Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
IRJET- Ground Water Analysis in and Around Peenya Industrial AreaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater quality in and around the Peenya Industrial Area of Bengaluru, India. Water samples were collected from bore wells in the area and tested for 22 parameters including pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, nitrates and more. The results found pH ranging from 6.65 to 7.35. Hardness ranged from 520 to 1100 mg/L. Nitrates were between 11 to 22 mg/L. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the area and compare it to national standards to protect water resources.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document provides an overview of key questions about freshwater resources that will be covered in the chapter. It discusses why water is important, how much is available, and how much we are using. It asks about the causes of freshwater shortages and potential solutions. It also asks about the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater, using dams and reservoirs, and transporting water between regions. Additional questions cover desalination, water conservation, sustainable water use, and flooding. The document lists several online resources and a video on drought in the western US. It previews case studies on water conflicts in the Middle East and freshwater resources in the US.
The adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting and major water sources i...oircjournals
Nairobi County is faced with acute water scarcity and streets are often flooded during heavy downpour. The aims of this research were to assess the adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting and major water sources in Nairobi
County. Samples were picked from Kabete Dagoretti, Wilson, Moi Airbase and J.K.I.A meteorological weather stations. Assessment was done in Maisonette and multi-story residential buildings, institutions and industries followed by a descriptive analysis. The outcome of the study revealed that typical sources of water were City council piped water, borehole and roof catchment rainwater harvesting. Most buildings solely depended on City Council piped water; industries 76%, institutions 48%, maisonettes 56% and multi-story buildings 50%. There was no building depending solely on roof catchment rainwater harvesting. The ones who harvested rainwater did it as supplement to City Council piped water and/or boreholes.Institutions are leading in rainwater harvesting 44% followed by maisonettes 20%,multi-story buildings 6% and industries have least adopted rainwater harvesting 4%.The overall adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting
is 16%. Most residents,79.4% were not harvesting rainwater because rainwater harvesting systems were not included in the initial planning or architectural design of buildings. But 84.6% felt that roof catchment rainwater harvesting should be practiced by every building. Roof catchment rainwater harvesting can solve problems of water scarcity in Nairobi County. Every building should harvest rainwater and store it in appropriate storage capacity that depends on water demand in the building and rainfall supply.
IRJET- Characterization of Ground Water based on Water Quality Index in Bhatk...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality in Bhatkal Taluk, Karnataka, India. Thirteen groundwater samples were collected from wells and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, etc. A water quality index (WQI) was calculated for each sample based on these parameters to classify the water quality on a scale of excellent to unsuitable. The WQI values ranged from 7.74 to 20.72 in the first sampling, indicating poor to very poor water quality. Subsequent samplings also produced WQI scores pointing to poor quality water that may require treatment before consumption. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and raise public awareness about drinking
Presentation is an attempt to showcase role and importance of water as a gift of nature and as critical element for the sustainability of humanity, flora and fauna, and needs to be preserved, protected, promoted so as to make it universally available to all living organsim occupying space on this planet
IRJET- Ground Water Analysis in and Around Peenya Industrial AreaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater quality in and around the Peenya Industrial Area of Bengaluru, India. Water samples were collected from bore wells in the area and tested for 22 parameters including pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, nitrates and more. The results found pH ranging from 6.65 to 7.35. Hardness ranged from 520 to 1100 mg/L. Nitrates were between 11 to 22 mg/L. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the area and compare it to national standards to protect water resources.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document provides an overview of key questions about freshwater resources that will be covered in the chapter. It discusses why water is important, how much is available, and how much we are using. It asks about the causes of freshwater shortages and potential solutions. It also asks about the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater, using dams and reservoirs, and transporting water between regions. Additional questions cover desalination, water conservation, sustainable water use, and flooding. The document lists several online resources and a video on drought in the western US. It previews case studies on water conflicts in the Middle East and freshwater resources in the US.
The adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting and major water sources i...oircjournals
Nairobi County is faced with acute water scarcity and streets are often flooded during heavy downpour. The aims of this research were to assess the adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting and major water sources in Nairobi
County. Samples were picked from Kabete Dagoretti, Wilson, Moi Airbase and J.K.I.A meteorological weather stations. Assessment was done in Maisonette and multi-story residential buildings, institutions and industries followed by a descriptive analysis. The outcome of the study revealed that typical sources of water were City council piped water, borehole and roof catchment rainwater harvesting. Most buildings solely depended on City Council piped water; industries 76%, institutions 48%, maisonettes 56% and multi-story buildings 50%. There was no building depending solely on roof catchment rainwater harvesting. The ones who harvested rainwater did it as supplement to City Council piped water and/or boreholes.Institutions are leading in rainwater harvesting 44% followed by maisonettes 20%,multi-story buildings 6% and industries have least adopted rainwater harvesting 4%.The overall adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting
is 16%. Most residents,79.4% were not harvesting rainwater because rainwater harvesting systems were not included in the initial planning or architectural design of buildings. But 84.6% felt that roof catchment rainwater harvesting should be practiced by every building. Roof catchment rainwater harvesting can solve problems of water scarcity in Nairobi County. Every building should harvest rainwater and store it in appropriate storage capacity that depends on water demand in the building and rainfall supply.
IRJET- Characterization of Ground Water based on Water Quality Index in Bhatk...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality in Bhatkal Taluk, Karnataka, India. Thirteen groundwater samples were collected from wells and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, etc. A water quality index (WQI) was calculated for each sample based on these parameters to classify the water quality on a scale of excellent to unsuitable. The WQI values ranged from 7.74 to 20.72 in the first sampling, indicating poor to very poor water quality. Subsequent samplings also produced WQI scores pointing to poor quality water that may require treatment before consumption. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and raise public awareness about drinking
Presentation is an attempt to showcase role and importance of water as a gift of nature and as critical element for the sustainability of humanity, flora and fauna, and needs to be preserved, protected, promoted so as to make it universally available to all living organsim occupying space on this planet
Natural Resource Management Of Water Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Natural Resource Management Of Water PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Take advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, and discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. The water quality section will help you understand sources of water pollution, natural and human processes affecting water quality. Give a brief overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality and pollutants that deteriorate water quality on a global scale with the help of our water quality management PowerPoint infographics. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. You can design monitoring programs by describing monitoring types, monitoring areas, considerations while selecting the sampling site, frequency, and time of sampling etc by downloading this readily available water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3o9aXA1
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Land And Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
The document provides information on various aspects of land and water management including:
- An overview of the global water treatment market size and growth rates by industry and geography.
- Key statistics on water usage and the size of the US water market.
- Trends influencing the water industry like failing infrastructure and increasing regulation.
- Factors driving growth in the water industry such as migration to market-based pricing and stronger environmental compliance.
- Topics on water quality like sources of pollution, processes affecting quality, and pollutants deteriorating quality globally.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
This document discusses water quality and management. It defines safe and adequate water supplies according to the WHO. It then discusses issues with water quality in places like Africa, Asia, and Latin America where disinfected water is often contaminated. The document outlines various water quality variables and management recommendations. It emphasizes adopting water demand management approaches like reducing unaccounted water, leakage detection, and public awareness campaigns to more sustainably manage limited water resources.
Urban India faces a water crisis, with only 51% of daily water needs met by public supply on average. Most of the sewage generated is released untreated, amounting to 70% of sewage or 62000 MLD. This causes health and environmental issues. To address this, the document proposes shifting to a circular water system where wastewater is treated and resources like water and energy are recovered from sludge through technologies like sludge to energy. This can achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, as seen in a case study of Bengaluru where a sludge to energy scenario could achieve a 99% reduction in emissions by 2035. However, implementing such systems faces challenges of lack of coordination between different ministries and
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical quality of groundwater from hand-dug wells and boreholes in Mokola-Eleyele, Ibadan, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 21 points and analyzed for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The results were within Nigerian drinking water quality standards for all parameters. Statistical analysis found significant correlations between chemical contents at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, indicating relationships between the parameters. The study concluded that the water quality from both well types was suitable for human consumption based on meeting regulatory standards.
Financial modeling of public private partnership in wastewater treatmentIJARIIT
The document discusses financial modeling of public-private partnerships for wastewater treatment. It provides background on wastewater pollution impacts and the need for effective treatment. The key aspects covered include:
- Types of public-private concession models for wastewater treatment projects.
- Case study of a successful public-private partnership project in Tripura, India that provided integrated water supply and wastewater management.
- Risk factors considered in financial modeling of public-private wastewater treatment projects.
- Importance of clear definition of roles and responsibilities between public and private partners for effective project implementation and operations.
This document provides an overview of water management issues in Bengaluru, India. It discusses Bengaluru's natural water sources like lakes historically managed by local communities. As the population grew from 5.1 million in 2001 to 8.4 million in 2011, demand outpaced supply. Bengaluru now gets water from the Cauvery River 95km away. However, losses from leakages and groundwater extraction of around 700 MLD are needed to meet the growing demand of 1485 MLD. Water quality in lakes and groundwater is deteriorating due to pollution. Drinking water standards and treatment methods to purify water are discussed.
Surface Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Surface Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Take the advantage of high-quality water management plan PPT infographics to give an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry, etc. Demonstrate the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water with the help of this PPT slide deck. The slideshow effectively depicts the division of the wastewater treatment market. Highlight the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, increasing regulation and efficiency. Modify our water resources PPT presentation to portray the natural and human processes that affect water quality. Our groundwater management PPT templates can aptly present the organization chart for the water supply authority. The slideshow also explains various topics like the wastewater treatment process, reuse by sector, and treated wastewater quality parameters. Highlight the water management KPI metrics by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3yKotPp
Three key points:
1) Water supply schemes must be designed to meet current and future population needs over at least 3 decades. They should account for domestic, industrial, public, and other water demands as well as losses.
2) Water demands vary based on factors like population, climate, industries, cost of water, and more. Methods are used to estimate typical per capita demands and total demands.
3) Water demands fluctuate daily, seasonally, and hourly. Peak and maximum daily demands are higher than average daily demands to ensure adequate supply during high usage periods. Water supply schemes must be designed to meet fluctuating demands.
IRJET- Water Footprint Analysis of Delhi to Understand it’s SustainabilityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the water footprint of Delhi, India in 2011 and forecasted it for 2021. The study found that in 2011, the average water footprint per capita per day in Delhi was 2913 liters, with 1868 liters from crop production, 561 liters from livestock, 207 liters from other urban products, and 277 liters from direct usage. The forecast found the total water footprint would increase 12.8% by 2021 primarily due to increased direct usage as water access projects are completed. Over 85-90% of Delhi's water footprint comes from indirect consumption through imported agricultural products, highlighting the city's dependence on external water resources.
Integrated water supply project on chiguale kebele presentationdawit kebede
The document presents the design of a water supply project for Chiguale rural town kebele in Ethiopia. The existing water supply system is inefficient and unable to meet the needs of residents. The proposed project aims to improve access to clean water and living conditions. It will develop the Fichila spring water source, install pumping infrastructure to collect and treat the water, construct a service reservoir for storage and distribution, and implement a piped distribution network along with sanitation facilities. The design considers population projections, water demand estimates, technical specifications, environmental impacts, and cost estimates to develop a sustainable water system for the community over a 20-year period.
1. Water demand comes from domestic, industrial, and public uses. Domestic demand includes residential use for drinking, bathing, cleaning, and outdoor uses like gardening. Industrial demand is for processes, fabrication, washing, and cooling. Public demand incorporates institutional use by places like hospitals and schools, as well as commercial needs in offices, restaurants, and other businesses.
2. Population growth and changes in lifestyle are increasing demand, especially in urban areas. Climate change may also impact water security by increasing uncertainty in supply.
3. Specific domestic uses are interior like taps and toilets, and exterior like lawns. Institutional use serves facilities. Commercial demand provides for employee and customer needs as well as special processes
Continuous water supply system against existing Intermittent Supply systemijsrd.com
The declining availability of water supplies is one of the most important environmental issues facing various countries at the present time. Climate change, affluence and population growth have resulted in vast requirements of water for use in domestic, industrial and agricultural settings. Water has remained the most severe issue confronting the Urban Local Bodies (ULB), whether they are located in water abundant or water starved region. Most of the issues are related to improper operation of the system. The present water supply practice followed by Local Bodies for various towns and cities undertaking reduced supply hours is not only non-confirming to designed hydraulic parameters, but also the system is severely afflicted by adverse hydraulics leading to many of the prevailing critical issues which engages the Local Authorities in an evitable vicious circle. Serious efforts with utmost concentration ought to be the top-most priority of the Local Authority to emerge out of the severe critical water issue. Using data from the local government body, the paper presents the status of existing water supply network condition, and comparing it with continuous water supply system of selected DMA of Bhavnagar town in Gujarat (India).
The global lack of access to safe drinking water sickens and kills millions annually. AquaO3 has developed mobile water purification systems that can provide safe drinking water to 90,000 people at $0.03 per person daily. These systems address both poverty and disaster relief needs. AquaO3 will initially target the disaster relief market and leverage successes to access funding for expanding access to safe drinking water in developing nations to help reduce poverty, disease burden, and mortality rates.
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is threatened globally by various pollutants and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality degradation include the discharge of toxic chemicals, overpumping of aquifers, long-range transport of air pollutants, and eutrophication from nutrients. Water quality monitoring is important for sustainable development and managing these threats to aquatic ecosystems. The guide that follows is intended to provide practical guidance on designing and implementing freshwater quality monitoring programs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Analysis of Physio-chemical Properties of Surface Water TreatmentIRJET Journal
Water treatment is essential to provide safe drinking water and reduce waterborne illnesses. The White Plains Water Treatment Plant in Monrovia, Liberia employs conventional treatment processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and disinfection to treat water from the St. Paul River. Testing of physio-chemical parameters at the plant found the water quality to meet WHO standards. Aluminum sulfate is used as the coagulant to remove contaminants through charge neutralization. However, population growth has increased demands on the plant beyond its capacity. The study analyzes treatment optimization to improve water quality for the 1.5 million residents served.
Assessment of the impact of industrial and anthropogenic activities on the dr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of industrial and human activities on the quality of borehole water in Bundu-Ama, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 4 boreholes near various industries and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters. Results showed that pH and hardness were within acceptable limits, but turbidity, BOD, lead, iron, and bacterial counts exceeded standards in some locations, indicating contamination from industrial effluents and domestic waste entering the groundwater. The study concludes the borehole water requires treatment before consumption due to pollution from distant sources.
Natural Resource Management Of Water Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Natural Resource Management Of Water PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Take advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, and discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. The water quality section will help you understand sources of water pollution, natural and human processes affecting water quality. Give a brief overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality and pollutants that deteriorate water quality on a global scale with the help of our water quality management PowerPoint infographics. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. You can design monitoring programs by describing monitoring types, monitoring areas, considerations while selecting the sampling site, frequency, and time of sampling etc by downloading this readily available water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3o9aXA1
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Land And Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
The document provides information on various aspects of land and water management including:
- An overview of the global water treatment market size and growth rates by industry and geography.
- Key statistics on water usage and the size of the US water market.
- Trends influencing the water industry like failing infrastructure and increasing regulation.
- Factors driving growth in the water industry such as migration to market-based pricing and stronger environmental compliance.
- Topics on water quality like sources of pollution, processes affecting quality, and pollutants deteriorating quality globally.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
This document discusses water quality and management. It defines safe and adequate water supplies according to the WHO. It then discusses issues with water quality in places like Africa, Asia, and Latin America where disinfected water is often contaminated. The document outlines various water quality variables and management recommendations. It emphasizes adopting water demand management approaches like reducing unaccounted water, leakage detection, and public awareness campaigns to more sustainably manage limited water resources.
Urban India faces a water crisis, with only 51% of daily water needs met by public supply on average. Most of the sewage generated is released untreated, amounting to 70% of sewage or 62000 MLD. This causes health and environmental issues. To address this, the document proposes shifting to a circular water system where wastewater is treated and resources like water and energy are recovered from sludge through technologies like sludge to energy. This can achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, as seen in a case study of Bengaluru where a sludge to energy scenario could achieve a 99% reduction in emissions by 2035. However, implementing such systems faces challenges of lack of coordination between different ministries and
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical quality of groundwater from hand-dug wells and boreholes in Mokola-Eleyele, Ibadan, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 21 points and analyzed for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The results were within Nigerian drinking water quality standards for all parameters. Statistical analysis found significant correlations between chemical contents at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, indicating relationships between the parameters. The study concluded that the water quality from both well types was suitable for human consumption based on meeting regulatory standards.
Financial modeling of public private partnership in wastewater treatmentIJARIIT
The document discusses financial modeling of public-private partnerships for wastewater treatment. It provides background on wastewater pollution impacts and the need for effective treatment. The key aspects covered include:
- Types of public-private concession models for wastewater treatment projects.
- Case study of a successful public-private partnership project in Tripura, India that provided integrated water supply and wastewater management.
- Risk factors considered in financial modeling of public-private wastewater treatment projects.
- Importance of clear definition of roles and responsibilities between public and private partners for effective project implementation and operations.
This document provides an overview of water management issues in Bengaluru, India. It discusses Bengaluru's natural water sources like lakes historically managed by local communities. As the population grew from 5.1 million in 2001 to 8.4 million in 2011, demand outpaced supply. Bengaluru now gets water from the Cauvery River 95km away. However, losses from leakages and groundwater extraction of around 700 MLD are needed to meet the growing demand of 1485 MLD. Water quality in lakes and groundwater is deteriorating due to pollution. Drinking water standards and treatment methods to purify water are discussed.
Surface Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Surface Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Take the advantage of high-quality water management plan PPT infographics to give an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry, etc. Demonstrate the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water with the help of this PPT slide deck. The slideshow effectively depicts the division of the wastewater treatment market. Highlight the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, increasing regulation and efficiency. Modify our water resources PPT presentation to portray the natural and human processes that affect water quality. Our groundwater management PPT templates can aptly present the organization chart for the water supply authority. The slideshow also explains various topics like the wastewater treatment process, reuse by sector, and treated wastewater quality parameters. Highlight the water management KPI metrics by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3yKotPp
Three key points:
1) Water supply schemes must be designed to meet current and future population needs over at least 3 decades. They should account for domestic, industrial, public, and other water demands as well as losses.
2) Water demands vary based on factors like population, climate, industries, cost of water, and more. Methods are used to estimate typical per capita demands and total demands.
3) Water demands fluctuate daily, seasonally, and hourly. Peak and maximum daily demands are higher than average daily demands to ensure adequate supply during high usage periods. Water supply schemes must be designed to meet fluctuating demands.
IRJET- Water Footprint Analysis of Delhi to Understand it’s SustainabilityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the water footprint of Delhi, India in 2011 and forecasted it for 2021. The study found that in 2011, the average water footprint per capita per day in Delhi was 2913 liters, with 1868 liters from crop production, 561 liters from livestock, 207 liters from other urban products, and 277 liters from direct usage. The forecast found the total water footprint would increase 12.8% by 2021 primarily due to increased direct usage as water access projects are completed. Over 85-90% of Delhi's water footprint comes from indirect consumption through imported agricultural products, highlighting the city's dependence on external water resources.
Integrated water supply project on chiguale kebele presentationdawit kebede
The document presents the design of a water supply project for Chiguale rural town kebele in Ethiopia. The existing water supply system is inefficient and unable to meet the needs of residents. The proposed project aims to improve access to clean water and living conditions. It will develop the Fichila spring water source, install pumping infrastructure to collect and treat the water, construct a service reservoir for storage and distribution, and implement a piped distribution network along with sanitation facilities. The design considers population projections, water demand estimates, technical specifications, environmental impacts, and cost estimates to develop a sustainable water system for the community over a 20-year period.
1. Water demand comes from domestic, industrial, and public uses. Domestic demand includes residential use for drinking, bathing, cleaning, and outdoor uses like gardening. Industrial demand is for processes, fabrication, washing, and cooling. Public demand incorporates institutional use by places like hospitals and schools, as well as commercial needs in offices, restaurants, and other businesses.
2. Population growth and changes in lifestyle are increasing demand, especially in urban areas. Climate change may also impact water security by increasing uncertainty in supply.
3. Specific domestic uses are interior like taps and toilets, and exterior like lawns. Institutional use serves facilities. Commercial demand provides for employee and customer needs as well as special processes
Continuous water supply system against existing Intermittent Supply systemijsrd.com
The declining availability of water supplies is one of the most important environmental issues facing various countries at the present time. Climate change, affluence and population growth have resulted in vast requirements of water for use in domestic, industrial and agricultural settings. Water has remained the most severe issue confronting the Urban Local Bodies (ULB), whether they are located in water abundant or water starved region. Most of the issues are related to improper operation of the system. The present water supply practice followed by Local Bodies for various towns and cities undertaking reduced supply hours is not only non-confirming to designed hydraulic parameters, but also the system is severely afflicted by adverse hydraulics leading to many of the prevailing critical issues which engages the Local Authorities in an evitable vicious circle. Serious efforts with utmost concentration ought to be the top-most priority of the Local Authority to emerge out of the severe critical water issue. Using data from the local government body, the paper presents the status of existing water supply network condition, and comparing it with continuous water supply system of selected DMA of Bhavnagar town in Gujarat (India).
The global lack of access to safe drinking water sickens and kills millions annually. AquaO3 has developed mobile water purification systems that can provide safe drinking water to 90,000 people at $0.03 per person daily. These systems address both poverty and disaster relief needs. AquaO3 will initially target the disaster relief market and leverage successes to access funding for expanding access to safe drinking water in developing nations to help reduce poverty, disease burden, and mortality rates.
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is threatened globally by various pollutants and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality degradation include the discharge of toxic chemicals, overpumping of aquifers, long-range transport of air pollutants, and eutrophication from nutrients. Water quality monitoring is important for sustainable development and managing these threats to aquatic ecosystems. The guide that follows is intended to provide practical guidance on designing and implementing freshwater quality monitoring programs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Analysis of Physio-chemical Properties of Surface Water TreatmentIRJET Journal
Water treatment is essential to provide safe drinking water and reduce waterborne illnesses. The White Plains Water Treatment Plant in Monrovia, Liberia employs conventional treatment processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and disinfection to treat water from the St. Paul River. Testing of physio-chemical parameters at the plant found the water quality to meet WHO standards. Aluminum sulfate is used as the coagulant to remove contaminants through charge neutralization. However, population growth has increased demands on the plant beyond its capacity. The study analyzes treatment optimization to improve water quality for the 1.5 million residents served.
Assessment of the impact of industrial and anthropogenic activities on the dr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of industrial and human activities on the quality of borehole water in Bundu-Ama, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 4 boreholes near various industries and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters. Results showed that pH and hardness were within acceptable limits, but turbidity, BOD, lead, iron, and bacterial counts exceeded standards in some locations, indicating contamination from industrial effluents and domestic waste entering the groundwater. The study concludes the borehole water requires treatment before consumption due to pollution from distant sources.
First portable nanofiltration drinking water purifierNimon Bondurant
CamelTrain™ is the world’s first all-membrane-based portable water purification system on the market. CamelTrain™ units produce up to 600 gph (2,271lph) of microbiologically clean water, all from a unit about the size of a piece of luggage. Additionally, they can stack and connect with the CamelTrain™ “P” to produce near reverse osmosis quality water
Design of water supply system for a G+12 residential building by water neutra...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a water supply system for a residential building in Mumbai, India using the concept of water neutrality. It first provides background on water scarcity issues in India and the purpose of water neutrality. It then details the design considerations for the water supply system for a G+12 residential building, including population served, water demand calculations, tank sizing, and borewell dimensions. It also discusses a rainwater harvesting system for the building, providing costs and calculations for potential rainwater collection. The goal is to study methods for water conservation and design a system using water neutrality principles to help address water scarcity issues faced in cities like Mumbai.
An appropriate human body wastes disposal system for waterfront dwellers in p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This technical seminar report summarizes a 5 MLD sewage treatment plant in Ursugutta. The report provides details on the primary treatment processes including a raw sewage sump, screens, and grit removal. It then describes the secondary treatment which uses a C-Tech sequencing batch reactor process. This involves cycles of fill, aeration, settling, and decanting to achieve BOD removal, nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal. The report provides details on the treatment methodology and components of the C-Tech system.
This document summarizes an article that examines the impact of industrial effluents on water quality in Nigerian rivers. It finds that industrial wastewater entering water bodies represents a major source of pollution, affecting water quality, microbes, and aquatic life. Characteristics of industrial effluents like turbidity, conductivity, COD, TSS, BOD, and hardness are abnormal. The effluents contain nutrients that promote growth of coliform bacteria and other microbes. Sources of industrial effluents discussed include the pharmaceutical, soap and detergent, textile, food and beverage, pulp and paper industries. The effluents introduce pollutants like heavy metals, pathogens, and decomposing organic waste that deterior
There are three main points summarized from the document:
1) Taraba State in Nigeria faces significant challenges in providing reliable water infrastructure and sanitation services to its population. Only 2 of 14 water treatment plants are fully operational, and over half of the population lacks access to basic sanitation.
2) Broken or aging water distribution systems allow contamination to enter drinking water supplies. Leaking pipes waste water and money. Many residents receive intermittent, low quality water services.
3) Building the capacity of water treatment plant staff and increasing community education on hygiene and sanitation practices could help address water quality issues. However, more investment is needed to repair and maintain water infrastructure across Taraba State.
IRJET- Identification of Sources of Pollution & Designing of Effective Domest...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on identifying sources of pollution in the Panchganga River in Kolhapur City, India and designing effective domestic wastewater treatment plants. The sources of pollution identified are domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste. Parameters like BOD, COD, DO, and WQI were analyzed. Major sources of domestic waste include 12 nalahs that discharge untreated effluent into the river. The study proposes constructing wetlands, oxidation ponds, lagoons, and sewage treatment plants at identified pollution sources to treat wastewater and reduce river pollution.
Domestic water pollution_among_local_communities_im waseem noonari
Domestic water pollution is a major problem among local communities in Nigeria. The main causes include improper waste disposal from homes, markets, abattoirs and oil spills. Homes dump sewage, trash and other wastes directly into water sources. Local markets dump food waste, cosmetics and butcher waste into rivers and wells. Abattoirs release blood and feces into waterways. Oil spills from pipelines contaminate water. This widespread pollution has led to many water-borne diseases in communities and elevated heavy metal levels in water sources. Improved sanitation, waste management education, water infrastructure funding, and enforcement of regulations are needed to address domestic water pollution in Nigeria.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
Evaluation of Potential Physico-Chemical Ground Water Pollution: a Case Study...EditorIJAERD
Ground water is a large source of water for utilisation in the world. This resource is not easily accessible to
monitor its changes and its deterioration is not easy to reverse. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater for Kiwanja Market (KM) were analysed and compared to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) water
quality. The pH, DO, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, iron, water hardness, potassium and calcium were analysed. All the
parameters studied were within the stipulated levels except iron, and chloride for samples from point C (Ebenezer Hostel).
Turbidity for samples from points A and C were above the permissible levels of KEBs standards. The water sampled from
point A and C may require further treatment to allow for domestic use. This analysis revealed to some extent a healthier
system, though further analysis is needed to support this assertion. Continuous monitoring of the groundwater sources
within KM should be taken on regular basis to detect any changes and to sustainably maintain the quality of water within
the required KEBs water quality standards.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
IRJET- Rejuvenation and Utilization of Surface Water Sources in Gwalior CityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the need to rejuvenate and utilize surface water sources in Gwalior City, India. It identifies several unutilized surface water bodies in the city, including Motijheel, Janak Taal, Suraj Kund, Lakshman Taal, and Baija Taal. These water bodies are becoming polluted and degraded due to waste dumping, bathing, washing activities, and discharge of untreated household waste water. The document recommends upgrading these water bodies to collect and store stormwater and rainwater in order to help meet the city's growing water demand, recharge groundwater levels, and maintain a healthy urban environment.
This document has been prepared by the Agham Advocates of Science& Technology for the People (AGHAM) to aid local communities threatened by dam projects. This reference document contain information and tools that can be used by the community to have a better understanding of dams and make informed decisions how to collectively approach the dam project in their area. This guide is not exhaustive and complete, but centers on basic questions to learn more about the dam project in the area and to guide further research.
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliranijtsrd
The study takes advantage of rainwater, a naturally processed water. Developing a design for an affordable, less chemically oriented method that would help many people gain access to the water they need easily. The design used materials that were cheap and can be easily accessed on the local market. The process starts from a stage where large particles of contaminants were removed through straining. The next was iltering the water through a sequence of sponge, charcoal, coarse and fine sand. And lastly was chlorination, which treated the rainwater from the bacteria's which were previously not removed from the filter. The study came up with the design that were easily availed on the local markets of Naval, Biliran. The components were easy to install and were effective in harvesting rainwater. The treatment results were not what the researchers envisioned it to be, but still they were able to produce safe drinking water. Sure enough, it could be an alternative for other uses aside from drinking. The design was incomplete, especially on the part of the treatment device thus, further studies are recommended for its improvement. Nevertheless, the study proved that simple customized rainwater harvester and treatment device is achievable with the materials that can easily be found on the local market. Ramon L. Pitao, Jr. | Dahlia D. Fernandez | Ric Cyrell Rosialda ""Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23897.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23897/design-for-harvesting-and-treatment-of-rainwater-in-naval-biliran/ramon-l-pitao-jr
This document examines the negative externalities of sachet water consumption in Nigeria, specifically in Kwara State. It traces the origins of sachet water production to 1990 due to governments' inability to provide adequate clean water. The non-biodegradable plastic packaging of sachet water leads to pollution when disposed, harming both consumers and non-consumers. The study aims to identify the most appropriate policy to control these externalities, such as a deposit-refund system given sachet water's recyclable packaging. Weather is a key determinant of sachet water demand in Nigeria.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Similar to An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreholes in parts of kano municipality in northern nigeria (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
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An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreholes in parts of kano municipality in northern nigeria
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 88
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER
FROM COMMERCIAL WATER BOREHOLES IN PARTS OF KANO
MUNICIPALITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Amatobi Damiana Ada1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Abstract
The gross inadequacy ofpublic municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements
for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water
for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene
without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected
area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba,
Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two
boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization
(WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes
studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper
concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It
recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality
checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to
determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is a basic necessity of life, and as such a “right to
water” may be regarded as a “right to life.” In line with this
thought, the former Secretary General of United Nations,
Koffi Annan (2001: Bichi and Amatobi, 2013) is right to
describe water as “a basic human right.” Section 33 of
Nigerian constitution recognized "“right to life” as a
fundamental human right (FRN, 1999). Theoretically, it
presupposes that in pursuance of human rights in Nigeria the
provision of safe and adequate drinking water should be a
top priority at all levels of government. However, this is not
practically the case, because majority of Nigerian citizens,
in both the rural and urban areas, are still being denied
access to safe and adequate drinking water. According to
reports, only about 15% and 50% of rural and urban
dwellers, respectively, have adequate and reliable access to
drinking water (Amatobi 2016: Muta’aHellandendu, 2015,
FRN, 2000) This is in spite of the fact that the country is
endowed with abundant water resources. According to
Muta’a Hellandendu (2012) Nigeria is yet to “successfully
harness these resources to ensure a sustainable and equitable
access to safe, adequate, improved and affordable water
supply and sanitation to its population” The Water Aids
Nigeria (2016) corroborated this statement by asserting that
over 63 million people in Nigeria lack access to safe
drinking water because “water services cannot be delivered
quickly enough to cope with the rapidly growing
population”.
The human need for water has no substitute, and in times of
water scarcity people usually look for water for domestic
use from any available source without due regard to water
quality. In Nigeria, due to the slow pace, or near absence of
government intervention at providing adequate and safe
drinking water for citizens, people seek self-help
alternatives which include:
i. fetching of water from surface sources such as rivers,
streams, springs and lake;
ii. harvesting rainwater from roof tops;
iii. abstracting water from water boreholes or wells; and
iv. Buying water from vendors and hawkers whose sources
may be any of the three above.
These sources of self-help water supply are often associated
with health risks, because the water quality cannot be
guaranteed, since more often than not a proper water
treatment is not carried out.
Commercial water borehole is becoming the most popular
source of drinking water for both the urban and the rural
dwellers in Kano. A borehole is a vertical hole bored into
the ground down into the ‘water table’ (i.e. into the water
saturated zone of the underground) so that groundwater can
be abstracted through the hole, usually by means of a pump.
A professionally constructed and well maintained borehole
has some advantages which include relatively low cost of
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 89
construction and maintenance; nearness of source to point of
use; less susceptibility to pollution from surface activities
(sewage, flood, solid waste, etc) ; and less need for
treatment. According to Linsley et al (1992), an important
advantage of groundwater as a source of domestic supply is
its comparative freedom from bacterial and chemical
pollution. Water that percolates through fine-grained
materials is usually cleared of bacterial pollution within the
depth of 30m. Agunwamba (2008) stated that a properly
designed and constructed borehole can be put to use for over
30 years. According to him, “a successful pumping
borehole requires an experienced hydro-geologist to locate
the site, a competent drilling contractor using modern
techniques and materials, and correct selection of a pump.”
On the other hand, when a borehole is improperly designed,
constructed, or maintained, polluted surface water can easily
intrude into the hole, and also pathogens introduced during
construction stages can remain inside (Linsley et al, 1992).
Duru (2014) posits that in the absence of planning and
adoption of profession procedures, the proliferation of
boreholes can lead to widespread of pollution and
contamination. Okereke (2010) asserted that Nigerians do
not usually purify water from boreholes before
consumption. He warned that even though the borehole
water is a groundwater, it can be “easily contaminated by
leaky contaminants, heavy metals and micro organisms”.
The former Lagos State Governor, Raji Fashola, now a
Federal Minister, was quoted to have suggested that
boreholes in Nigeria should be shut down because “they
have long term environmental impact and environmental
damage” ( Olufowobi,2012 ).
Kano is one of the states in Nigeria where commercial water
boreholes flourish as source of drinking water. It is
nowadays a common practice in Kano for house owners to
sink boreholes within their compound and then make water
sales points near the compound, usually in front of the
fence. Members from the neighbourhood, including water
vendors (or hawkers) buy the water, usually in jeri-cans.
Often, what matters is the availability of water. Except when
there are issues of obvious objectionable colour or odour;
quality is usually taken for granted. It is, however, important
that the quality of water from every borehole, especially
those used for commercial purposes is known. This is
because dangers are imposed on public health whenever a
drinking water source becomes polluted or contaminated.
These dangers include the outbreak of water-borne diseases
such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid fever, and
complications arising from intake of water containing toxic
levels of chemicals like lead, chromium and arsenic,
including problems like mental retardation in children,
organ failure, cancer, etc. This paper investigates the
quality of drinking water supplied from commercial water
boreholes in selected areas of Kano in Northern Nigeria.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 The Study Area
The study area covers Bomkpai, Yankaba, Niger Street and
Airport Road; .all in Kano municipality. Bomkpai is largely
an industrial area with manufacturing activities in textile,
food, plastics, drugs, chemicals, etc, while Yankaba is a
residential community and has a popular fresh fruits and
vegetables market, called “Yankaba Market.” Niger Street
and Airport Road are commercial/residential areas close to
one of the biggest markets in Kano called “Abububakar
Rimi Market.”
2.2 Sample Collection
Six commercial boreholes that enjoy very high patronage
were identified and were investigated in the study area. The
boreholes were designated as A, B, C, D, E and F.
Boreholes A and B are located at Niger street and airport
road respectively, C and D are located at Yankaba, at Adua
and at Badawa axis, respectively; and E and F are at
Bomkpai Club Road and Bomkpai Independent Road
respectively.
The water samples were collected from the boreholes using
sterilized bottles having stoppers. Precautionary measures
were taken to ensure that the samples represented the source
of collection. Thus clinical hand gloves were worn to avoid
contact. Each water source was allowed to flush out before
sampling; and each sample bottle was rinsed three times
with the source water before being filled with the water
sample. The sample bottles were labelled to show the
source, date and time of collection. Each sample was
transferred to the laboratory soon after collection.
Bacteriological analyses were done within 48 hours of water
sample collection while physco-chemical analyses were
completed within 7 days of collection.
2.3 Laboratory Tests
The physico-chemical tests carried out include pH, total
hardness, permanent hardness, temporary hardness, colour,
chloride, chloride and heavy metals. The heavy metals were
zinc, chromium, lead, nickel, iron, manganese, magnesium
and copper.
The bacteriological analyses were targeted at detection of
colonies of micro-organisms, coliform organisms, and e-coli
examination.
The laboratory tests and analysis were based on procedures
detailed in Bichi and Amatobi (2013)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 90
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 3.1 Summary of physico-chemical parameters of water from commercial bore points in Kano with WHO and NSDQ limits
Parameter A B C D E F mean std deeviation WHO (2004)limits NSDWQ(2007) limits
ph 7.97 7.8 7.76 8.11 8.17 8.48 8 0 6.5-8.4 6.5-8.5
Permanaent hardness 207 130 68 105 145 120 129 46 Ns NS
Temporary hardness 130 90 51 89 110 98 95 26 Ns NS
Total hardness 337 220 119 194 255 218 224 72 500 150
colour (TCU) 6 6 4 4 5 5 5.00 0.89 15 15
chloride 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.58 0.21 250 250
Mangnesium 0.42 0.37 0.6 0.23 0.23 0.45 0.38 0.14 150 0.2
Iron 0.13 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.3 0.3
Manganese 0.02 0.09 0.19 0.09 0.28 0.28 0.16 0.11 0.1 0.2
Nikel 0.04 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.21 0.34 0.13 0.13 0.02 0.02
Zinc 0.27 0.25 0.2 0.21 0.12 0.1 0.19 0.07 3 3
Lead 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.14 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.01
Cromium 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.59 0.3 0.18 0.23 0.05 0.05
copper 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.14 0.1 0.11 0.06 2 1
Source: field studies.
Table 3.1 shows a summary of the results of physico-
chemical analyses of water samples from commercial
borehole points in Kano. The mean values of physic-
chemical parameters in most of the samples fall within the
WHO and NSDWQ permissible limits. The exceptions
include Total hardness which is within the limit of WHO but
below the limit of NSDWQ and a few metals such as
Nickel, Chromium, Nickel and Lead which were above both
the WHO and NSDWQ limits. It is important to note that
the samples that contained these metals in the excess of the
limits were mostly from samples E and F which are in the
industrial area of Bomkpai. According to ASTM (2004)
nickel is relatively non-toxic to humans. Chromium may
enter water as a result of industrial activities since
chromium salts are used in industrial processes like metal
finishing, electroplating, anodising, manufacture of paints
and dies, etc. Excessive levels of chromium can cause
gastro-intestinal disorders, convulsions, shock or death
(Janus 1990). According to ALPA (1985), lead is usually
found in traces in natural water but elevated levels can occur
in water as a result of industrial, mine and smelter
discharges, as well as from dissolution of lead plumbing
materials. Lead can be a serious cumulative body poison
(ASTM, 2004) and excessive lead in drinking water can
cause delays in physical or mental development of infants
and children. In adults lead can cause kidney problems and
high blood pressure (USEPA, 2006)
Table 3.2: Summary of bacteriological parameters of commercial bore holes from sampled sites in Kano with WHO and NSDWQ
limits
Organisms A B C D E F mean std deeviation WHO (2004)limits NSDWQ(2007) limits
Colonies Per CC Growing on
Nutrient Agar at 370c for 48
Hours (cfu/ml) 480 20 80 12 450 320 176.40 215.90 10 10
MPN of ColiformOrganism
Per 100mls of water Sample
(cfu/100ml) 30 3 15 0 25 22 176.40 12.16 0 0
MPN E-Coli Organisms Per
100mls water Sample
(cfu/100ml) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Source: field studies
Table 3.2 is a summary of bacteriological parameters from
commercial borehole points in Kano. Almost all the samples
were above the WHO and NSDWQ recommended limits in
colonies of micro-organisms and the coliform organism. The
presence of coliform organism can be a great health risk.
This is because coliform organism in groundwater indicates
that sewage or surface contaminants are entering the water
source. In other words, when water tests confirm the
presence of coliform organism there is an indication that
other harmful bacteria might be present in the water. The
result can be a reflection of the poor hygiene at the borehole
sites. In all the sites sampled the well heads and water
dispensing points were neither protected nor tidy, such that
there was free access to all people, even animals. Some
operators/ water sellers were also wearing dirty clothes. The
operators/water sellers revealed to the researcher that they
were neither trained on health/safety nor subjected to any
medical examination before and during their employment in
the commercial boreholes. No E-coli was detected in any of
the samples, and that implies there was no recent faecal
contamination during the study.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 91
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The quality of drinking water from six investigated
commercial boreholes in Kano raises some health concerns.
Lead and chromium were slightly above permissible limits
at the Bomkpai sites. Most of the commercial boreholes
studied were vulnerable to bacteriological contamination.
The general poor hygienic conditions of the borehole sites,
together with the lack of health/safety training and periodic
medical examination of the commercial borehole equipment
operators, constitute health hazard in Kano. It is difficult to
confirm whether periodic quality checks are being carried
out at the borehole sites by any body or agency since no
evidence, including past records, of such checks was found
during the study.
The following are the recommendations:
1. There is a need for State government to regulate the
commercial water boreholes in Kano.
2. Periodic water quality checks, at least biannually,
should be made compulsory for commercial drinking
water suppliers.
3. All commercial borehole operators should be trained in
the maintenance of proper hygiene and the protection of
the borehole area in order to eliminate contamination
from the surface.
4. Public health authorities in Kano should ensure that all
personnel operating commercial drinking water
equipment undergo compulsory periodic medical
examination.
5. All commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of
Kano should be subjected to water quality analyses,
especially to determine the toxic levels of heavy metals
such as lead and Chromium.
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