This document discusses bones, cartilages, and joints. It describes the composition, types and functions of bones, including long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It examines bone cells, formation, and healing. The document also details the types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Additionally, it outlines the different types of joints that restrict movement, allow movement, and names some joint abnormalities.
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
This presentation was made by various histology slides of cartilages (taken from web pages) as a pretest for the exams. Not for any other commercial purposes.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome & HypermobilityHolly Clayton
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Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. Objectives
1. Determine the structure of the bones
1.1 Classify bones as to size and shape
1.2 Contrast compact from spongy bone
1.3 Locate the axial and appendicular bone
1.4 Identify the parts of long bones
1.5 List the functions of the bones
1.6 Give the types of bone formation
1.7 Discuss the process of bone healing
3. 2 Determine the types of cartilage
2.1 Name the composition of the intracellular
substance
2.2 Identify the histologic features of each
type
2.3 Give the functions of each type
3. Describe the different types of Joints
3.1 Cite locations of joints
3.2 Demonstrate joint movements
4. Identify some abnormalities in bones and
joints
7. Functions of
bones
Description
Movement Maintain or change position of body
parts by interacting with skeletal
muscles
Protection Enclose and protect the brain,
lungs, and other organs
Support Support and anchor muscles
Mineral storage Serve as a depot for storing and
withdrawing mineral ions; indirectly
helps maintain body fluids and
support metabolic activities
Blood cell
formation
Site for production of red blood cells
and other blood cells
8. Types of bones
According to
Density:
compact and spongy
Size and shape:
long, short, flat & irregular
Location:
axial and appendicular
axial
appendicular
9. Types of bones according to size and shape
1. Long = bones of the upper and lower extremities
2. Short = bones of the wrist and ankle
3. Flat = clavicle, sternum, scapula and pelvis
4. Irregular = vertebrae and facial bones
15. Bone density
Spongy bone - cancellous
- consists of trabeculae
- found within the epiphysis and
metaphysis
Compact bone – cortical
- usually found on the bone surface
- making up most of the diaphysis
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. Organization of lamella in compact bone
1. Haversian system – osteons
- long cylinders running parallel to the
long axis of the diaphysis
2. Interstitial lamella
3. Outer and inner circumferentil lamellae
55. Cartilage
Supporting connective tissue with tensile strength
Composition of ground substance
> chondroitin sulfate
> keratin sulfate
> chondronectin
> collagen:
Type I = fibrocartilage
Type II = hyaline and elastic
no blood and nerve supply
56. Produced by chondroblasts to become chondrocytes
• Growth of Cartilage
- Appositional growth results in outward
expansion due to the production of cartilage
matrix on the outside of the tissue
- Interstitial growth results in expansion from
within the cartilage matrix due to division of
lacunae-bound chondrocytes and secretion of
matrix
57. Types of cartilage
1. Hyaline - most common, found in
the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea
- a precursor of bone
2. Fibro - is found in vertebral discs,
joint capsules, ligaments
3. Elastic - is found in the external
ear, and epiglottis
58. Hyaline cartilage
• consists of living chondrocytes situated
far apart in fluid-filled lacunae
• contains a number of collagenous fibers
• occurs in trachea, the larynx, the tip of the
nose, in the connection between the ribs
and the breastbone
• provides a sliding area
which reduces friction
59.
60. Elastic cartilage
has interlacing fibers
contains many yellow elastic
fibers lying in solid matrix
found in the epiglottis, external
ear, and eustachian tube
maintains the shape of a
structure while allowing great
flexibility
61. Fibrous cartilage
dense collagen fibers and limited
amount of ground substance
chondrocytes are between the bundles of collagen
has great tensile strength
predominates in body areas that bear great amounts of
weight
Found in the pubic symphysis.skull bones, and disks
between the vertebrae, in the tendonous and ligamentous
insertions
62. Functions of fibrocartilage:
1. Shock absorbers – cartilage between the
adjacent vertebrae while we run or walk
2. Provides sturdiness without impeding movement
- forms a firm joint between bones but still
allows for a reasonable degree of movement
3. Deepens sockets – in articular cavities (such as
the ball-and-socket joints in the hip and shoulder
regions) white fibrocartilage deepens the
sockets to make dislocation less possible
63.
64. Characteristic Cartilage Bone
Ground
substance
component
Chondroitin
sulfate, keratin
sulfate, chondro-
nectin, no mineral
component
Chondroitin sulfate,
keratin sulfate,
osteocalrin, osteo-
pontin, sialoprotein,
hydroxyapatite,
citrate, carbonate
Collagen
types
Type I fibrocar-
tilage
Type II hyaline &
elastic
Type I
Blood vessels Absent, nutrient
via diffusion
Present
65. Nerves Absent Present
Repair (regene-
ration capacity)
Low High
Mitosis Chondroblasts
Yes
Chondrocytes
Yes
Osteoprogenitor
Yes
Osteoblasts No
Osteocytes No
Communication No junctions
between
chondrocytes
Gap junctions
between
osteocytes
Hormonal
influence
T3, T4, testos-
terone, GH,
cortisone,
estradiol
PTH, Calcitonin,
GH, Estrogens,
Androgens
66. Joints
Articulation
Where bones come in contact with each other
Basic types of joints
1. those that have little or no movement
a. Synarthroses - immovable
b. Amphiarthroses - semimovable
2. those that are freely movable =
Diarthroses
67. Joints that restrict movement
1. Fibrous joints – bones are joined together by strong
fibrous tissues = Synarthroses
a. Sutures
b. Syndesmoses
c. Gomphoses
2. Cartilaginous joints – bones are joined
together by cartilaginous material
= Amphiarthroses
a. Symphysis
b. Synchrondroses
71. Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints
Consists of two adjacent bone separated by
substantial amount of hyaline cartilage
Some cases bones are separated by
ligaments
76. Joints that allow movement
Diarthroses
Synovial joints – 2 bones encased within a cavity
Architecture of synovial joints
1. surface where bones come in contact
and move against each other is covered
by articular or hyaline cartilage
2. surrounded by a strong fibrous joint
capsule
3. contains joint cavity within the fibrous
capsule
4. non epithelial synovial membrane secretes
synovial fluid
77.
78. Movements by synovial joints:
- Axis of motion:
= Nonaxial - slipping movements
= Uniaxial - movement in one plane;
phalanges, radius/ulna, femur/tibia
= Biaxial - movement in two planes;
occipital bone/atlas
= Multiaxial - movement in three planes;
scapula/humerus, and coxal bone/
femur
79. Types of synovial joints
1. Plane or gliding
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket
82. Bursa
Closed fluid-filled sac
Lined with synovial
membranes
Commonly found
between the skin
and bony prominences
Assist the movement of
tendons that pass over bones
86. Fracture – discontinuity with the anatomy of
bone
Sprain - stretching/tearing of a ligament
Dislocation - (luxation), bones forced out of
their normal position
Bursitis - inflammation of bursa
Arthritis - inflammatory or degenerative
disease; synovial membrane thickens,
fluid production decreases, increase in
friction and pain
92. Signs and symptoms of arthritis
pain
swelling
stiffness
fatigue
fever
rashes
lumps under
the skin
limitation of body
movement
93. References
Alcamo, Edward: Anatomy and Physiology The Easy Way,
Barron’s Educational Series, USA 1996
Tesoriero, John, Anatomy. Sulzburger & Graham Publishing,
Ltd, New York 1994
Gartner, LP et al. Board Review Series Cell Biology and
Histology. Williams & Wilkins, USA 1993
Dudek, RW. High-Yield histology. Williams & Wilkins, USA
1996
Moore, KL & Agur,AM. Essential Clinical Anatomy . Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Maryland, USA 1995
94. Snell, RS Clinical Anatomy by Regions 8th ed. Lippincott
Maryland, USA 2007
Mescher, AL Junquiera’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas.
McGraw Hill, Singapore 2010
