IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, Cagayan River, discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Bridging the gap through participatory aquifer mappingv2biometrust
The greatest challenge of groundwater management is therefore the need to
embed management responses in the practices of this universe of dispersed actors. Yet our
understanding of Aquifers, the logical “unit” for groundwater management is very poor. While
administrative boundaries help us organize our governance on the surface, aquifers under our
feet don‟t necessarily follow any of these boundaries. How, then, do we evolve a way of
understanding our aquifers and enabling aquifer management responses based on this
understanding? This report details the process of participatory aquifer mapping in Yamalur watershed, in Bangalore.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, Cagayan River, discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Bridging the gap through participatory aquifer mappingv2biometrust
The greatest challenge of groundwater management is therefore the need to
embed management responses in the practices of this universe of dispersed actors. Yet our
understanding of Aquifers, the logical “unit” for groundwater management is very poor. While
administrative boundaries help us organize our governance on the surface, aquifers under our
feet don‟t necessarily follow any of these boundaries. How, then, do we evolve a way of
understanding our aquifers and enabling aquifer management responses based on this
understanding? This report details the process of participatory aquifer mapping in Yamalur watershed, in Bangalore.
As water can neither be created nor destroyed, more than 80% of quantity of water used for
domestic purposes appear as wastewater. Increasing water demand due to growing population
coupled with human related activities against the constant water resources solicits attention of the
water managers to think of wastewater as a source of water across the world. Wastewater deserves
recognition as a source of irrigation water in different countries around the world. India becomes
water stress with the per capita available water dropping down below 2000 cubic metre per head per
year. Uneven distribution of water resources from north to south makes water crisis severe in the
states like Tamil Nadu. Available water is shared by different sectors and stiff competition between
sector viz: drinking and irrigation prevails. In India, the total wastewater generation from the urban
towns has been assessed as 38474 MLD. It indicates its potential for reuse in water management.
Wastewater reuse has been in practice at selected locations around the world including India.
Guidelines, clearly explaining the health associated factors, have been developed and prescribed by
the EPA, US and WHO. Sewage treatment plants are installed to treat the sewage by the government
and effluent may be used for indirect and direct reuse purposes. The forecast of the wastewater
generation from Madurai City Corporation indicates the quantity of 162.8 MLD at 2014 and is likely
to be 338.7 MLD in the year 2044. The irrigation potential of wastewater reuse is assessed as 3000
ha with crops like groundnut, maize, millet etc during 2014 and about 6000 ha during 2044. Scope
for utilizing the existing minor irrigation tanks/ponds may be used for storage. Such tanks may also
be useful in polishing the water quality as a result of natural purification. Scope for groundwater
recharge through soil-aquifer treatment is also more.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Community Managed DEWATS in Kathmandu Valley, NepalOswar Mungkasa
Prepared by Freya Mills, Yasoda Shrestha and Luna Kansakar for Conference on DEWATS for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011 Crowne Plaza Galleria, Manila Philippines.
Participatory irigation management under tanks_ K. Sivasubramaniam_2013India Water Portal
In this presentation, K. Sivasubramaniam from the Madras Institute of Development Studies brings out the importance of tanks in irrigation and need for them to be managed effectively. He takes up the case of the Tamil Nadu - Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water-bodies Restoration and Management (IAMWARM) project and discusses his research findings.
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
Role of youth in Sustainable Water Management presented in panel discussion I...Subhash Jain
This presentation elaborates the need to work in water sector for addressing the health challenges in water quality affected area. This also provides technological option and operational model which have potential to scale.
Water issues of Mumbai city from the perspective of the local municipal authority in charges of supply and distribution to the city. Challenges and solutions to meeting the increasing demand for water and dealing with distribution losses among other problems.
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
As water can neither be created nor destroyed, more than 80% of quantity of water used for
domestic purposes appear as wastewater. Increasing water demand due to growing population
coupled with human related activities against the constant water resources solicits attention of the
water managers to think of wastewater as a source of water across the world. Wastewater deserves
recognition as a source of irrigation water in different countries around the world. India becomes
water stress with the per capita available water dropping down below 2000 cubic metre per head per
year. Uneven distribution of water resources from north to south makes water crisis severe in the
states like Tamil Nadu. Available water is shared by different sectors and stiff competition between
sector viz: drinking and irrigation prevails. In India, the total wastewater generation from the urban
towns has been assessed as 38474 MLD. It indicates its potential for reuse in water management.
Wastewater reuse has been in practice at selected locations around the world including India.
Guidelines, clearly explaining the health associated factors, have been developed and prescribed by
the EPA, US and WHO. Sewage treatment plants are installed to treat the sewage by the government
and effluent may be used for indirect and direct reuse purposes. The forecast of the wastewater
generation from Madurai City Corporation indicates the quantity of 162.8 MLD at 2014 and is likely
to be 338.7 MLD in the year 2044. The irrigation potential of wastewater reuse is assessed as 3000
ha with crops like groundnut, maize, millet etc during 2014 and about 6000 ha during 2044. Scope
for utilizing the existing minor irrigation tanks/ponds may be used for storage. Such tanks may also
be useful in polishing the water quality as a result of natural purification. Scope for groundwater
recharge through soil-aquifer treatment is also more.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Community Managed DEWATS in Kathmandu Valley, NepalOswar Mungkasa
Prepared by Freya Mills, Yasoda Shrestha and Luna Kansakar for Conference on DEWATS for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011 Crowne Plaza Galleria, Manila Philippines.
Participatory irigation management under tanks_ K. Sivasubramaniam_2013India Water Portal
In this presentation, K. Sivasubramaniam from the Madras Institute of Development Studies brings out the importance of tanks in irrigation and need for them to be managed effectively. He takes up the case of the Tamil Nadu - Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water-bodies Restoration and Management (IAMWARM) project and discusses his research findings.
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
Role of youth in Sustainable Water Management presented in panel discussion I...Subhash Jain
This presentation elaborates the need to work in water sector for addressing the health challenges in water quality affected area. This also provides technological option and operational model which have potential to scale.
Water issues of Mumbai city from the perspective of the local municipal authority in charges of supply and distribution to the city. Challenges and solutions to meeting the increasing demand for water and dealing with distribution losses among other problems.
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Parametric study of response of an asymmetric building for various earthquake...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A continuous time adc and digital signal processing system for smart dust and...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Smart phone based robotic control for surveillance applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Detect and overcome the selfish problem in wifi network using energy sharingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and implementation of an ancrchitecture of embedded web server for wir...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Regional Scale Modelling of Solid Waste Flow in Storm Drains of Urban Cities:...IJERA Editor
Floods are phenomena that become more frequent and more intense due to anthropogenic activities such as poor land use, improper waste management, uncontrolled urbanization, industrialization … In developing countries, the drainage systems are most often limited (if not absent), inadequate or not adapted. Most of the storm drains are regularly filled with solid materials that are collected from the environment and conveyed by runoff. Waste management in developing countries is very poor and important fractions of the wastes produced are abandoned in nature thereby impacting severely on the environment. The Abiergué watershed was targeted to study the process of the hydrological transformation of rainfall into runoff that conveys solid waste within a drainage system. The aim of this research was to develop a model that will enable the simulation of waste flow with respect to a specific rainfall pattern. It will permit to quantify the total solid wastes in circulation in a drainage system and as such provide appropriate and significant information on the role played by these wastes which can be used for engineering new adapted systems in developing countries. It was found that the solid domestic wastes and soil sediments evolved following a linear and a quadratic pattern respectively with respect to runoffs.
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
Abstract
Water is vital to all forms of life on the Earth, from plants through to animals and humankind. Lack of access to fresh drinking water is one of the major and important constraints to health and development in many countries. Rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rain. It is still popular in places with limited water resources. Recent drought in a rainy climate throughout the world remind how quickly other countries can run short of water. Since Malaysia has high rainfall intensity, it does not means that Malaysian should not worry about scarcity of water supply. Even the annual rainfall is high and sufficient enough to be consumed, most of the rainwater tend to flow away. The environmental issue such as flooding, global warming and pollution are getting serious day by day due to a rapid development processes in Malaysia. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, it is possible to implement rainwater harvesting which has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions as an alternative water supply for non-, portable purposes. Designing water harvesting systems into new construction allows the homeowner to be more elaborate and thorough in developing a system. In the case of very simple systems, the payback period may be almost immediate. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential of rainfall to be stored for domestic use and design the rainwater harvesting system using gravitational force suitable for the selected house in Kota Samarahan area. It has been shown that the rainwater harvesting system can support the water demand of the selected house throughout a year even during the dry season. The cost of installation and yearly maintenance for proposed rainwater harvesting is lowered by 59.16 percent as compared with similar rainwater system which is installed on the ground level.
Keywords: Water, Rainwater harvesting, Water harvesting system, Demand and Storage capacity
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
Analysis and design of zero sewage discharge system for model townshipeSAT Journals
Abstract
The ability of aquatic macrophytes to accumulate large quantities of nutrients from their environment is well documented. Reed Bed
Combination Techniques for the treatment of the different types of wastewater have been used by several Researchers / Scientists all
over the world. This concept has the potential to achieve a zero discharge wastewater treatment system. Man has always reached for
technology for development. He insists it will bring higher levels of progress. But doesn’t have the patience to study the slow-growing
plants nor does he understands the natural cycles. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.), Palla (old designation Scirpus lacustris) species is
capable of “removing large quantities of organic and inorganic substances from contaminated waters” proved by the research of Dr.
Kaethe Seidel in 1953 [5]. She had also shown that they take up large quantities of Ballast substances including Cobalt, Copper,
Nickel and Manganese from sewage water and other higher plants, including the common reed, Phragmites communis Trin, are
capable of drying out and mineralizing assorted sludge combinations which are difficult to remove. The almost water-free residues
contain very little if any dangerous bacteria. This technique is an Engineered Wetland System developed on the principle of Natural
Wetland. This paper will discuss the potential widespread of similar systems where there is no infrastructure for Municipal waste
Disposal. The Development of an appropriate Zero Discharge wastewater facility has the potential to address the source of
Environmental pollution in India.
Keywords: reed beds, population equivalent, evapotranspiration, infiltration-percolation beds, Constructed Wetlands,
Elephant Grasses, Cattails
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis and design of zero sewage discharge system for model townshipeSAT Journals
Abstract
The ability of aquatic macrophytes to accumulate large quantities of nutrients from their environment is well documented. Reed Bed
Combination Techniques for the treatment of the different types of wastewater have been used by several Researchers / Scientists all
over the world. This concept has the potential to achieve a zero discharge wastewater treatment system. Man has always reached for
technology for development. He insists it will bring higher levels of progress. But doesn’t have the patience to study the slow-growing
plants nor does he understands the natural cycles. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.), Palla (old designation Scirpus lacustris) species is
capable of “removing large quantities of organic and inorganic substances from contaminated waters” proved by the research of Dr.
Kaethe Seidel in 1953 [5]. She had also shown that they take up large quantities of Ballast substances including Cobalt, Copper,
Nickel and Manganese from sewage water and other higher plants, including the common reed, Phragmites communis Trin, are
capable of drying out and mineralizing assorted sludge combinations which are difficult to remove. The almost water-free residues
contain very little if any dangerous bacteria. This technique is an Engineered Wetland System developed on the principle of Natural
Wetland. This paper will discuss the potential widespread of similar systems where there is no infrastructure for Municipal waste
Disposal. The Development of an appropriate Zero Discharge wastewater facility has the potential to address the source of
Environmental pollution in India.
Keywords: reed beds, population equivalent, evapotranspiration, infiltration-percolation beds, Constructed Wetlands,
Elephant Grasses, Cattails
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliranijtsrd
The study takes advantage of rainwater, a naturally processed water. Developing a design for an affordable, less chemically oriented method that would help many people gain access to the water they need easily. The design used materials that were cheap and can be easily accessed on the local market. The process starts from a stage where large particles of contaminants were removed through straining. The next was iltering the water through a sequence of sponge, charcoal, coarse and fine sand. And lastly was chlorination, which treated the rainwater from the bacteria's which were previously not removed from the filter. The study came up with the design that were easily availed on the local markets of Naval, Biliran. The components were easy to install and were effective in harvesting rainwater. The treatment results were not what the researchers envisioned it to be, but still they were able to produce safe drinking water. Sure enough, it could be an alternative for other uses aside from drinking. The design was incomplete, especially on the part of the treatment device thus, further studies are recommended for its improvement. Nevertheless, the study proved that simple customized rainwater harvester and treatment device is achievable with the materials that can easily be found on the local market. Ramon L. Pitao, Jr. | Dahlia D. Fernandez | Ric Cyrell Rosialda ""Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23897.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23897/design-for-harvesting-and-treatment-of-rainwater-in-naval-biliran/ramon-l-pitao-jr
Honeysuckers - Sanitation solution from the informal sectorzenrain man
The vacum truck called the Honeysucker is increasingly being used in India to empty septic tanks and pit toilets in areas not serviced by sewage lines. About 90 % of urban India. Farmers are already composting and reusing this waste. Formal septage management systems need to be put in place for safety and best use of this solution.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
An appropriate human body wastes disposal system for waterfront dwellers in port harcourt metropolis
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 608
AN APPROPRIATE HUMAN BODY WASTES DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR
WATERFRONT DWELLERS IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS
Ayotamuno M.J1
, Olatunji O.M2
, Annie I3
1
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology,
PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
2
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology,
PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
3
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology,
PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Abstract
In this study, analysis of an appropriate toilet system for the slums of Port Harcourt metropolis was carried out in order to
improve the existing toilet system for the slums within the metropolis. Disposal of human feaces is one of the pressing public
health problems in most of the urban areas. A critical look at the existing toilet systems of the slums was observed and analyzed.
Considerations were made with respect to the slums, environmental factors, provision of sanitation system, physical, social and
cultural factors. Four different locations were sampled this include Elabuchi, Marine Base, Abonnema Wharf and Nember
Waterside. At Elabuchi 165 households disposes faeces directly into the River while 25 house holds have bucket latrine. At
Marine base, 65 households disposes faces directly into the river, while 25 households have bucket latrine. Abonnema Wharf has
80 households disposing feaces directly into the river while 10 households have bucket latrine and for Nembe waterfront has 75
households disposing faeces directly into the river while 15 households have bucket latrine. A comparison of composted and un-
composted feaces was observed. The result showed that composting reduced ascarid egg count to zero while the un-composted
does not which is why the composting privy is regarded as one of the prospective alternatives and favourable as a tool to
accomplish sustainable sanitation system, because it can utilize human excrements as compost. A safe recycling of this feaces will
benefit agricultural production and to reclaim swamps is more desirable.
Keywords: Analysis, Composting privy, double chamber and Toilet system, Water front
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Inappropriate toilet system and increasing urbanization
represent serious contemporary concerns for many
municipalities, industries and the entire society. Several
factors have contributed to these problems, continued
population growth in urban areas, the financial status of the
citizens and their level of education. Mapping and
assessment of all slums is important for locating the toilet of
the slums. The urban slum is one major area where so much
improperly managed sewage is generated. The sewage
generated here is enormous and so is the effort needed for its
management. Effective toilet system can prevent negative
environmental imparts associated with sewage [1]. Base on
this fact, it is obvious that responsible environmental
management of the toilet system of the slums is necessary
for improve health of the settles. A realistic frame work has
emerged for considered a better and an appropriate means of
improving the toilet system which may not use water and
repairs of maintenance operation is without odor, [2]. In
building an appropriate toilet capacity to build and maintain
the appropriate toilet system is the means of sewage disposal
which is most convenient and environmentally analysis of
the existing toilet system in the slum dwellers. The analysis
of the existing toilet system in the slums of Port Harcourt
and the toilet system is undertaken. Due to increase in both
population and urbanization expansion and the demand for
quality water in the area, there is a need for government to
come upon with programmes to solve this swage disposal
problem which has not been embarked upon since the
creation of this state.
Therefore to avert this problem and make an appropriate
means of sewage disposal available to the slums, there is a
need to treat the issue of polluted environment due to the
poor or inappropriate means of toilet system in these slum
areas. This study investigates the possibilities of providing
an appropriate toilet system in the slum of Port Harcourt. It
is aimed at improving the toilet system for the slums of Port
Harcourt from the analysis of existing systems. Therefore
objectives are:
i. Study the available system in use
ii. Analyze the various types of systems applicable to
similar situation
iii. Recommend an appropriate toilet system for waste
recycling and improvement of sanitation of the
environment.
With the aim of reducing the morbidity rate and the
environmental hazards which occur due to infectious bodies
within the slums. Among the criteria developed, condition is
the most important consideration which inevitably limits the
options for the slum areas. This factor systems can be built
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 609
above the ground or those without soil requirement are
favourable for the community. These include the
composting privies bucket latrines, vaults and cartages,
shallow sewer system and the small bore sewers [9]
Environmental factors are the key determinants for
differentiating the slum communities from other types of
communities. These factors include; condition of the slum
area, option for disposing human faeces, [5].
Toilet systems even when they are properly designed may
not be appropriate when social and cultural factors affecting
the toilet and hygiene practices of the community members
are not considered, [6]. He also stated that technologies
involving reuse of excreta are unfeasible in communities
where sight or handling of faeces is culturally and socially
unacceptable. In the same way, dry technologies such as the
use of papers are inappropriate for slum communities which
community is defecation vary; but gradually, it is regarded
as a private personnel act.
In slum communities that require a high level of privacy, the
design of these requirements; the number of persons served
by the toilet, how the used and maintain the toilet is
important, [1].
The compositing privy on the other hand, involves the
handling of faecal wastes only when the excreta has been
transform into non-offensive, less harmful humus.
Culturally, the most important distinction in the choice of an
appropriate toilet system is dependent on where the
community regards human faeces as valuable resources or
view it as an unpleasant and dangerous waste product,[1,8].
Compositing toilets are classified as dry, on-site system
which have no soil requirement and can be built above the
ground, [2]. They can be used under the most difficult soil
and ground water condition, [1].
The term compositing ahs been defined as a biological
process for converting organic solid waste into a human like
product whose chief use is as soil conditioner, [3, 4]
The double vault composting privy has two adjacent vaults,
one which is used until it is about three quarter full, when it
is filled with earth and sealed, the other vault is used. Ash
and organic matter are added to the vault before it is sealed
to absorb odor and moisture. The tanks are paved and are
constructed above the ground so as not to be submerged by
rain water, [4,11]. The compositing privy which can be built
above the ground is technically feasible. Careful design and
construction is required to avoid water filtration into the
composting chamber. The narrow walk ways pose
limitations to the use of technologies requiring the use of
trucks or carts for transporting the faecal waste, [2,7].
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Port Harcourt basically comprises of two major Local
Government Areas. There are Port Harcourt City Local
Government Area and Obio/Akpor Local Government Area.
Stretching from Borikiri on the southern most parts to
Rumuodumaya and Ozuoba, and Elelenwo in the northern
most part of Rebisi communities respectively. The city has
the second largest seaport in Nigeria. It is located on the
Bonny River about 64km (40miles) from the sea. It is
located at longitude 070 01 E and latitude 40 51 N. The city
is slightly elevated, dips gently south west – ward and angle
of 10 to 50 but no significant structural control on the
evolution of the drainage network and surface. The city has
about four different slums located at the southern most parts.
These slums include; the Iluabuchi water front, the marine
base water front, the Abonema Warf waterfront and the
Nembe water front. The most populated slum is the
Iluabuchi water front. This district consists of different
streets and each street has 55 to 60 resident structures at the
slum. Out of the four different water fronts, three were
randomly choosen and from these three, 50 households were
randomly selected for study. According to local statistics at
June 2009, population of these different slum studied were
between 450 to 500 with each household having about six or
more persons. It has an area of 0.03 km2, so houses are
standing tickly having widths of 1m to 2m, such that cars or
trucks cannot enter. Field investigation of these selected
slum sites has been carried out to reveal actual conditions
relating to their present means of sewage disposal, their
utilization characteristic of the existing toilet system, their
sanitation habit and cultural behaviours.
This data was obtained by casual observations and
questionnaires distributed to the selected households. The
dimensions of the present systems in use were obtained
using tapes and the volume of human faecal waste produced
per day was also estimated using the amount produced per
normal adult per day by weighing the average collected
quantity for 20 individuals and multiplying by the total
number of people in the household. The distance between
the households and the toilet were measured using tapes.
This shows that distances from the houses to toilet were
very close and infectious bodies within that environment.
From observations of the direct stooling into the rivers, the
processes that the human waste produced undergo were
observed during these periods of visits; such as the floating
processes and the drying processes.
From the information gotten from the people who use the
bucket latrine, the faeces were usually evacuated after every
2 to 3 days intervals at night, depending on the number of
persons using that particular bucket. From the information
gotten from the people who used the bucket latrine, the
bucket faces were usually evacuated after every 2 to 3 days
intervals at night depending on the number of persons using
the particular bucket.
The principle used in analyzing this data is, the average
quantity of faecal waste produced by an individual (W),
which was obtained using this equation;
𝑊 =
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖
20
(1)
𝑊𝑖 = 1 − 20
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 610
𝑊𝑖 = average collected quality of faeces for 20 individuals.
𝑊𝑔𝑐 =
𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐
𝑝𝑑
𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑑𝑎𝑦
(2)
Where:
Wgc = Faecal waste generated per capital per day
WT = Total weight of faecal waste
WC = Weight of Container
P = Population served
d = Number of days used before evacuation
The bulk density of the waste component was computed
using:
𝑙 𝑑 = density of faecal waste
𝑉𝑤 = volume of faecal waste
𝑊𝐶 = weight of container
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Human excrements are discharged into natural water body
without treatment. Floating faeces in channels are visible at
high tides all the time. The direct defecation system into the
rivers is housed under thatched or walkways. In areas where
the bucket latrine is used, the principle involves defecating
into a container which is removed for disposal periodically
into swamps or on land, it can easily be filled and required
periodic evacuation, for high density areas. Major restricting
factors in the usage of the bucket latrine in these slum
communities are the rejection of waste handling and the use
of water for anal cleaning. There are other problems such as
odor from the open bucket, breeding of all types of insects
and rodents, spillage of the waste from leaks of bucket and
unsanitary conditions at the collection and transfer points in
the actual use of this system.
About 75% of the inhabitants stool directly into the river,
while 15% use the bucket latrine
Table 1 The distribution of the direct disposal system and
the bucket system in the slum communities
Slum communities
(Water Fronts)
Direct disposal
faeces into the
river
Bucket Latrine
Iluabuchi 165 25
Marine Base 65 25
Nembe Water Front 75 15
Abonnema Warf 80 10
A critical aspect in the planning stage of providing
communal toilets in slum communities is determining the
most strategic location of the facility, considering
accessibility and proximity to the users. In most areas, a
large percentage of the households in these communities has
encroached on the water so that their proximity to the ideal
sites for the facility is decreased.
Thus determining the most strategic location for the facility
involves the analyses of trade off, between user accessibility
and convenience and the cost of the facility. Compounding
the difficulties with the provision of communal toilets are
usage and maintenance problems. Public toilets seem to
belong to no one and thus there as very little commitment by
the individual users to keep it clean and operating properly.
The above two systems used are inappropriate for the
following reasons;
For the bucket latrine the observed in the Port Harcourt
metropolis disadvantages are as follows:
i. It involves the evacuation of the bucket within a
short period
ii. It is not suitable for high density areas
iii. Produced odor from the open bucket
iv. It provides room for breeding of insects and rodents
v. There is spillage of the faecel watery waste from
the leakages of the bucket.
vi. Provides an unsanitary condition at the collection
and transfer points.
vii. Problem of transportation in areas where access is
very difficult.
For the direct stooling into the river, the observed
disadvantages in the Port Harcourt Metropolis are:
i. Increasing BOD that reduces the number of flaura
and fauna in the system, particularly the number of
fishes available for fishermen in the area, knowing
that their major business is fishing. The few fishes
that survive the situation feed on the untreated
excrements thereby providing avenue for the
transfer of disease among the inhabitants.
ii. It pollutes the river knowing that most time the
water from the river is been used for domestics
(washing and cooking) and also for drinking
thereby causing sporadic infectious water borne
diseases to man.
iii. The nearness of the houses to the toilets also causes
some environmental hazards to human health.
The idea of defecating directly into the river causes water
pollution. This implies that the quality of the water has been
degraded. Degradation refers to a decline in water quality by
chemical, physical or biological means which is usually
determined by the intended use of the water. Raw faeces
contains high amount of dissolved organic material and
therefore create a high BOD load when dumped into water.
Various types of toxic substances can become a threat to
human health when unrestricted discharge is allowed to
occur. Also, bacteria and viruses may be transmitted to
humans when these faeces enter into surface water. Viruses
such as the hepatitis virus present an additional danger since
they are unusually resistant to water treatment procedures.
Consequently, it is important to provide an appropriate toilet
system which will reduce or minimize the negative effects
of the afar mentioned system in use.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 611
Table 2: Physical and chemical quality of compost
Test Raw Feaces Compost
Wet weight (kg) 1.80± 0.10 1.75± 0.03
Dry weight (kg) 0.77± 0.01 0.67± 0.30
Moisture content (%)w.b 61.20± 0.76 61.70± 0.79
Bulking density (kg/m3
) 0.12± 0.01 0.11± 0.02
Bulding density (kg/m3
) 0.21± 0.01 0.30± 0.02
Specific gravity 1.84± 0.01 2.31± 0.07
Porosity (%) 93.5± 0.30 95.2± 0.10
Air space (%) 36.3± 0.13 36.5± 0.42
Total Solid (%) T.S± 39.7± 0.18 39.3± 0.15
Ash % T.S 15.9± 0.22 18.8± 0.15
Volatile solids (%) T.S 92.5± 0.13 89.6± 2.09
Phosphorus (%) d .b 1.46± 0.01 0.90± 0.01
Potassium (%) d .b 0.19± 0.01 0.16± 0.02
Nitrogen (%) d .b 0.06± 0.02 1.30± 0.02
Carbon (%) d .b 46.7± 1.35 45.1± 0.17
C/N 44.1± 0.32 34.7± 0.80
PH
7.6± 0.31 8.1± 0.18
Table 3: Bacteriological quality of compost (Ascarid egg
mortality %)
Test Before Compositing
(egg count)
After Composting
(egg count)
Alive Dead Alive Dead
1st
76 24 0 100
2nd
70 30 0 100
The most appropriate system for the condition of the water
front dwellers is the double chamber composting privy. It is
necessary to consider the evaluating compositing toilet as
one of alternative system to the direct disposal and bucket
systems. The sanitation system with compositing toilet is
fundamentally different from all others. The application of
which discharges waste water is worth to consider as one of
alternatives. The replacement of sawdust with new one in
the system should be carried out several times in a year.
withdrawn sawdust can be used as compost for gardening
and for farms, it can also be used to recover swamp areas,
amount of generated compost becomes considerable. A
means to collect the compost and carry them out of the slum
is to be made available. We should develop the culture of
using human excrement as a compost or fertilizer in
farmlands for promoting organic farming and also to fill up
swamp areas.
Functional Elements for Faecal Waste Management System
The activities associated with the management of faecal
waste from the point of generation to final disposal have
been grouped into six functional elements.
i. Faeces generation
ii. Faeces handling and separation, storage and
processing
iii. Collection from sources
iv. Separation, processing and transformation of faecal
wastes
v. Transfer and transport
vi. Final disposal
3.1 Population
A total population of 542,028 person was estimated for the
33 waterfronts. The population of a given waterfront was
calculated using the following formula:
Population=Q x R x H (3)
Where,
Q = average number of persons per room
R = average number of rooms per house
H = average number of houses per waterfront
Therefore the population of the entire waterfront was
calculated by:
Waterfront population = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑅 𝑥 𝐻33
𝑖 (4)
Table 1 shows the names of the waterfronts, the average
number of the houses, the average number of rooms per
house, the average number of persons per room, and the
population per waterfront. There are about 10,192 houses in
the entire waterfront. Marine Base is the largest waterfront
in land area and population, followed by New Bundu. The
size of each of the compounds or houses is less than half of
a plot, so that there is much overcrowding in and around the
dwellings.
Table 4: Average number of houses and population distribution in each of the waterfronts studied.
Name of Waterfront Average
Number of
Houses
Average
Number of
Rooms
Average
Number of
Persons per
Room
Population
Baptist 497 10 6 29,820
Ndoki 328 8 6 15,744
Bishop Johnson 507 8 6 24,336
Rex Lawson 464 8 6 22,272
Orupolo 235 8 6 11,280
Captain Amangala 488 8 6 23,424
Ibadan 467 10 6 28,020
Nembe 339 8 6 16,272
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Dockyard 206 8 6 9,888
New Bundu 774 10 6 46,440
Old Bundu 556 10 6 33,360
Enugu 578 8 6 27,744
Bonny 230 8 6 11,040
Okrika 269 8 6 12,912
Marine Base 829 10 6 49,740
Okujagu 286 8 6 13,728
Ogu 308 10 6 18,480
Comprehensive 195 10 6 11,700
Enotonia 167 8 6 8,016
Naval 184 8 6 8,832
NEPA 227 8 6 13,295
UST 185 10 6 11,100
Timber 147 8 6 7,056
Nanka 136 8 6 6,528
Ojike 124 8 6 5,952
Elechi 285 8 6 13,680
Ejimanze 146 8 6 7,008
Abonnema 299 12 6 21,528
Akokwa 165 8 6 7,920
Afikpo 148 8 6 7,104
Egede 137 8 6 6,576
Ogbogoro 109 8 6 5,232
Yam Zone 125 8 6 6,000
4. CONCLUSIONS
In coastal and water from communities, disposal of human
feaces into the surface water of ground without treatment is
prevalent. This habit is unhygienic since there are cases
wherein the surface water is also the source of water for
cleaning. In other communities, the surface water is stagnant
thus increasing the pollution problems. Disposal of
treatment without treatment is not justifiable especially in
the transition areas where accumulated toilet feaces obstruct
water waves. Human excreta with saw dust as bulking agent
can be used for production of manure which will enhance
crop production. The results gotten from the analysis of such
manure shows that it is environmentally friendly.
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