This document defines anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions, describes the pathophysiology and etiology of anaphylaxis, and outlines signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses how anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction affecting multiple organ systems. Common triggers include foods, medications, insect bites, and latex. Diagnosis is based on symptoms occurring rapidly after exposure. Treatment involves epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and emergency management including CPR if needed.
To watch my animated viedo on YouTube visit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVHDGWfQhSU
To download my animated presentation visit:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/bbtayufrn1clnvh/Anaphylaxis.pptx
To watch my animated viedo on YouTube visit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVHDGWfQhSU
To download my animated presentation visit:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/bbtayufrn1clnvh/Anaphylaxis.pptx
Anaphylaxis Management: Problems with the Current Paradigm and the need for ...Michael Langan, M.D.
Michael Langan, MD
Geriatrician, MGH Senior Health
September 10, 2012
Epi-Port (cartridge housing, portable, fashionable, easy to use)
Epi-Pod (cartridge, removable, replaceable)
A new drug delivery system for treatment of anaphylactic shock
Twist, Turn, Push (TTP)
From concept to patent to market
1:30P.M.-2:30P.M.
Fox Hill Village Auditorium
Sponsored by the MGH Wellness Center
*************************
Anaphylaxis Management: Problems with the Current Paradigm and the need for ...Michael Langan, M.D.
Michael Langan, MD
Geriatrician, MGH Senior Health
September 10, 2012
Epi-Port (cartridge housing, portable, fashionable, easy to use)
Epi-Pod (cartridge, removable, replaceable)
A new drug delivery system for treatment of anaphylactic shock
Twist, Turn, Push (TTP)
From concept to patent to market
1:30P.M.-2:30P.M.
Fox Hill Village Auditorium
Sponsored by the MGH Wellness Center
*************************
The Catastrophe (Anaphylaxis ) Ahmed Yehia, MD, internal medicine, Immunology, rheumatology and allergy, Beni-Suef
EAACI Guidelines
WAO criteria for anaphylaxis
Differential diagnosis of anaphylaxis (Anaphylaxis mimics)
Anaphylaxis action plan
How to identify anaphylaxis etiology?
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. ANAPHYLAXIS
Dr. Virendra Kumar Gupta
Assistant Professor
Department Of Pediatric Gastroentero-hepatology &
Liver Transplantation
NIMS Medical College & Hospital , Jaipur
2. Objectives
Define Hypersensitivity Reaction.
Mention the Types of Hypersensitivity
Reactions.
Define Anaphylaxis.
Mention the Etiologic Causes.
Explain the Pathophysiologic Mechanism.
Mention the Signs & Symptoms.
Demonstrate the Diagnostic Investigations.
Display the Treatment & First Aid.
3. Hypersensitivity Reaction
Injurious, or pathologic, immune reactions are
called hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in two
situations.
First, responses to foreign antigens may be
dysregulated or uncontrolled, resulting in
tissue injury.
Second, the immune responses may be
directed against self antigens, as a result of
the failure of self-tolerance (autoimmunity).
4. Types of hyper sensitivity
reactions
• Type I
• IgE Mediated
• Classic Allergy
Immediate
hypersensitivity
• Type II
• IgG/IgM
• Mediated
• RBC lysis
Antibody-
mediated
• Type III
• IgG Mediated
• Immune complex
Disease
• Serum Sickness
immune complex
diseases
• Type IV
• T cell
• Delayed Type
Hypersensitivity
T cell-mediated
diseases
5. Anaphylaxis
Ana (without), phylaxis (protection).
Anaphylaxis is a sudden, severe allergic reaction that can be
life-threatening.
It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to
something someone is allergic to
IgE-mediated (type I) hypersensitivity reaction resulting in the
release of potent chemical mediators
Mast Cells
Basophils
Affects multiple organ systems
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Dermatologic
Clinical Diagnosis
Biphasic Reactions
7. clinical criteria
Any one of the following three occurs within minutes/hours of exposure
to an allergen there is a high likelihood of anaphylaxis:
1. Involvement of the skin or mucosal tissue plus either respiratory
difficulty or hypotension.
2. Two or more of the following symptoms:
a. Involvement of the skin or mucosa
b. Respiratory difficulties
c. Low blood pressure
d. Gastrointestinal symptom
3. Low blood pressure after exposure to a known allergy.
15. Signs & Symptoms
Difficulty breathing coughing chest tightness
wheezing or other
sounds
increased mucus
production
throat swelling or
itching
change in voice
or a sensation of
choking
Lungs and
throat
16. Signs & Symptoms
Dizziness weakness fainting
rapid, slow, or
irregular heart rate
low blood pressure
Heart and circulation
19. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is based upon symptoms
that occur suddenly after being exposed to a potential
trigger.
Differential diagnosis
severe asthma attack
heart attack
panic attack
food poisoning
An increased amount of tryptase protein can be
measured in a blood sample collected during the first
three hours after anaphylaxis symptoms have begun.
tryptase levels are seldom elevated in food-induced
20. First-Aid management of
anaphylaxis
1. Seek emergency care
Call for help
2. Inject Epinephrine Immediately
Inject epinephrine into outer muscle of the
thigh.
3. Do CPR if the Person Stops Breathing
21. First Aid
Place patient in
Trendelenburg
position.
Establish and
maintain airway.
Give oxygen via
nasal cannula as
needed.
Place a tourniquet
above the reaction
site.
Epinephrine at the
site of antigen
injection.
Start IV to rise BP.
22. groups of drugs used
Epinephrine: help maintain blood pressure,
antagonize effects of released mediators, and
prevent further release of mediators.
Antihistamines (Diphenhydramine,
Hydroxyzine): primarily effective against
cutaneous effects of anaphylaxis.
H2 Receptor Antagonists (Cimetidine): block
effects of released histamine at H2 receptors,
thereby treating vasodilation.
Bronchodilators (Albuterol): These agents
stimulate beta2-adrenergic receptors in bronchial
smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation.
23. Prevention
Avoid the responsible allergen (e.g.
food, drug, latex, etc.).
Keep an adrenaline kit (e.g. Epipen) and
Benadryl on hand at all times.
Wear medic Alert bracelets .
Venom immunotherapy is highly effective in
protecting insect-allergic individuals.
24. Question 1
A 5 year old M who has experienced a severe
allergic reaction to shrimp in the past needs a
CT scan with IV and oral contrast. What
precautions should you take?
A. NS bolus and diphenhydramine
B. NS bolus, diphenhydramine, and prednisone
C. This patient can not receive contrast
D. Reassurance, there is no associated risk for a
reaction between shellfish and contrast
25. Question 1
A 5 year old M who has experienced a severe
allergic reaction to shrimp in the past needs a
CT scan with IV and oral contrast. What
precautions should you take?
A. NS bolus and diphenhydramine
B. NS bolus, diphenhydramine, and prednisone
C. This patient can not receive contrast.
D. Reassurance, there is no associated risk for
a reaction between shellfish and contrast.
26. Question 2
You have been asked by a local school to provide
recommendations about the use of self injectable
epinephrine for anaphylaxis. What is the BEST
response to give regarding anaphylaxis?
A. A patient should not receive a second dose of
epinephrine unless a physician is present
B. Epinephrine reaches higher peak plasma
concentrations in injected into the thigh rather than
the arm
C. Families should keep one epinephrine auto injector in
the car in case a reaction occurs after school
D. Subcutaneous injection of epinephrine is preferable
to intramuscular injection
27. Question 2
You have been asked by a local school to provide
recommendations about the use of self injectable
epinephrine for anaphylaxis. What is the BEST
response to give regarding anaphylaxis?
A. A patient should not receive a second dose of
epinephrine unless a physician is present
B. Epinephrine reaches higher peak plasma
concentrations in injected into the thigh rather
than the arm
C. Families should keep one epinephrine auto injector in
the car in case a reaction occurs after school
D. Subcutaneous injection of epinephrine is preferable
to intramuscular injection
28. Question 3
A 14 y/o M who has seasonal allergies and moderate
persistent asthma is currently receiving allergen
immunotherapy. Today in clinic he received his usual
allergen injection, but after 10 minutes, he started
coughing and complaining of dyspnea and throat
swelling. On physical exam he exhibits moderate
respiratory distress and has diffuse expiratory
wheezing on auscultation. No oropharyngeal edema
noted. Vitals signs include a pulse ox of 97%, BP of
130/70, and HR of 90. Of the following, the MOST
appropriate next action is to administer:
A. A short acting beta-2 agonist nebulization
B. An oral antihistamine
C. An oral corticosteroid
D. Intramuscular epinephrine
29. Question 3
A 14 y/o M who has seasonal allergies and moderate
persistent asthma is currently receiving allergen
immunotherapy. Today in clinic he received his usual
allergen injection, but after 10 minutes, he started
coughing and complaining of dyspnea and throat
swelling. On physical exam he exhibits moderate
respiratory distress and has diffuse expiratory
wheezing on auscultation. No oropharyngeal edema
noted. Vitals signs include a pulse ox of 97%, BP of
130/70, and HR of 90. Of the following, the MOST
appropriate next action is to administer:
A. A short acting beta-2 agonist nebulization
B. An oral antihistamine
C. An oral corticosteroid
D. Intramuscular epinephrine
30. Question 4
A 10 y/o M with a history of peanut allergy presents with diffuse itching
and trouble breathing after eating a friend’s candy bar that contained
nuts during school lunch. At the nurse’s office the patient received IM
epinephrine with his EpiPen with symptom resolution. EMS was called
and the patient was brought to the local pediatric ED (about a 12
minute ride). On arrival to the ED, the patient is again complaining of
itching with an urticarial rash on his chest and per EMS the patient
began vomiting as they were pulling up to the ambulance bay. Arrival
vitals include a pulse ox of 96%, BP of 88/67, and HR of 95. Of the
following, the MOST appropriate treatment plan is:
A. Intramuscular epinephrine, oral antihistamine, oral corticosteroid,
and a short acting beta-2 agonist neb treatment
B. Intramuscular epinephrine, IV antihistamine, IV corticosteroid, NS
bolus
C. Intramuscular epinephrine, IV antihistamine, IV Zantac, NS bolus
31. Question 4
A 10 y/o M with a history of peanut allergy presents with diffuse itching
and trouble breathing after eating a friend’s candy bar that contained
nuts during school lunch. At the nurse’s office the patient received IM
epinephrine with his EpiPen with symptom resolution. EMS was called
and the patient was brought to the local pediatric ED (about a 12
minute ride). On arrival to the ED, the patient is again complaining of
itching with an urticarial rash on his chest and per EMS the patient
began vomiting as they were pulling up to the ambulance bay. Arrival
vitals include a pulse ox of 96%, BP of 88/67, and HR of 95. Of the
following, the MOST appropriate treatment plan is:
A. Intramuscular epinephrine, oral antihistamine, oral corticosteroid,
and a short acting beta-2 agonist neb treatment
B. Intramuscular epinephrine, IV antihistamine, IV corticosteroid, NS
bolus
C. Intramuscular epinephrine, IV antihistamine, IV Zantac, NS bolus