This document provides an overview of the human body systems, including the skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and digestive system. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. The main sections describe the components, functions, and key facts about each body system. Diagrams and images are included to illustrate different bones, muscles, organs, and processes. The text provides a high-level educational summary of multiple important systems within the human body.

1. An Interactive Lesson
(HUMAN BODY SYSTEM)
Gloria Ponciano, Ph.D
Professor

2. CONTENTS:
A. Interactive Lesson
B. Glossary
C. Pre-Test
D. Post-Test

3. THE HUMAN BODY
SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM IMMUNE SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEM
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

4. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Have you ever seen the frame of
a
house when it's being built?

5. A baby have over 300 bones.
By the time you are an
adult, you have 206 bones in your body.

6. The Skeletal System serves many
important functions;
a. provides the shape
b. Supports our body
c. Protects the internal organs
d. Allows bodily movement
e. Produces blood for the body
f. Store minerals

8. Divisions of the
Skeleton
The human skeleton is divided into
two distinct parts:
1. AXIAL SKELETON- It consists of
bones that form the axis of the body
and support and protect the organs of
the head, neck, and trunk.
The Skull The Sternum
The RibsThe Vertebral Column

9. 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON – it is
composed of bones that anchor the
appendages to the axial skeleton.
The Upper Extremities
The Lower Extremities
The Shoulder Girdle
The Pelvic Girdle
- (the sacrum and coccyx are considered
part of the vertebral column)

10. next
TYPES OF BONES
1. LONG BONES
2. SHORT BONES
3. FLAT BONES
4. IRREGULAR BONES

11. back
LONG BONES are
longer than they are
wide and work as
levers.
EXAMPLES:
humerus, tibia,
femur, ulna,
metacarpals

12. back
SHORT BONES
are short, cube-
shaped, and found
in the wrists and
ankles

13. back
FLAT BONES have
broad surfaces for
protection of organs and
attachment of muscles
EXAMPLES
ribs, cranial bones,
bones of shoulder girdle

14. back
IRREGULAR BONES
are all others that do not
fall into the previous
categories. They have
varied shapes, sizes, and
surfaces features
EXAMPLES
Skull, Vertebrae

15. HOME
Bone Composition
1. COMPACT or DENSE BONE
- dense, hard, and forms the
protective exterior portion of all
bones .
2. SPONGY or CANCELLOUS BONE
- It is inside the compact bone and
is very porous (full of tiny holes).
Spongy bone occurs in most bones.

16. back
The skull is the bony
framework of the head. It is
composed of eight cranial
and fourteen facial bones.

17. back
The sternum
is a flat,
dagger shaped
bone located in
the middle of
the chest.

18. back
The ribs are thin,
flat, curved bones
that form a protective
cage around the
organs in the upper
body. It is comprised
of 24 bones arranged
in 12 pairs .

19. back
The vertebral
column (also
called the
backbone,
spine, or spinal
column)
consists of a
series of 33
irregularly
shaped bones,
called

20. back
The upper
extremity
consists of three
parts: the arm,
the forearm, and
the hand.

21. back
The lower extremity
is composed of the
bones of the thigh, leg,
foot, and the patella
(commonly known as
the kneecap).

22. back
The Shoulder Girdle, also
called the Pectoral Girdle, is
composed of four bones: two
clavicles and two scapulae .

23. back
The Pelvic Girdle, also called the
hip girdle, is composed to two coxal
(hip) bones.

24. THE MUSCULAR
SYSTEM

26. What do muscles do?
• Muscles pull on the joints and bones,
allowing us to move.
• They help us breathe by working with the
lungs.
• They help our hearts beat.
• They also help the body perform other
functions so we can grow and remain
strong

27. NEXT
TYPES OF MUSCLE
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
2. SMOOTH MUSCLE
3. CARDIAC MUSCLE

28. back
Skeletal Muscles
- move and support the skeleton
- they make up fifty percent of your
body weight
- links two bones across its
connecting
- voluntary muscles, these are
muscles that we can consciously
control

29. back
SMOOTH MUSCLES
- the muscle fibers look
smooth and not striated
- involuntary movements
of the inner organs, e.g.
the (peristaltic) bowel
movement

30. back
CARDIAC MUSCLE
- These muscles are
attached to the heart.
- They are responsible
for moving the blood
through the heart's
chambers and
pumping it to all parts
of the body.
- These muscles are
involuntary.

31. HOME
* Voluntary muscles are
muscles that you can move
whenever you want to.
* Involuntary muscles
contract and relax
automatically inside your
body. We can not control our
involuntary muscles.

32. The Nervous
System

34. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

35. back
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CNS)
- Its main job is to get the
information from the body and
send out instructions.
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD

36. Brain
• It is the control
center of the body
• The brain also
allows us to think,
feel, remember and
imagine.

38. back
• EEG recording of one person's
brain waves; EEG electrode
attachment .

39. back
• Spinal Cord
- The cord is a thick bundle
of nerves, connecting your
brain to the rest of your
body.
- The spinal cord runs
down a tunnel of holes in
your backbone or spine.

40. The Peripheral Nervous
System
- carries messages to and
from the central nervous
system.
- It comprises two parts:
the somatic and
the autonomic nervous syste

41. back
• The Somatic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system is
composed of the sensory
(afferent) neurons that carry
messages to the central nervous
system and the motor (efferent)
neurons that carry messages from
the central nervous system to the
skeletal muscles of the body.

42. back
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous
system carries messages
between the central
nervous system and the
internal organs.

43. TWO PARTS
1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
The first acts primarily to arouse
the body;
the second, to relax and restore
the body to normal levels of
arousal.

45. NEURON or NERVE CELL
- The functioning unit of
the nervous system.
- It carry messages from all
parts of the body to the
brain.

46. HOME

47. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

48. PARTS OF THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. NOSTRILS
2. TRACHEA
3. BRONCHI,
BRONCHIOLES
4. ALVEOLI

49. back
• The upper air passages
refer to the
respiratory organs in the
head of the human being.
They include the nose and
throat (pharynx).
• During breathing in, the
air enters initially through
the nose, where it is pre-
cleaned by a hair filter.

50. The windpipe (
trachea ) joins the
upper respiratory
tract to the lungs.

51. back
• The bottom of the trachea
splits into two branches
called bronchi . One enters
the right lung and one goes
to the left lung.
• These divide into twigs
called bronchioles.

52. Digestion
The chemical breakdown of complex biological
molecules into their component parts.
Lipids to fatty acids
Proteins to individual amino acids
Carbohydrates into simple sugars

53. The Digestive System
Digestion
The chemical breakdown of complex biological
molecules into their component parts.
Lipids to fatty acids
Proteins to individual amino acids
Carbohydrates into simple sugars

54. Food
Type Use
• Carbohydrate • Long term energy
• Fat • Protecting organs and
long term energy store
• Protein • Making muscle, enzymes,
skin, hair
• Sugars • Fast energy

55. • Mechanical digestion • Chemical digestion
– Changes the physical form
of food Changes the chemical
• Chew composition of food with
• Tear the aid of digestive
• Grind enzymes
• Mash • Carbohydrate
• Mix • Protein
• Lipid

56. The Digestive System
(Breaking food down into smaller
Let’s find out what happened to your breakfast
pieces)
today!
• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Liver
• Large Intestine
• Gall Bladder
• Pancreas
• Rectum
• Anus

57. • Major parts • AccessoryPartsOrgan
– Mouth s that are not in the
– Pharynx digestive tract but
– Esophagus helps in the digestion
– Stomach – Teeth
– Small Intestine – Tongue
– Large Intestine – Salivary glands
– Liver
– Gall bladder
– Pancreas

58. • Phases of DigestionIngestion
• Movement
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Further digestion

60. Mouth and Teeth
The mouth and teeth are the first
step in breaking food down. During
the process of chewing, food is
shredded and ground. Powerful
muscles move the mandible , or
lower jaw, while the food is chewed.
The front teeth cut the food and the
back teeth grind the food.

61. Only eats meat
E.g. Spider, lion
Its survival is dependent on finding and
catching prey
Top predator – Nothing
eats him!

62. • There are
three main
parts to the
tooth: the
root, the neck and the crown.

63. • The root is the part inside
the jaw.
• The neck is a narrow
connection between the root
and the crown.
• The crown of the tooth is
above the gum.

64. FOUR TYPES OF TEETH
1. Incisors
2. Canines
3. Premolars
4. Molars

65. back
incisors - are the sharp-
edged teeth in the front
of the mouth that bite
and cut food. We have 8
of these.

66. back
canines - are the
pointed teeth next to the
incisors that grip and tear
food. We have 4 of
these.

67. back
premolars - are the teeth
just behind the canines. They
help the canines with chopping
and assist the molars with
grinding. There are 8 of these
in our mouths.

68. back
molars - are the teeth in
the back of the mouth that
pound, grind and crush food
into mush so that it can be
swallowed. We have 12
molars.

69. • When food is being chewed,
saliva is squirted into the
mouth.
• Saliva helps to soften the food.
• It contains an enzyme that
helps break down the starch in
the food.
• The tongue helps push the food
to the back of the mouth

70. ESOPHAGUS
- it is about ten inches
long.
– the muscles in the
esophagus move the
food down the tube.

71. STOMACH
- a sac shaped
muscular organ
- it is about eight
inches long
- it functions as a
reservoir holds the
food we eat

72. SMALL INTESTINE
- it is the major site for the digestion
(breakdown of nutrients from food
and liquid) and absorption (passage
into the bloodstream) of nutrients.
- it is about 10 feet long
3 parts
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

73. Duodenum – upper part; about 10 in;
connected to the stomach.
– where the digestive juices from the
pancreas and the liver combine with
chyme making it thin and watery.
Jejunum – about 8 ft
Ileum – about 12 ft

74. Large Intestine/
COLON
-Its function is to absorb
water and to solidify the
stool into a formed
bolus which can be
easily passed.

75. A meal may take
up to three days
to pass through
your digestive
system. It
spends about
three hours in
your stomach.

76. APPENDIX
-It is an organ with no
known function. It
projects from the rounded
end of the large intestine.

77. LIVER
- It is the main warehouse for
nutrients absorbed from the small
intestine.
- The liver is a very large organ
located in the upper right quadrant
of the abdomen protected by the rib
cage.
- It also produces bile which is stored
in the gallbladder.

78. GALL BLADDER
- It is a sac which serves
as a storage reservoir for
bile .

79. HOME
PANCREAS
- Its main function is to
secrete digestive enzymes
into the small intestine in
order to help digest
carbohydrates, protein and
fat.

80. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

81. Cardiovascular system
- it delivers oxygen and
nutrients throughout the
body by a complex
network of vessels

82. Circulatory pathways
The blood vessels of the body are
functionally divided into two
distinctive circuits:
1. Pulmonary circuit
2. Systemic circuit.

83. PULMONARY
CIRCULATION

84. • Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary circulation transports
oxygen-poor blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs
where blood picks up a new
blood supply. Then it returns the
oxygen-rich blood to the left
atrium.

85. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

86. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
• It carries oxygen and nutrients to
the cells and picks up carbon
dioxide and waste products.
• Systemic circulation carries
oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle, through the arteries, to
the capillaries in the tissues of the
body.
• From the tissue capillaries, the
deoxygenated blood returns through
a system of veins to the right atrium
of the heart.

87. HEART

88. Heart
– is a muscular
organ that pumps
blood throughout
the body.

89. What is Blood?
• Red blood cells - carry oxygen (O2)
from your lungs to your body cells
and carbon dioxide (CO2) from your
body cells back to your lungs to be
exhaled
• Platelets - help clot blood

90. • White blood cells - fight
germs that infect the body
• Plasma - a yellowish
liquid that consists mostly
of water

91. A, B, AB and O blood
types are determined by
the presence or
absence of antigens
(specific chemicals) on
the red blood cells

92. BLOOD VESSELS
• Arteries are tubes that carry blood
away from the heart
• Veins are tubes that return blood to
the heart
• Capillaries connect arteries and
veins. They are tiny tubes that
exchange food, oxygen and wastes
between blood and body cells.

93. HOME
Role of the capillaries
- capillaries have
a vital role in the
exchange of
gases, nutrients,
and metabolic
waste products
between the blood
and the tissue
cells.

95. The glands of the endocrine
system

96. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
It produce hormones, chemical
substances released into the
bloodstream to guide such
processes as metabolism,
growth, and sexual
development.

97. Thyroid gland
- secretes thyroxin, a
hormone that can reduce
concentration and lead to
irritability

98. Parathyroid Glands
- secretes parathormone to
control and balance the
levels of calcium and
phosphate in the blood
and tissue fluids.

99. PINEAL GLAND
-A pea-sized gland that
apparently responds to
exposure to light and
regulates activity levels

100. PANCREAS
- controls the level of
sugar in the blood by
secreting insulin and
glucagon.

101. PITUITARY GLAND
1. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
- It produces two hormones:
vasopressin, which causes blood
pressure to rise and regulates the
amount of water in the body's cells,
and oxytocin, which causes the
uterus to contract during childbirth
and lactation to begin.

102. 2 . ANTERIOR PITUITARY
- often called the "master
gland," responds to chemical
messages from the bloodstream
to produce numerous hormones
that trigger the action of other
endocrine glands .

103. GONADS
- These are reproductive
glands—the testes in
males and the ovaries
in females.

104. HOME
ADRENAL GLANDS
-Consists of two parts the
adrenal cortex, and an inner
core, the adrenal medulla.
- Both influence the body's
responses to stress.

105. EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
• It removes wastes in the
body.
• It includes the skin, large
intestine, lungs, and
kidneys.

106. SKIN
• to form a protective layer over the
body to help prevent injury and
disease
• to keep moisture in the body (water
retention)
• to make vitamin D
• to regulate body temperature
• to excrete waste

107. Layers of the Skin
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous
layer

108. back
EPIDERMIS
- The thin outer layer of
the skin which forms its
epithelium.

109. back
DERMIS
- The thick layer of
connective tissue which
contains hair follicles,
hair, nerves (the body's
sense of touch), sweat
and oil glands and blood
vessels.

110. back
SUBCUTANEOUS
LAYER
- The layer of fatty
tissue.

111. LUNGS
- It removes carbon
dioxide and water
from the blood.

112. LARGE INTESTINE
- It removes several salts
from the body.

113. HOME
LIVER
- It removes urea
produced by the
cells of the liver.

114. THE HUMAN URINARY
SYSTEM

115. URINARY SYSTEM
- It is a system of simple
organs, tubes, muscles,
and nerves that work
together to create, store,
and carry urine through
the urinary system.

116. HOME
KIDNEYS
- bean shaped organ
- the main organ for
excretion
NEPHRON
- The filtering unit of
kidney

117. THE
IMMUNE
SYSTEM

118. IMMUNE SYSTEM
- it is designed to defend
you against millions of
bacteria, microbes,
viruses, toxins, and
parasites. stay there.

119. • This is a photo of
a killer T-cell
killing a cancer
cell.
Photo taken from the
following website:
http://www.cancer-
info.com/circle.ht
m

120. HOME
The immune system is one of
the most important systems in the
human body. The immune system is
also a very easy system to explain
how it works. The immune system
to your body is like batteries to a
walkman. Without batteries, your
walkman will shutdown. The
immune system will do the same
thing to your body.

121. REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

122. The male reproductive system

123. TESTES
- Their main function is to
produce male gametes or
sperm.
- They also produce the male
hormone testosterone

124. THE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS
1. Epididymis
2. Ductus deferens
3. Ejaculatory duct
4. Urethra
- carry sperm from the
testes to the exterior of
the body.

125. ACCESORY GLANDS
1. Seminal vesicles
2. Prostate gland
3. Bulbourethral glands
— produce secretions that
combine with sperm to
create semen

126. EXTERNAL SEX
ORGAN
1. Scrotum
2. Penis

127. Human
sperm
cells.
Each
tadpolelik
e sperm
cell
consists
of three
regions:
the head,
middle
piece, and
flagellum.

128. The female reproductive
system

129. OVARIES
- Small flattened,
elongated organs
on both sides of
uterus.

130. FALLOPIAN TUBE/
OVIDUCT
- A pair of duct leading
from the ovaries to the
uterus.

131. Sperm meets an ovum in a fallopian tube.
Fallopian tubes, also called uterine tubes,
connect the ovaries to the uterus

132. UTERUS
- Pear-shaped muscular
organ.
- It receives and holds the
fertilized ovum.

133. CERVIX
- Neck of the uterus
that opens to the
vagina.

134. VAGINA(Birth
Canal)
- Passageway of
menstrual flow and
baby to the outside.

135. HOME
A human ovum at the
moment of fertilization

136. GLOSSARY
• Acrosome (AK-ro-sohm):
Tip of the head of a sperm cell that
contains enzymes to digest the membrane
of an ovum.
• Amnion (AM-nee-on):
Fluid-filled sac that surrounds a
developing embryo/fetus.

137. • Areola (ah-REE-oh-lah):
- Circular, darkened area surrounding the
nipple of each breast.
• Alveolar glands (al-VEE-o-lar
GLANDZ):
- Glands within the lobes of mammary
glands that produce milk.
• Bulbourethral glands (bull-bo-yoo-
REE-thruhl GLANDZ):
- Glands located underneath on either
side of the prostate gland in males that
secrete fluid that becomes part of semen.

138. • Cervix (SIR-viks):
- Lower necklike portion of the uterus
leading into the vagina.
• Chromosomes (kro-meh—somes):
- Threadlike structures found in the
nucleus of cells that carry the genetic
material or genes that determine
heredity.

139. • Circumcision (sirnkum-SIZH-un):
- Surgical removal of the prepuce or
foreskin of the penis.
• Digestion
- Process of breaking down food
particles inside the body

140. • Ductus deferens (DUK-tus DEF-e-
renz):
- Passageway that carries sperm from
the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
• Ejaculation (ee-jack-you-LAY-
shun):
- Sudden ejection of semen from the
penis.

141. • Ejaculatory duct (ee-JACK-yoo-la-
tor-ee DUKT):
- Duct formed by the union of the
ductus deferens and the duct of the
seminal vesicle.
• Epididymis (ep-i-DID-i-mis):
- Portion of the male reproductive duct
system in which sperm mature or fully
develop.

142. • Estrogens (ES-tro-jenz):
- Female steroid hormones secreted by the
ovaries that bring about the secondary sex
characteristics and regulate the female
reproductive cycle.
• Excretion
- Process of removing waste in the body
• Fallopian tube (fah-LOH-pee-an TOOB):
- Tube connecting an ovary to the uterus and
through which an ovum is transported.

143. • Gamete (GAM-eat):
- Female or male reproductive or sex
cell (egg or sperm).
• Genitalia (jen-i-TAY-lee-ah):
- External organs of the reproductive
system.
• Gonad (GO-nad):
- Sex organ in which reproductive
cells develop.

144. • Hormones
- Chemical substances released by glands
that are responsible for changes in the
body.
• Mammary glands (MAM-uh-ree
GLANDZ):
- Milk-producing glands in female breasts.
• Menarche (meh-NAR-key):
- Beginning of menstruation or the first
menstrual period.

145. • Menopause (MEN-ah-paws):
- Period in a woman's life when menstrual
activity ceases.
• Menstruation (men-stroo-A-shun):
- Also known as menses, periodic
(monthly) discharge of blood, secretions,
tissue, and mucus from the female uterus
in the absence of pregnancy.

146. • Oocyte (OH-oh-site):
- Immature or developing egg cell.
• Ova (O-va):
- Female gametes or eggs (singular:
ovum).
• Ovarian follicles (o-VAR-ee-an FOL-i-
kulz):
- Structures within an ovary consisting of a
developing egg surrounded by follicle
cells.

147. • Ovaries (O-var-eez):
- Female gonads in which ova
(eggs) are produced and that
secrete estrogens and
progesterone.
• Ovulation (ov-yoo-LAY-shun):
- Release of a mature ovum from an
ovary.
• Oxytocin (ahk-si-TOE-sin):
- Hormone produced by the
hypothalamus and stored in the
posterior pituitary that stimulates
contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and secretion of milk
during nursing.

148. • Penis (PEE-nis):
- Male organ of reproduction
and urination.
• Placenta (plah-SEN-tah):
- Temporary organ that
provides nutrients and oxygen
to a developing fetus, carries
away wastes, and produces
hormones such as estrogens
and progesterone

149. • Prepuce (PREE-pyus):
- Also called foreskin, the fold of skin
over the glans or tip of the penis.
• Progesterone (pro-JESS-te-rone):
- Female steroid hormone secreted
by the ovaries that makes the uterus
more ready to receive a fertilized
ovum or egg.

150. • Prolactin (pro-LAK-tin):
- Gonadotropic hormone secreted by the
anterior pituitary that stimulates the
mammary glands to produce milk.
• Prostate gland (PRAHS-tate GLAND):
- Muscular gland in males that surrounds
the first inch of the urethra and secretes a
fluid that becomes part of semen.
• Scrotum (SKROW-tum):
- External sac enclosing the testes

151. • Semen (SEE-men):
- Thick, whitish, somewhat sticky fluid composed
of sperm and glandular secretions that is
propelled out of a male's reproductive tract
during ejaculation.
• Seminal vesicles (SEM-i-nuhl VESS-i-kulls):
- Glands in males located at the base of the
bladder that secrete fluid that becomes part of
semen.
• Seminiferous tubules (sem-i-NIFF-er-us
TOO-byoolz):
- Tightly coiled tubes within the testes that
produce sperm.

152. • Sperm:
- Mature male sex or reproductive cell.
• Testes (TESS-teez):
- Male gonads that produce sperm cells
and secrete testosterone.
• Testosterone (tess-TAHS-ter-ohn):
- Hormone secreted by the testes that
spurs the growth of the male reproductive
organs and secondary sex characteristics.

153. • Umbilical cord (um-BILL-i-kull
KORD):
- Structure that connects the
embryo/fetus to the placenta.
• Uterus (YOU-ter-us):
- Also known as the womb, the
hollow organ in females that
receives, retains, and nourishes
a fertilized ovum or egg.

154. HOME
• Vagina (vuh-JIGH-nah):
- Muscular tube in women that extends
from the cervix of the uterus to the vaginal
opening.
• Vulva (VUL-vah):
- Female external genital organs.
• Zygote (ZIE-goat):
- Fertilized ovum

155. HOME
END
Thank you very much!

156. PRE – TEST
1. What sets up the acidic condition
in the stomach that is necessary
for digestion?
a. bile
b. hydrochloric acid
c. chyme
d. acetic acid

157. 2. What attaches a muscle to a bone?
a. ligament c. cartilage
b. tendon d. myoglobin
3. Which bone protect the lungs and the
heart?
a. rib cage c. backbone
b. skull d. pelvic bone

158. 4. Female sex cell
a. egg c. sperm
b. testes d. ovary
5. It is where gas exchange occurs.
a. lungs c. nostrils
b. alveoli d. trachea

159. 6. Waste materials formed in the liver.
a. sweat c. feces
b. urea d. liver
7. What makes the blood red?
a. platelets c. cholesterol
b. blood d. mineral

160. 8. What is
the largest artery in the circulatory system?
a. aorta c.
heart
b. vena
cava d. pulmonary artery
9. Which
part of the nervous system is found in all
parts of the body?
a. spinal
cord c. nerves
b. cerebrum
d. cerebellum

161. 10. Which body structure links the brain with the
rest of the body?
a. backbone c. meninges
b. blood vessels d. motor nerves
11. What important work is carried by the nerves?
a. to carry blood
b. to protect the brain
c. to carry messages
d. to protect the spinal cord

162. 12. Which hormone affects the growth and
development of a female adolescent?
a. egg cell c. progesterone
b. sperm cell d. estrogen
13. What kind of development takes place in
adolescents?
a. physical c. emotional
b. intellectual d. all of the above

163. 14. Which organ is responsible for the
exchange of gases?
a. ovary c. lungs
b. artery d. all of the above
15. Which is the main cause of emphysema
or collapse of lungs?
a. smoking c. liquor
b. air pollution d. all of them

164. 16. Which is considered to be the master
gland?
a. Adrenal gland c. Thyroid gland
b. Pituitary gland d. Sex glands
17. Which is controlled by the autonomic
nervous system?
a. chewing c. heartbeat
b. walking d. none

165. 18. Which serves as the highways in the
body?
a. Arteries c. Capillaries
b. Veins d. All of these
19. What does the thoracic basket protect?
a. lungs c. liver
b. heart d. all

166. HOME
20. Which is the skeletal muscle?
a. arm muscle
b. eye muscle
c. heart muscle
d. all of these

167. POST – TEST
1. What nutrients are needed to make the
bone healthy?
a. Vitamins C and D
b. Phosphorus
c. Calcium
d. All

168. 2. What is the main function of the muscle?
a. protection c. contraction
b. attachment d. locomotion
3. Muscles that move automatically are __.
a. skeletal muscle c. cardiac muscle
b. smooth muscle d. b and c

169. 4. Which attaches the muscles to the
bones?
a. tendon c. cartilage
b. joint d. a and c
5. What nutrients do we get from vegetables
and fruits?
a. minerals c. protein
b. vitamins d. all

170. 5. Which help make digestion faster?
a. enzymes c. hydrochloric
acid
b. gastric juices d. all
6. What process breaks down food into
simple form?
a. digestion c. absorption
b. small intestine d. defecation

171. 8. Which is affected when the heart pumps?
a. Blood pressure c. Pulse
b. Heartbeat d. All
9. Which does not flow in the blood vessels?
a. Interstitial fluid c. RBC
b. Blood plasma d. WBC

172. 10. The biggest part of the brain__.
a. cerebrum c. cerebellum
b. brain stem d. none of these
11. Which is considered to be the master
gland?
a. Adrenal gland c. Thyroid gland
b. Pituitary gland d. Sex glands

173. 12. Which process is responsible for
producing new life?
a. respiration c. reproduction
b. excretion d. none
13. A muscular organ which serves as a
cradle where the fetus develops.
a. uterus c. cervix
b. fallopian tube d. ovaries

174. 14. Where does fertilization of egg occurs?
a. Uterus c. cervix
b. fallopian tube d. ovaries
15. What is contained in the urine?
a. excess water c. uric acid
b. salt d. all of these

175. 16. Which monitors the quality of blood in
the body?
a. heart c. lungs
b. Kidney d. blood vessels
17. Which serves as the highways in the
body?
a. Arteries c. Capillaries
b. Veins d. All of these

176. 18. Which organ is responsible for the
exchange of gases?
a. ovary c. lungs
b. artery d. all of the above
19. What nutrients do we get from
vegetables and fruits?
a. minerals c. protein
b. vitamins d. all

177. HOME
20. Which is controlled by the autonomic
nervous system?
a. chewing c. heartbeat
b. walking d. none