The document discusses the history and process of lasers. It describes how the first laser was invented by Maiman in 1960 using a solid ruby laser. It explains that a typical laser setup includes a laser rod, mirrors, a flash tube for energy, and a lens. The laser beam is focused onto a workpiece, where it generates extremely high temperatures up to 100,000°C to melt or evaporate material for machining. Examples of laser applications include drilling small precise holes, welding thin sheets, and machining hard materials.
Electro Discharge Machining
Introduction
Process
Process Parameters
Dielectric
Advantages of EDM
APPLICATIONS
Power generator
Wire EDM
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE GRINDING (EDG)
Review Study and Importance of Micro Electric Discharge Machiningsushil Choudhary
Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro features and
makes a micro parts. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method
which known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the workpiece
and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which in the range of
50 μm -100 μm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with
various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. A pulse discharges
occur in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and at the same time removes the unwanted
material from the parent metal through the process of melting and vaporization. This paper describes the
importance, parameters, principle, difference between Macro and micro EDM, applications and advantages of μ-
EDM and discuss about the literature reviews based on performance measure in micro- EDMP process.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of EBW in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Electro Discharge Machining
Introduction
Process
Process Parameters
Dielectric
Advantages of EDM
APPLICATIONS
Power generator
Wire EDM
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE GRINDING (EDG)
Review Study and Importance of Micro Electric Discharge Machiningsushil Choudhary
Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro features and
makes a micro parts. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method
which known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the workpiece
and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which in the range of
50 μm -100 μm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with
various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. A pulse discharges
occur in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and at the same time removes the unwanted
material from the parent metal through the process of melting and vaporization. This paper describes the
importance, parameters, principle, difference between Macro and micro EDM, applications and advantages of μ-
EDM and discuss about the literature reviews based on performance measure in micro- EDMP process.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of EBW in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Working of Laser beam machining process. Its one kind of non traditional or advanced manufacturing process.Production of laser beam and with the use of lasers how can material can be removed is to be explained over here...
Basics refresher on Laser Technology and it's applications. Presentation prepared by (and for) student(s). Level- Karnataka State Pre-university PUC1(India)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification
by Simulated Emission for Radiation.
Laser is an electro magnetic radiation.
A laser beam of coherent mono chromatic
light
3. The first LASER was invented by Maiman in
May 1960 which was a solid ruby laser.
In 1960 IBM invented uranium laser.
In 1961 Bell Labs developed helium-neon
laser.
1962 Robert Hall at General Electric Labs
developed semiconductor Laser.
In 1964 Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium
Aluminium Garnet) Laser, CO2 Laser by Bell
Labs.
In 1964 argon ion Laser was developed.
4.
5.
6.
7. The laser beam coming from the generator
strikes the work piece it generates at intense
spot on it.
Due to the extremely high temperature
generated the material in the spot
immediately melts and evaporates causing
the machining.
By moving the work piece accordingly the
required profile is cut.
8. It mainly consists of a ruby laser rod(it is
crystalline aluminium oxide with 0.05% impurity
of chromium).
A pair of mirrors.
A flash tube or lamp as the energy source. It is
filled with xenon, argon or krypton.
An amplifying source.
A power supply source
A cooling system
A lens.
Complete set up is kept up inside an enclosure
having highly reflective surface area inside.
9. When the power supply is made on a flash
lamp start emitting high intense flashes of
light on the ruby laser rod.
Usually its rate is from 1-12 flashes /min.
The Laser material absorb the radiation of
the incoming light energy.
This results in to and fro travel of light
between two reflecting mirrors.
10. But the partial reflecting mirror does not
reflect the total light back and a part of it
goes out in the form of a coherent stream of
monochromatic light.
This highly amplified stream of light is
focused through a lens, which converge it to
the chosen point of w/p.
At a focused spot very high temperature
about 100000C is developed which ultimately
melts the material.
11. As no tool so no tool wear.
Any material can be easily machined
irrespective of its hardness.
Extremely small holes can be drilled.
The tool used is in the form of a laser beam
which has no weight so there is practically no
distortion.
Laser is also used for the surface treatment
e.g. thin layer of cobalt alloy on the contact
area on turbine blades.
12. The life of flash lamp is short.
High operating and capital cost.
Skill operator are required.
Low material removal rate.
13.
14. This process is used for drilling small holes as
small as 0.005mm.
For welding of thin sheets.
For making of holes in the surgical
instrument like in injection syringe, various
lubrication devices.
For drilling in the extremely hard material
like diamond material.
Drilling flow holes in gas orifice.
