This document discusses water organization in India and Russia. It covers sources of water in India like surface water from rivers and lakes and groundwater from underground aquifers. It also discusses developing water projects, drinking water specifications, and a comparison of sanitary zones between the two countries. Major topics covered include sources of drinking water, uses of water, common problems associated with different water sources, water storage, distribution, and sanitation practices in India.

1. Water organization in India
and Russia
Loganathan ashok kumar
Thirugnananm sujatha
Group 20

2. CONTENTS
• SOURCES OF WATER IN INDIA
• DEVELOPING PROJECTS IN WATER
SYSTEM
• DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATIONS IN
INDIA AND RUSSIA
• COMPARISSION OF SANITARY ZONES
BETEEN INDIA AND RUSSIA
• REFERENCES

3. Drinking water
1.Free from pathogenic agents
2. Free from harmful chemical factors
3. Pleasant to the taste
4. Usable for domestic purposes
A daily supply of 150 to 200 litres (35-40 gallons) per head is considered an
adequate allowance.
The consumption of water, however, depends upon climatic conditions, standard
of living and habits of the people.
The larger the quantity and the better the quality of water, the more rapid and

4. drinking water source
Sewage
Water
recycle
lake river
Surface
water
Under
ground
water source
Major types
Rain
water
 Quality of water must be acceptable,
 The quantity must be sufficient to meet present and future requirements.

5. Uses of water
Domestic
use
Public
use
Industrial
use Agro use
for drinking,
cooking,
washing and
bathing
for public
cleansing,
fire-fighting,
maintenance
of public
gardens and
swimming
pools
Without water,
there cannot be
any industrial
development.
Some industries
like the iron and
steel and paper
industry need
quite a lot of
water
The food and raw
materials needed
by the world
cannot be raised
without water. It
is therefore an
essential factor in
the economic,
social and
cultural
development.

6. Common problem in using water
sources
(1) Biological Hazards
(2) Chemical Hazards
(3) Hardness of water
(a) Soft water = Less than 1 (<50 mg/l)
(b) Moderately hard =1-3 (50-150 mg/l)
(с) Hard water =3-6(150-300 тдЛ)
(d) Very hard water =over 6 (> 300 mg/l)

7. Progress
Distribution
to
people
Water
Sanitation
Water
storage
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

8. Water storage
Water is drawn out from the source and stored in artificial reservoirs,
Storage provides a reserve of water from which further pollution is excluded,
As a result of storage, a very considerable amount of purification takes place:(3
types following below)
Physical
By mere storage,
the quality of water
improves. About 90
per cent of the
suspended
impurities settle
down in 24 hours
by gravity. The
water becomes
clearer
Chemical
Certain chemical changes
also take place during
storage. The aerobic
bacteria oxidize the organic
matter present in the water
with the aid of dissolved
oxygen. As a result, the
content of free ammonia is
reduced and a rise in
nitrates occurs
Biological
A large drop takes place in
bacterial count during storage.
The pathogens are gradually
die out. It is found that when
river water is stored the total
bacterial count drops by as
much as 90 per cent in the first
5-7 days. This is one of the
greatest benefits of storage.
The optimum period of storage
of river water is considered to
be about 10-14 days

9. Water storage

10. Water sanitation
Department of Water Supply and
Sanitation of India

11. SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING WATER
QUALITY
Surveillance of drinking water is essentially a health measure. It is intended
to protect the public from water-borne diseases. The elements of a surveillance
programme are :
1. Sanitary Survey :
The sanitary survey is an on-the-spot inspection and evaluation by a
qualified person of the entire water supply system. The purpose of the survey is
detection and correction of faults and deficiencies. A sanitary survey is essential
for adequate interpretation of laboratory results.
2. Sampling :
Sampling of water should be done with the thoroughness of a surgical
operation, with the observation of similar aseptic precautions, for upon it
depends the results of analysis. It should be carried out by competent and
trained personnel in strict accordance with the methods and frequency of
sampling prescribed in the WHO 'International Standards for Drinking water (10)
or the ICMR 'Manual of Standards of Quality for Drinking Water Supplies' (22).
The methods of sampling are set out briefly in Appendix II.
3. Bacteriological Surveillance :
The tests usually employed in water bacteriology are presumptive coliform
test, tests for the detection of faecal streptococci and Cl. perfringens and colony
count. A complete bacteriological examination consists of all these tests.

12. Water distribution
Intermittent
supply
continuous
supply
water is delivered only during fixed
hours. disadvantages :
(1) the pipes may be empty during times
of emergency
(2) people need to store water in
containers which may not be clean
always. The safe water is likely to be
rendered unsafe through improper
storage
(3) when the pipes are empty, there is
negative pressure and by what is
known as back-siphoning, bacteria
and foul gases may be sucked in
through leaky joints
Flowing water available 24
hours is therefore desirable,
although it may entail some
wastage of water through
misuse.
The supply of water in most
cities in India is intermittent.

13. Water distribution
WATER SUPPLY THROUGH VEHICLES…. STATE : TAMILNADU

14. Water distribution
DUAL WATER SUPPLY:
In Calcutta, there is a dual water supply system, i.e., one
set of pipes supplying filtered water for personal use and
the other set supplying unfiltered water for flushing toilets,
washing roads and other civic purposes. The greatest
drawback of the dual system is that people may mistake
one for the other through ignorance. The possibility of
cross-connection constitutes a serious health hazard.

15. GROUND WATER
Artificial groundwater recharge For many centuries, surface storages
and gravity flow has been the main source of irrigation for Indian
agriculture. However, over the last four decades, while surface
irrigation has been gradually declining, groundwater irrigation through
small private tube wells has been flourishing.
By 2005, groundwater contributed to 61 percent of the gross irrigated
area, but this contribution could be even more if it accounts all the
conjunctive water use in the canal command areas.
Contrary to what most claim, groundwater irrigation has spread
everywhere, even outside canal command areas where recharge from
surface return-flows could not have reached. The tube well boom has
made a significant part of India's agriculture production and rural
livelihoods depend on groundwater irrigation, but also made large
areas prone to over exploitation.

16. Ground water irrigation

17. GROUND WATER IRRIGATION
Sustaining groundwater irrigation is essential for a country like India for many
reasons. Groundwater irrigation:
1. gives large spatially distributed social benefits to vast rural areas, which
surface irrigation has not reached or cannot reach, and benefit a large number
of smallholders in Indian agriculture;
2. is more efficient, thus allowing better application of agriculture inputs and
crop intensification and diversification. This gives higher yields and income per
unit land than in canal command areas, and
3. is a better mechanism for drought proofing. It can also mitigate impacts due
to climate change. For sustainable groundwater irrigation, India needs to invest
more in artificial recharge in many locations and better managements of aquifer
storages. India already
has in place a National Master Plan for Groundwater Recharge, augmenting
the resources annually by another 38 BCM. The program, costing Rs. 24500
crore (USD 6 billion at January 2008 exchange rate), can achieve its potential
benefits by addressing the shortcoming of the master plan.

18. Govt. management.

19. FLOOD AND
DROUGHT IN INDIA
The rain fed agriculture contributes
meagerly to current food Production.
It covers about 60 percent of the
crop area but contributes to only
one-third of the of the food grain
production.
Rain is the main source of water and
India is likely to fulfill her water
source through monsoons in all
seasons.
The areas regularly haunted by
droughts are those receiving low
(generally below 75 cm annually)
and highly unreliable (variability over
40 per cent) rainfall and with
inadequate irrigation facilities. In all
77 districts receiving less than 75 cm
of rainfall per annum are droughts
prone.

20. FLOOD IN INDIA
India has come across
disasters of flood and
drought every year .
The recent major disaster
happened in Uttarkhand
state of northern part of
India owing to be one of the
great disasters of world
flood listings.
About 10000 people were
killed and 19000 people
were stranded without
home and food. Landslides
were the major
consequences of the flood

21. Inter – Link River Project of INDIA

22. NATIONAL RIVER LINK
PROJECT
• NRLP proposes to build 30 river links and more than
3000 storages to connect 37 Himalayan and Peninsular
rivers.
This project is yet in paper format not yet come into real but
the project has been passed to government of India and
will be on work in future.
The NRLP water transfers envisage easing the water
shortages in Western and Southern India, while mitigating
the impacts of recurrent floods in Eastern India.

23. NRLP
MERITS
 provide additional irrigation to
35 million ha of crop area and
water supply to domestic and
industrial sectors;
 add 34 GW of hydro-power
potential to the national grid;
 mitigate floods in Eastern
India; and
 facilitate various other
economic activities such as
internal navigation, fisheries,
groundwater recharge, and
environmental flow of water-
scarce rivers.
DISADVANTAGES
 Due to climatic changes , the
surplus and deficit parts of India
change ,
 This project also involves
neighboring countries such as
Bangladesh leading to tensions
and disagreements from them
 As this is manual scheme of
shifting of rivers , this may bring
enormous silt roads, landslides
,hills , plateaus, seismic belts and
gorges for large scale transfer of
water artificially
 Very expensive project

24. DRINKING WATER
SPECIFICATIONS
Num. CHARACTERISTICS PERMISSIBLE
LIMITS IN INDIA
(mg/l)
PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
IN RUSSIA (mg/l)
1. pH VALUE 6.5 TO 8.5 6 TO 9
2. TOTAL HARDNESS 600 700
3. IRON 1.0 3.0
4. FLUORIDE 1.5 0
5. NITRATE 100 45
6. SULFATE 400 500
7. COPPER 1.5 1.0
8. LEAD NO RELAXATION 0.03
9. ZINC 15 5.0
10. Cadmium 0.01 0.001
11. ARSENIC 0 0.05

25. SANITARY PROTECTION
OF WATER SOURCES
IN INDIA AND RUSSIA

26. PURPOSE OF PROTECTION
ZONES
Drinking Water Safety Plans are likely to
identify the need for improvements at each
stage of the supply chain, namely:
• Better protection of sources;
• Improved removal of contaminants
• whether microbiological or chemical;
• Protection of distribution systems; and
• Prevention of contamination in
households.

27. PROTECTION OF SOURCE IN
INDIA

28. Protection zones in India
Protection of source consists of two portions :
 inner protection zone
 extended protection zone

29. Inner protection zone
with a radius of 10 – 20 m, all activities
posing a risk of contamination are restricted
(e.g. farming, grazing, firing, application of
pesticides and fertilizers, construction of
latrines, use of chemicals, etc.).
It should only be planted with grass - all
trees and bushes should be uprooted.

30. Extended protection zone
at least 100m in radius, should be put up. Its
size depends on the depth and the type of
the covering soil.
The required radius thus increases if
the spring catchment is close to the surface
and if the soil is highly permeable .

31. Sanitary regulations in Russia
“Zones of sanitary protection of water
sources and water supply potable” is
developed on the basis of the federal law
from march 30, 1999 No:52-FZ.
They define the sanitary and epidemiological
requirements for organization and operation
of sanitary protection zone of water sources
and water supply and drinking purpose .

33. SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES
In Russian federation, three sanitary
protection zones are organized.
❶ First zone – is the maximum security
zone .
❷ Second zone are belt restrictions
❸ Third zone

34. First Zone
• Includes the territory intake locations ,areas of
water supply facilities and water conveyance
channel.
• Purpose – protection of places intake and
accidental or deliberate pollution and damage.
• Plan of SPZ - 1: 500 – 1:1000
• The boundary of first zone in the
underground water source protection is not
less than 30m from the water intake.
• For surface water source protection it is
planned to be not less than 100m from the
water intake at the river or reservoirs.
• From the standpipe not less than 10m.

35. Activities in the first zone
The purpose of the activities is the maximum
reduction of microbial and chemical contamination
of water supply sources, with current technology
allows processing to ensure obtaining drinking
water.
 Not allowed any descent wastewater,
including sewage water transport, as well as
bathing, washing clothes, watering livestock and
other uses that affect water quality.
 Navigable waters of the receiving water shall be
installed with light buoys.

36. Second zone
• Includes area of protection of water sources
from water pollution.
• Boundaries of the second zone is
determined depending on the natural
climatic and hydrological conditions.
• Plan of the belt – 1:10000- 1: 25000
• The boundary is determined by the
hydrodynamic calculations based on the
conditions of the microbial contamination
entering the aquifer outside the second
zone.

37. Activities in the second zone
o Avoidance of wastewater in the catchment area water
source, including its tributaries do not meet hygienic
requirements for the protection of surface waters.
o Regulation designated areas for new construction of
residential, industrial and agricultural facilities, as well as
changes in technology harmonization of existing
enterprises related to increased severity of pollution by
sewage water source.
o The use of chemical methods of combating
eutrophication is permitted provided the use of drugs,
having a positive sanitary-epidemiological conclusion.
o Identify objects, polluting water sources, the
development of specific protection measures, secured
funding sources, contractors and agreed with the State
Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance.

38. Third zone
• Is designed to protect the aquifer from
chemical contamination
• Boundary determined by hydrodynamic
calculations.
• It mostly coincides with the boundaries of
secondary zone.

39. Reference
• Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine
• http://www.ohranatruda.ru/ot_biblio/normativ/data_normativ/11/11336/index.
php
• http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-
sources/hardware/surface-water-sources/water-source-protection
• www.wikipedia.com
• СанПиН 2.1.4.1110-02
• САНПИН 2.1.4.1074-01
• http://www.mdws.gov.in
• hppcb.gov.in / eiasorang / spec ( Indian govt. page)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

40. THANK YOU….