticks, nails, feces, etc.
Running for no apparent reason
Vocal changes (e.g. hoarse barking and growling) or
inability to produce sounds
Excessive salivation or foaming from the mouth
19. There is a prodromal (preclinical) phase prior to
overt clinical disease, which often is overlooked in
animals or is reported as a change in temperament.
20. Two clinical forms of the disease are recognized:
furious
dumb or paralytic.
In the furious form, an affected animal frequently
exhibits restlessness and hyperesthesia to noise
and strong light, and will stare or bark at
something that is not apparent to the observer. It
may bite itself and snap as if at imaginary flies.
21. A symptom which can be a useful aid to clinical
diagnosis is the watchful `apprehensive' expression of the
eyes, as though the dog was fully aware that is was being
subjected to some paranormal strain but was puzzled as to
its origin.
22. Non-domestic carnivora lose their fear of man and
will enter his habitations and attack without
provocation.
Cats become aggressive.
Cattle touch the ground and make short runs, tossing
their heads, as though about to charge.
Horses may exhibit signs of excitement that can
readily be mistaken for colic.
23. A depraved appetite is common in the dog but
not hydrophobia.
A dog which is unable to swallow may
however attempt to seize the water bowl in its
teeth and try to tear it.
24. Somewhat similarly, a rabid goat may either
spill the water bowl by `butting it', or stamp on
it in a frenzy with its fore feet.
25. A change of voice is also a common feature in many
species, giving rise to the characteristic `rabies
howl' in the dog and a change in the `bellow' of
cattle.
26. The furious stage is followed by dullness and depression
and a progressive muscular paralysis. The term dumb
rabies denotes this later stage which may or may not
have been preceded by the furious excitable stage.
Paralysis of the tongue and lower jaw (dropped jaw) and
profuse salivation are common, and death may follow.
27. Changes are mainly confined to the central
nervous system.
The meninges of the brain are usually congested
and cerebral edema may be present.
The only other gross macroscopic finding likely to
be encountered is a collection of foreign bodies
such as sticks, stones, pieces of metal, etc., in a
rabid dog's stomach.
Pathology
28. Microscopically, the pathognomonic
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) are
seen in nerve cells.
29. They pant and cough. Serous nasal and lachrymal
secretions increase in volume and induce sneezing but
soon become mucopurulent. The nasal discharges tend
to encrust and block the nasal passages, causing oral
breathing.
30.
31. Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies
in humans and other animals are essential for
early postexposure prophylaxis.
In addition, laboratory identification of positive
rabies cases may aid in defining current
epidemiologic patterns of disease and provide
appropriate information for the development of
rabies control programs.
Diagnosis
32. The standard test for rabies testing is direct FA(dFA).
This test is the most rapid and reliable of all the tests
available for routine use.
Other tests for diagnosis and research, such as
electron microscopy (EM), histologic examination,
immunohistochemistry (IHC), RT-PCR, and isolation
in cell culture are useful tools for studying the virus
structure, histopathology, molecular typing, and
virulence of rabies viruses.
33. Pathological analysis:brain
soft membrane swelling,
congestion and bleeding,
the fourth ventricle with
yellow or pink liquid.
Histological
diagnosis:detecting the
within the base body
Electron microscopy:
bullet or baculovirus
Particles, one end flat, the
other end of blunt.
34. 1 to 2-day-old suckling mice were injected with 10% brain
suspension treated with penicillin and streptomycin. 5 to 8
days after inoculation, neonatal rabies clinical symptoms:
hind limbs and esophageal palsy, 8 to 9 days of death.
Autopsy findings: intestinal mucosal congestion, bladder
filling, increased 5 to 8 times. Brain images and tissue
sections can be observed in the Niger body, the accuracy of
up to 100%.
35. Fluorescent Antibody test (FAT)
• ‘Gold-standard’ test
• Antigen detection
• Brain smear
• Apple green staining
• time <2 hours
• Fresh tissue should be
examined, whenever
possible
• Sensitivity 90 – 100%
Negative dFAPositive dFA
36. Prevention & Control
The control of rabies in different countries of the world
poses very different problems, depending on whether
they are free of the disease, whether they are
industrialized or developing countries, and whether
vampire bat rabies is a problem.
37. Rabies-free Areas:
Rigidly enforced quarantine of dogs and cats for 6
months has been effectively used to exclude rabies
from Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Hawaii, and
several other islands.
38. Endemic Areas:
(1) Stray dog and cat elimination and control of the
movement of pets (quarantine may be called for in
emergencies); (2) immunization of dogs and cats, so as to
break the chains of virus transmission;
(3) laboratory diagnosis, to confirm clinical observations
and obtain accurate incidence data; (4) surveillance, to
measure the effectiveness of all control measures; and (5)
public education programs to assure cooperation.
39. Historically, rabies control in wildlife has been based on
animal population reduction by trapping and poisoning,
but in the past few years, fox immunization, by the
distribution of baits containing an attenuated live-virus
rabies vaccine, appears to have been highly successful in
reducing transmission.
40. Vaccination:
Animal rabies vaccines, produced in cultured cells as
inactivated or in some countries as attenuated live-
virus vaccines, are efficacious and safe.
Veterinarians and other individuals
occupationally or otherwise at risk of rabies should
be prophylactically immunized.