This document provides an overview of a presentation on pathology of the respiratory system. It begins with general objectives to overview diseases affecting the domestic animal respiratory system, with emphasis on recognizing morphological changes, common diseases, and arriving at diagnoses. It then covers anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract and defense mechanisms. Examples of specific conditions discussed include atrophic rhinitis in pigs, granulomatous rhinitis in dogs, guttural pouch mycosis in horses, and chronic bronchiolitis in horses. Images are included from various sources to illustrate pathological changes.
3 main groups of species that have anatomically similar respiratory tracts are; 1) cattle, sheep, and pig, 2) dog, cat monkey, rabbit and rat, 3) horse and man. These anatomical and physiological differences largely determine why some pathogens affect only some species (e.g, Pasteurella haemolytica affects cattle but not pigs) and less so in others (cats and dogs).
Alveolar walls are not solid but are perforated by numerous pores which permit the passage of bacteria and
exudate between adjacent alveoli.
Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is a viral disease of the CNS of young chickens, turkeys, Japanese quail, pheasants, and pigeons. Turkeys are less susceptible to natural infection and generally develop a milder clinical disease than chickens. Ducklings and guinea fowl are susceptible to experimental infection
3 main groups of species that have anatomically similar respiratory tracts are; 1) cattle, sheep, and pig, 2) dog, cat monkey, rabbit and rat, 3) horse and man. These anatomical and physiological differences largely determine why some pathogens affect only some species (e.g, Pasteurella haemolytica affects cattle but not pigs) and less so in others (cats and dogs).
Alveolar walls are not solid but are perforated by numerous pores which permit the passage of bacteria and
exudate between adjacent alveoli.
Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is a viral disease of the CNS of young chickens, turkeys, Japanese quail, pheasants, and pigeons. Turkeys are less susceptible to natural infection and generally develop a milder clinical disease than chickens. Ducklings and guinea fowl are susceptible to experimental infection
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Respiratory Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention (Schott)Gwyn Shelle
Can my horse get the swine flu? Why does my horse cough at the beginning of exercise? Can I catch strangles from my horse? Why do racehorses bleed rom their noses? These and other questions will be answered in this webcast.
Dr. David R. Smith - What We know (and don’t know) About Pneumonia in Beef Ca...John Blue
What We know (and don’t know) About Pneumonia in Beef Calves Prior to Weaning - David R. Smith, DVM, PhD, DACVPM, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
11.10.08(d): Histology of the Respiratory TractOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
Pseudorabies is an acute, frequently fatal disease with a worldwide distribution that affects swine primarily and other domestic and wild animals incidentally. The pseudorabies virus has emerged as a significant pathogen in the USA since the 1960s, probably because of the increase in confinement swine housing or perhaps because of the emergence of more virulent strains. Clinical signs in nonporcine animals are similar to those of rabies, hence the name “mad itch” (pigs do not display this sign). Pseudorabies is a reportable disease and has been successfully eradicated from the vast majority of the USA.
A short class presentation I gave in college detailing some opportunistic pathogens which attempt infection in HIV along with commonly used drugs for treatment.
References available in slides.
BACTERIAL DISEASES OF FOXES.
All of the information are collected , it's not a research work but I think it will help the students to know about the basic information.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Path 1.1 respiratory illanes
1. Oscar G.Illanes,DVM,PhD,DACVP
Department of Pathobiology
Pathology of the Respiratory
System
Disclaimer: Images from this presentation come from
different sources: Mc Gavin ‘s Pathologic Basis of Veterinary
Disease, Dr. King files, Noah’s arkive ,OVC, AVC, author’s
own files etc. This presentation is for teaching purposes only,
please do not distribute.
2. General objectives
Overview of the diseases that affect the respiratory system of
domestic animals
Emphasis on:
how to recognize the morphologic changes present within
tissues in specific diseases/ conditions
most common respiratory diseases
how to arrive to the proper morphologic or etiologic diagnosis
for the lesion
Disease pathogenesis, if known
Differential diagnosis, if applicable.
3. References
A. Lόpez:“ Respiratory System” in Pathologic Basis ofVeterinary
Disease, McGavin & Zachary, editors, 5th ed., Mosby, p458-,
2012
J Caswell & K.Williams:“Respiratory System” in JKP
Pathology of Domestic Animals,Vol 2, edited by MG Maxie, 5th
ed., Saunders, p523-653, 2007
4. Anatomic division of the respiratory
tract
Upper & Lower respiratory
tract. In general the upper respiratory
tract is the portion of the respiratory
system located outside the thoracic
cavity.
5. Physiologically the respiratory tract
is divided into three independent
but continuous systems:
1.- Conducting system: Includes the
nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea
and bronchi.The mucosa of this system
is primarily lined by pseudostratified ciliated
epithelium
and goblet cells.
2.-Transitional system : consists
exclusively of bronchioles which are
lined by Clara cells (detoxification of xenobiotics),
non-ciliated secretory cells and only a few ciliated
cells. Healthy bronchioles do not have
goblet cells.
6. 3. Exchange system: Composed of alveolar
ducts and millions of alveoli; thin-walled
structures enveloped by a rich network of
capillaries, the pulmonary capillaries.
Alveoli are lined by epithelial
type I (membranous) and type II (granular)
pneumocytes (also called pneumonocytes).
Each of these systems has a
characteristic susceptibility to injury
and specific type of host response and
repair.
7. The lungs have a dual blood supply:
Through the pulmonary arteries which
conduct deoxygenated blood from
the right side of the heart, and the bronchial
arteries, which carry oxygenated blood.
8. In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system is
also involved in phonation, olfaction, temperature
regulation, acid–base balance, blood pressure
regulation etc.
Several of these functions may be affected by
respiratory disease.
11. Normal Flora – Restricted only to the most
proximal region of the conductive system: nasal
cavity, nasopharynx, larynx and trachea.
The distal portions of the respiratory tract are
considered to be sterile.
12. Even though the majority of
the organisms of the normal
respiratory flora are harmless
others are potentially
pathogenic; e.g.: Mannheimia
haemolytica,Bordetella
bronchiseptica.
13. “The air that we inhale
every day in a healthy
environment contains
billions of suspended
particles, spores, bacteria,
viruses and noxious gases
that are constantly carried
deep into the
lungs”...Fortunately the
lungs have a very efficient
defence system to deal
with the environmental
hazards present under
normal conditions.
14. Experimental studies have demonstrated that bacteria
from the nasal flora, including some potentially
important pathogens, are constantly being carried into
the lungs by inspired air. In spite of this constant
bacterial bombardment, the lower respiratory tract remains
essentially sterile due to the presence of
highly effective respiratory defence mechanisms.
15. Defence mechanisms of the
respiratory system
Non-specific (non immune-
mediated):
Mucous trapping
Mucociliary clearance (mucociliary
escalator)
Phagocytosis
Air turbulence (generated by
coughing and sneezing).
Specific (immune-mediated):
Antibody production
Antibody-mediated phagocytosis
Cell-mediated immunity
16. Pulmonary Macrophages
Alveolar Macrophages
(“PAMs”)
Intravascular
Macrophages (“PIMs”>
ruminants,cats,pigs and horses)
In dogs, humans and laboratory
rodents the cells responsible for removing
circulating bacteria and other particles from
blood are the Kupffer cells (liver) and splenic
macrophages.
18. Animals suffering from a respiratory viral infection
have notably suppressed defence mechanisms which make them
susceptible to bacterial colonization within the airways.
Viruses are not the only factor known to predispose to bacterial
pneumonia, other causes are:
Stress
Dehydration
Pulmonary edema
Uremia
Ammonia
Immunosuppression/ immunodeficiency
19. Post-mortem examination of the respiratory
tract
Horse-UCVM-09
Thorough systematic examination and appropriate sampling are
very important. Microbiology results should always be interpreted
carefully taken into account clinical and post-mortem findings.
22. Ethmoidal hematoma – cause of
epistaxis in horses
Pedunculated tumor-like lesion in
older horses.The exact etiology of
this lesion is unknown.
Dr.King’s show & Tell
23. Fibrinous rhinitis – mid-sagittal section of the
head – Calf with IBR
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (formation of
diphtheritic membrane)
24.
25. Oestrus ovis, nasal bot in sheep
– worldwide distribution
From McGavin, Zachary.
27. Atrophic rhinitis in pigs.
Multifactorial disease in growing pigs.
Currently is thought to be the result of a
combined infection of Bordetella
bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida
types D andA.
29. The toxigenic strains of P.multocida produce cytotoxins which inhibit
osteoblastic activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption of the nasal
turbinates. “The ventral scroll of the ventral nasal turbinate is the area
most commonly and consistently affected”…
30. Inclusion Body Rhinitis –
Porcine Cytomegalovirus (suid
herpesvirus 2 [SHV-2])
infection, Pig, AVC, OI
Usually in pigs 3-5 weeks of age.
Fatal systemic infection occurs
occasionally in younger suckling pigs
(less than 3 weeks of age).
Nasal submucosal glands
with large basophilic
Intranuclear inclusions
(SHV-2).
34. Feline Calicivirus (FCV). Mild oculonasal discharge in
addition to vesicular and ulcerative stomatitis - diffuse
interstitial pneumonia may also occur.
41. Inflammation of the guttural pouch,
horse (guttural pouch empyema) due
to “strangles”-TAMU
“Chondroids”
“Inspissated” exudate
42.
43.
44. Caused by infection with
Aspergillus fumigatus or
other Aspergillus species.
Involvement of cranial
nerves (VII, IX, X, XI, XII)
is common and result in a
variety of clinical signs.
Erosion of the wall of the
internal carotid artery can
lead to epistaxis or fatal
hemorrhage
Guttural Pouch mycosis
49. Guttural pouch mycosis, AVC E24094-97
Which special stains are often used to visualize
fungi within tissue sections?
GMS (Gomori’s methenamine silver) stain and
PAS (Periodic Acid Shiff) stain.
56. Larynx
Necrotic laryngitis (Calf
diphtheria)
Secondary infection by
Fusobacterium necrophorum
following trauma or viral
infection (IBR). Can also
occurs as part of oral
necrobacillosis in calves and
swine.
Plaques of ulceration covered
by fibrinonecrotic exudate.
57. Larynx
Laryngeal hemiplegia
(paralysis) – “roaring”
horses.Atrophy of the left
dorsal cricoarytenoid
muscle.
Usually the result of an
idiopathic neuropathy
affecting the left recurrent
laryngeal nerve.
*From McGavin „s Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease book.
58. Trachea - bronchi
Tracheal collapse: Mainly in toy and miniature dog
breeds; occasionally seen in horses, cattle and goats.
Texas A&M
59. Dorso-ventral flattening of the trachea and
concomitant widening of the dorsal tracheal
membrane, pony
May result in coughing and exercise
intolerance.
62. Canine infectious tracheobronchitis
(Kennel cough).
A variety of infectious
agents are often isolated
from affected dogs but
there is consensus that
Bordetella bronchiseptica
usually plays a primary
role.
CAV-2, CPIV-2 and to a
lesser extend canine
distemper virus and
Mycoplasma spp., have
predisposing roles.
63. Horses and ponies– chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema
complex, “heaves”, “broken wind”, Recurrent Airway
Obstruction (RAO). Asthma-like syndrome (used to be
known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
From: « Recurrent airway obstruction – heaves ». The
Veterinary Clinics, Equine Practice, 19: 63-86, 2003. Renaud
Léguillette, DMV, MSc, DACVIM. McGill University, UCVM- Canada.
Severe heaves. The head &neck are
extended and the horse shows nasal
flaring with mucoid nasal discharge. „„Heave line.‟‟ The hypertrophy of external abdominal oblique
muscles as a result of expiratory efforts suggests that the horse
has been chronically affected by heaves.
66. Other similar disease in veterinary
medicine : Feline asthma,
a.k.a. feline allergic bronchitis.
“Hyperactive airway disease”
67. Lungs
Blood-Air Barrier:
Composed of the
vascular endothelium,
basement membrane of
the endothelial cell,
basement membrane of
the type I pneumocyte
and the cytoplasm of the
of the type I
pneumocyte.
68. Circulatory disturbances: Pulmonary
haemorrhage
Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH):
Relatively common condition in race horses.
Follows strenuous exercise.
Epistaxis is present in only 1-10% of affected horses.
Frequency increases with age and the severity of exertion.
Probably the result of marked elevations in arterial and capillary
pressures during strenuous exercise.
Haemorrhage occurs in the dorso-caudal portions of the caudal
lung lobes.
Massive pulmonary haemorrhage may be the only detectable
lesion in horses that die during exercise .
69. Epistaxis and pulmonary hemorrhage are relatively
common in cattle with vena cava thrombosis
81. Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the
lungs.
Pulmonary parenchyma appears dark-red and sunken in
comparison to aerated lung. Consistency is fleshy and the
lung tissue does not float.
Congenital, acquired, compressive (caused by space-
occupying lesions like hydrothorax, hemothorax,
pleuritis), massive (pneumothorax).
83. Aspiration of amniotic fluid
“Meconium is the dark-green
mucilaginous material
in the intestine of a full term
fetus –a mixture of secretions
from intestinal glands and
amniotic fluid”
86. Pulmonary Emphysema
Important primary disease in humans where often co-exists with
COPD attributable to cigarette smoking.
“It is thought to be an imbalance between proteases and anti-
proteases (like α1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil-derived serine
proteases, particularly elastase and matrix metalloproteinases from
a variety of sources are the likely culprits.Their concentrations are
enhanced by neutrophil and macrophage activation induced in
chronic bronchitis” –JKP, 2007 –G Maxie, ed.
The emphysematous lung is dysfunctional since the loss of alveolar
septa reduced the alveolar surface area Reduction in gas
exchange.
87. Pulmonary Emphysema
In animals is always secondary to obstruction of outflow of
air or agonal at slaughter.
Frequent in animals with bronchopneumonia airflow
imbalance the volume of air entering the lungs exceeds
the volume exiting the lung during expiration.
Classified also as alveolar of interstitial (the latter mainly in
cattle).
88. Bullous emphysema: Large focal
air-filled spaces (bullae) rupture
may lead to fatal pneumothorax.
Cow, pulmonary edema emphysema,
``fog fever``.
90. Pneumonia
No universal classification in
veterinary medicine –quite
confusing.
Right: Diagram of common
patterns of pneumonia:
A: Normal lung
B: Suppurative
bronchopneumonia
C: Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
D: Interstitial pneumonia
E: Embolic pneumonia
F: Granulomatous pneumonia A. Lopez, Atlantic Veterinary
College
Aerogenous (airborne) route and
hematogenous route.
91.
92. Pneumonias in cattle:
Viral pneumonias
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR): Caused by BoHV-1.
Para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3 virus) and Bovine Respiratory
Syncytial virus (BRSV) cause a transient rhino-tracheitis and
broncho-interstitial pneumonia with the formation of eosinophilic
intracytoplasmic inclusions bodies in bronchial, bronchiolar and
alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Formation of
syncytial cells occurs in both, BRSV and PI-3 virus infection.
BRSV and PI-3 should be considered in calves with necrotizing
bronchiolitis
Diagnosis is confirmed by virus isolation, PCR or detection of
viral antigens by fluorescence antibody test (FAT) or
immunohistochemistry (IHC).
94. BRSV. Right: IHC stains demonstrates
widespread injury to the airway
Epithelium.
95. Bovine enzootic pneumonia (chronic
suppurative bronchopneumonia.
Disease caused by a variety of
etiologic agents which include
respiratory viruses, Mycoplasmas,
Chlamydophila, followed by
opportunistic bacteria such as
Pasteurella multocida,Arcanobacterium
pyogenes,Histophilus somni,
Mannheimia haemolytica and E.coli.
Calves with bovine leukocyte
adhesion deficiency (BLAD), which
prevents the migration of
neutrophils from the capillaries, are
highly susceptible to
bronchopneumonia.
Chronic suppurative
bronchopneumonia,
Calf, OVC.
98. Pneumonic mannheimiosis (“shipping
fever”)
Acute respiratory disease that
occurs in cattle several days or
weeks after shipment.
Because Mannheimia haemolytica
(formerly Pasteurella haemolytica) is
typically isolated the term
penumonic mannheimiosis or
pneumonic pasteurellosis have
been used.
Most economically important
respiratory disease of cattle in
NorthAmerica, particularly in
feedlot cattle.
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia,
OVC.
100. Mannheimia haemolytica biotype A,
serotype 1 is responsible for the
severe pulmonary lesions (areas of
necrosis etc.)
Pneumonic
mannheimiosis:
Marbling appearance
of the
pulmonary
parenchyma.
What type of necrosis?
101. Respiratory histophilosis
Part of the Histophilus somni
disease complex (TME,
pneumonia, pleuritis,
myocarditis, arthritis, abortion
etc.,).
May cause suppurative or
fibrinous bronchopneumonia.
The later may be
undistinguishable from the
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
caused by Mannheimia haemolytica.
Fibrinous pneumonia,
cattle-Cornell files
102. Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia
Important cause of chronic
respiratory disease in feedlot
cattle – common inAlberta.
The organism causes a chronic
necrotizing bronchopneumonia
which is quite characteristic.
M.bovis also causes severe chronic
fibrinous arthritis.
Chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia, heifer,
UCVM. Mycoplasma bovis was cultured from
the lesions, OI, 2008.
106. Bovine tuberculosis
Caused by M.bovis. It has been suggested
that the termTB should be limited to
diseases caused by M.tuberculosis (human)
and M.bovis (cattle); other conditions
should be referred as “Mycobacteriosis”.
In NorthAmerica the disease has been
almost eliminated but there still outbreaks
that often originate from wild life (M.bovis
not only affects cattle and humans but also
deer, elk, bison etc. wild ruminants).
Lesions are more common in
retropharyngeal lymph nodes, lungs,
thoracic and mesenteric lymph nodes.
Lesions in cervids often contain prominent
suppurative exudate and may resemble
abscesses...
Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia, M. bovis, cow,
Dr. King-Cornell’s file.
107. Verminous bronchitis/ pneumonia
In cattle is caused by infection with Dictyocaulus viviparus. Varies from
interstitial pneumonia (larval migration) to chronic bronchitis
(intrabronchial adult parasites) to granulomatous pneumonia (eggs,
dead larvae).
Cornell Files
109. Terminal bronchi from the right caudal lung lobe, pig. Slaughterhouse specimen,
St. Kitts. Lung worms are admixed within slightly turbid mucoid exudate.
Morphologic dx?.., etiologic dx?...
Lung worms in pigs:
Metastrongylus spp.
110. Numerous thin and elongated worms within the terminal bronchi of the
caudal (diaphragmatic) lung lobes: Metastrongylus spp. Pig,
slaughterhouse specimen, St. Kitts, 2012.
111. Same pig as in the previous image. Numerous Metastrongylus spp. are
present within a bronchus, caudal lung lobe. Possible morphologic dx:
catarrhal bronchitis; Etiologic dx: Verminous (or parasitic) bronchitis;
pulmonary metastrongylosis. RUSVM, OI.
112. Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP) of cattle
Pneumonias that did not fit any of the “classical” forms of
pneumonia
Characterized by the presence of edema, interstitial
emphysema, hyaline membranes, type II pneumocyte
hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis with cellular infiltrates
These types of pneumonias have specific etiologies.
Investigators have proposed that these syndromes previously
clustered underAIP be named according to their specific
cause or pathogenesis.
114. Atypical Interstitial Pneumonias -
common syndromes:
Bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (“fog fever”)
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Reinfection syndrome (hypersensitivity to Dictyocaulus sp.
or BRSV).
Milk allergy: type I hypersensitivity in cows sensitized to
their own milk casein and lactalbumin.
Ingestion of moldy potatoes contain 4-ipomeanol which
is metabolized by mixed function oxydases in the lung
(Clara cells) to a potent pneumotoxicant.
115. “Fog Fever”
Bovine pulmonary edema &
emphysema (“fog fever”) occurs
in cattle grazing “fog” pastures (re-
growth pasture after a hay or silage
has been cut or lush green grass). L-
tryptophan present in the pasture is
metabolized in the rumen to 3-
methylindole → absorbed into the
blood and carried to the lungs →
metabolized by the mixed function
oxidases of non-ciliated bronchiolar
epithelial cells (“Clara” cells) into a
highly pneumotoxic compound that
causes extensive necrosis of
bronchiolar epithelial cells and type I
pneumocytes (diffuse alveolar
damage).
116. “Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis”
(hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Common; mainly seen in adult dairy cows in the winter.The human
counterpart is referred to as “farmer’s lungs”.
Type III hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled organic antigens, most
commonly fungal spores present in moldy hay (local deposition of Ag-
Ab complexes in the lungs).
Gross lesions vary from subtle gray subpleural foci of granulomatous
inflammation to severe lesions in which the lungs acquire a “meaty
appearance” due to alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial
inflammation and fibrosis.
117. Pathogenesis of toxic and allergic pneumonias
(“AIP”) in cattlle.
* From McGavin’s pathology book
118. Pneumonias of Sheep
Viral pneumonias: Like in cattle PI-3 virus and RSV can produce
pneumonitis in sheep.
Maedi (maedi-visna): Lifelong, persistent disease of sheep that
occurs in most countries with the exception of Australia and New
Zealand. It is also known as Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP).
The disease is caused by a retrovirus of the lentivirus subfamily
(ovine lentivirus) similar to the agent of CAE. Infection results in a
lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP).
The virus may also cause a non-suppurative encephalitis (Visna),
lymphocytic arthritis, lymphofollicular mastitis and vasculitis.
Maedi is characterized by dyspnea and an insidious slowly
progressive emaciation despite good appetite.
In goats, CAE virus can cause a lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia
similar to OPP in sheep.
119. Bacterial Pneumonias - Sheep
Chronic enzootic
pneumonia:
Multifactorial disease –rarely
fatal. In general it affects animals
younger than 1-year-old.
Etiologic agents include
Mannheimia haemolytica,
Pasteurella multocida,PI-3,
adenovirus, reovirus, RSV,
Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasmas
(mycoplasma ovipneumoniae).
Suppurative bronchopneumonia, sheep –
Pasteurella multocida – from McGavin’s.
120. Ovine pneumonic Mannheimosis: Similar to
shipping fever in cattle.
Septicemic pasteurellosis: Caused by
Mannheimia haemolytica (biotypeA) usually in lambs under 3
months.
Bibersteinia (Pasteurella) trehalosi (biotypeT) usually in lambs 5 to
12 months-old.
Lesions:necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, septicemia with
disseminated intravascular thrombosis and bacteremia.
121. u
Multifocal subpleural pneumonitis – Muellerius capillaris sheep, Cornell files
Verminous bronchitis also occurs in sheep and goats. The etiologic agent
Is Dictyocaulus filaria.
122. Pneumonias of horses
Viral pneumonias: Equine viral rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1, EHV-
4) and equine influenza are important diseases in horses
worldwide. In addition, equine viral arteritis (EVA) virus and
equine adenovirus can also cause pneumonia in horses.
These viruses often cause only a transient broncho-interstitial
pneumonia but impair the pulmonary defences and make horses
susceptible to secondary bacterial pneumonias (P.Multocida,
Streptococcus spp.,E.coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Rhodococcus equi etc.).
It has also been suggested that viral respiratory infections may
predispose horses to “airway hyper-responsiveness” and “chronic
obstructive respiratory disease” (COPD).
123. EquineViral Arteritis (EVA) virus – Arterivirus.
Sporadic pansystemic disease of foals and horses:
May result in interstitial pneumonia with
vasculitis, pulmonary edema, hydrothorax and
hydroperitoneum.
124. Equine Morbillivirus (Hendra virus disease): Fatal
respiratory disease in horses and humans (high mortality rates
were seen in both horses and humans) which appeared in
1994 in Australia. Classified as a Morbillivirus, subfamily
Paramyxoviridae.Affected horses have severely edematous
lungs. Histologically there is vasculitis and the presence of
multinucleated syncytial cells, typical of morbillivirus
infections, in the endothelium of small pulmonary blood
vessels and alveolar capillaries. No inclusion bodies are seen.
Clinical signs are non-specific and include fever, anorexia,
respiratory distress and nasal discharge
126. Interstitial pneumonia due to adenovirus or
Pneumocystis carinii Infection are common complication
in Arabian foals with SCID (Inherited disorder-
autosomal recessive trait- characterized by lack of B and
T lymphocytes die before 5 months of age)
Right: Pneumocystosis, Pig, AVC. Foamy eosinophilic
proteinaceous material within alveoli. Fungal organisms are
detected with Gomori’s methenamine silver stain (GMS).
“Pneumocystosis is one of
the most common and often
fatal complications in AIDS patients”.
Jack Russell Terrier
128. Interstitial pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii infection with
concomitant Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal (Arabian CID foal).
129. Rhodococcus equi
Important cause of morbidity and
mortality in foals worldwide.
Facultative intracellular gram positive
bacterium that causes two major
clinical syndromes.
The organism may become enzootic in
farms where the organisms has been
shed earlier by affected foals.
Virulence factors encoded by plasmids
(virulence-associated proteins) appear
to be responsible for the survival of
the organism within macrophages
(avoid phagocytosis by inducing
defective phagosome-lysosome
fusion).
6-week-old foal, Chronic pyogranulomatous
pneumonia –Rhodococcus equi, Texas A&M
University.
130. 6-week-old foal, Chronic
pneumonia –Rhodococcus equi,
Texas A&M University.
Mdx: Pyogranulomatous
pneumonia
Cytokines, lysosomal enzymes and bacterial toxins are responsible for extensive caseous
necrosis of the lungs and recruitment of large numbers of neutrophils, macrophages and
giant cells containing numerous intracytoplasmic organisms. Affected foals develop chronic
coughing and weight loss.
“Any foal with bronchopneumonia unresponsive to routine broad-spectrum antibiotic
therapy should be suspected of having R. equi bronchopneumonia” Equine practice, vol 14
(1): 15-18, 1992.
131. R.equi can infect people undergoing
immunosuppression (AIDS, chemotherapy,
therapeutically-induced immunosuppression
because of organ transplantation).
134. Horse, embolic Aspergillus infection (Mycotic
pneumonia), Texas A&M, Dr. John Edwards.
Multifocal, necrotizing and hemorrhagic (or necro-hemorrhagic)
pneumonia
135. Pneumonias of pigs
• Viral Pneumonias:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): First recognized in Europe in
1987. PRRS is characterized by late-term abortions, stillbirths and respiratory disease in
young pigs (interstitial pneumonia).
Swine Influenza: Resulted from adaptation of the typeA influenza virus that caused the
pandemic of human influenza duringWorldWar I. Low mortality unless complicated
with secondary bacterial infections. H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009.
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS):
Causes progressive emaciation in weaned pigs.The causative agent is PCV-2. May result
in interstitial pneumonia.
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV): Sporadic cause of mild bronchointerstitial
pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis.
136. Interstitial pneumonia, feeder
pig – highly suggestive of viral pneumonia
Right: Pneumocystosis, Pig, AVC. Foamy eosinophilic
proteinaceous material within alveoli. Fungal
organisms are detected with Gomori’s methenamine
silver stain (GMS). Infections with Pneumocystis
carinii are common in pigs with PRRS and PMWS.
137. Pig, enzootic pneumonia-Cornell. Multifactorial disease,
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the main pathogen involved. The organism induces
a suppurative or cattarrhal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia that is quite
characteristic. This highly contagious disease of pigs is influenced by immune status
and management factors such as crowding, poor ventilation, humidity and
temperature fluctuation in the barns. The disease is characterized by low mortality
unless complicated with secondary pathogens.
139. Mycoplasma pneumonia, young piglet, UCVM, OI. The bronchopneumonia is
mild to moderate (low mortality) unless complicated with Pasteurella multocida,
Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Bordetella bronchyseptica, Haemophilus spp.,
Mycoplasma hyorhinis etc.).
140.
141. 3-month-old pig, fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia,
may be a component of Glasser’s disease (Haemophilus parasuis)
CVM, Western University of Health Sciences, O.Illanes
142. Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia,
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Highly contagious often fatal
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
of pigs 2-5 months of age.
Dorsal area of the caudal lung
lobes are often affected.
Lesions are severe and
characterized by hemorrhage,
necrosis and thrombosis.
Except for the distribution
lesions are similar to those of
pneumonic mannheimiosis of
cattle.
Cornell files
143. Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia,
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,
CVM, Western University of Health Sciences, O.Illanes.
Top: Cut surface, contagious
pleuropneumonia, pig. Nebraska Diagnostic
Laboratory – From
McGavin‟s 2012.
144. Pneumonias of Dogs
Pneumonias are not as common in dogs as in food-
producing animals.
Infectious pneumonias: Infectious tracheobronchitis
(Kennel cough) and canine distemper are the most
common.
Non-infectious: Uremia and paraquat (widely used
herbicide) toxicity are most common
145. • In addition to distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2),
canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and canine influenza virus can
produce pneumonias in dogs.
• Bacterial pneumonias are often secondary to distemper virus
infection or aspiration of gastric contents (when pulmonary
defence mechanisms have been impaired). Pasteurella
multocida,Streptococcus spp.,E.Coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and
Bordetella bronchiseptica can be involved.
151. Pneumonias of cats
Upper respiratory infections: Common
Pneumonias: Rare
The viruses that produce upper respiratory disease may
also induce pneumonia, but unless complicated with
secondary bacterial infections they usually do not pose a
significant clinical problem.
154. Pulmonary neoplasia
In comparison to humans primary pulmonary
tumors are rare in animals
Most are malignant an appear as solitary masses
of variable size
In domestic animals they are most common in
dogs and cats.
156. Ovine pulmonary carcinoma (pulmonary
adenomatosis).
3-year-old sheep, University of Zaragoza, Spain – in McGavin’s
Caused by a transmissible retrovirus. Found around the world but not in New
Zealand or Australia. Mainly seen in mature sheep. Slowly progressive signs of
respiratory disease death after several months from the initial onset of
respiratory signs.
157. Metastatic neoplasms are relatively
common. Primary pulmonary neoplasms,
largely carcinomas are relatively rare but
more common in aged dogs and cats.
164. Chronic pleuritis with “sulfur granules”, nocardiosis (Nocardia asteroides),
Cat.
From McGavin’s Path. Basis
Of Vet. Disease
165. Mesothelioma – In domestic animals seen mainly in cattle – can be
congenital. In humans has been associated with inhalation of asbestos
(mining, construction, ship building).
167. Fibrinosuppurative pleuropneumonia, rabbit –P. Multocida,
Atlantic Veterinary College.
Pasteurellosis is a common disease in domestic rabbits. P.multocida can
result in rhinitis (“snuffles”), pneumonia, abscesses, reproductive tract
infections, ear infections and septicemia.