Working of Laser beam machining process. Its one kind of non traditional or advanced manufacturing process.Production of laser beam and with the use of lasers how can material can be removed is to be explained over here...
LASER BEAM MACHINING - NON TRADITIONAL MACHININGSajal Tiwari
Laser Beam Machining or more broadly laser material processing deals with machining and material processing like heat treatment, allowing, cladding, sheet metal bending etc. Such processing is carried out utilizing the energy of coherent photons or laser beam, which is mostly converted into thermal energy upon interaction with most of the materials. Nowadays, the laser is also finding application in regenerative machining or rapid prototyping as in processes like stereolithography, selective laser sintering etc. Laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The underline working principle of a laser was first put forward by Albert Einstein in
1917 through the first industrial laser for experimentation was developed around the 1960s. The laser beam can very easily be focused using optical lenses as their wavelength ranges from half a micron to around 70 microns. The focused laser beam as indicated earlier can have power density in excess of 1 MW/mm2 . As laser interacts with the material, the energy of the photon are absorbed by the work material leading to a rapid substantial rise in local temperature. This, in turn, results in melting and vaporization of the work material and finally material removal.
LASER BEAM MACHINING - NON TRADITIONAL MACHININGSajal Tiwari
Laser Beam Machining or more broadly laser material processing deals with machining and material processing like heat treatment, allowing, cladding, sheet metal bending etc. Such processing is carried out utilizing the energy of coherent photons or laser beam, which is mostly converted into thermal energy upon interaction with most of the materials. Nowadays, the laser is also finding application in regenerative machining or rapid prototyping as in processes like stereolithography, selective laser sintering etc. Laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The underline working principle of a laser was first put forward by Albert Einstein in
1917 through the first industrial laser for experimentation was developed around the 1960s. The laser beam can very easily be focused using optical lenses as their wavelength ranges from half a micron to around 70 microns. The focused laser beam as indicated earlier can have power density in excess of 1 MW/mm2 . As laser interacts with the material, the energy of the photon are absorbed by the work material leading to a rapid substantial rise in local temperature. This, in turn, results in melting and vaporization of the work material and finally material removal.
10 Event Technology Trends to Watch in 2016Eventbrite UK
We’ve picked 10 exciting, innovative technologies that are gathering pace and adoption, and are likely to start appearing on your radar in 2016. Get ahead of the curve by learning more about them.
Explains what is Annealing
The Steps involed in Annealing
Procedure of Annealing
Need and the advantages for annealing
The cooling graphs are also included in the slides
Best for presenting this slide along with some additional content.
heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals for the purpose of altering their properties.
it is used in manufacturing providing simple and low cost means of obtaining desired properties
WHAT IS LASER ???
LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation
DEFINE LBM ?
LBM is a nonconventional machining process using then thermal energy of the laser beams. During the machining process, a high-energy laser beam falls on the workpiece surface and removes the workpiece material by heating, melting, and vaporizing.
LBM is a nonconventional machining process using then thermal energy of the laser beams. During the machining process, a high-energy laser beam falls on the workpiece surface and removes the workpiece material by heating, melting, and vaporizing.
This lecture is based on post-graduate students of Ophthalmology (DO, DCO, MCPS, FCPS, MS) and optical principle of LASER, construction of laser and laser tissue interaction has cover the lecture
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Content
Introduction.
Basic Principle.
Laser Concept.
Actual LBM process.
Mechanism of material removal.
Advantages of LBM.
Disadvantages of LBM.
3. Introduction:-
The term “laser” is an stands for Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation. LBM is nontraditional thermal
process.
In thermal removing processes, thermal energy, provided by a heat
source, melts or vaporizes the volume of the material to be
removed.
Among thermal removal methods,
Electrical discharge machining or EDM is the oldest and most widely
used.
Electron-beam (EBM) and laser beam machining (LBM) are newer
thermal techniques also widely accepted in industry today.
5. • Laser Concept
The electrons are charged particles, they carry some energy. The
energy related with the orbit in which the electrons revolve.
Generally the electrons are present in the outer most orbit of the
atom take part in the process of energy absorption or emission.
Ground state, the state with lowest energy is the most stable state for
the electrons. After absorbing the energy electron jump to the higher
energy state and staying there for some seconds jump to the ground
state and release the absorbed energy.
6.
7. This jump may be in two stages:-
Electron from higher state may not come directly to the ground state but
may halt for some micro seconds on some intermediate state before finally
coming to the ground state.
The period for which electron stays in a higher energy state is known as the
lifetime of that energy state.
Lasing action:-
The emission of photon is not done by only one atom at upper energy level
but on the influence of external light, a sort of chain reactions occurs and
one after other atoms start emitting photons. Thus whole avalanche dumps
down together. This is called lasing action.
8.
9. Not all the materials are suitable for producing laser beam.
One of the most common laser materials and also one capable of
delivering high power is the chromium on a ruby crystal.
Crystal ruby is aluminum oxide.
Generally the ruby rod 1 cm diameter and 10 cm long with ends
polished fully is used.
10. Actual LBM Process
1) In the beginning in atom all the crystals are in ground state
2) When the light is flash over the crystal, most of the atoms are raised to
the excited state. Some light waves incline to the axis of the crystal will
leave the box either after only a few reflections or without strike on
mirror.
3) Some of the waves that travel parallel to the axis of the crystal, will
spontaneously emit photon from chromium ions. These photon stimulate
another atom to contribute a second photon.
This process continues as the photons are reflected to and fro between the
mirror.
4) At the each reflection a certain loss occurs
13. It is very interesting that laser has to be used on materials where it absorbs
laser energy.
Upon absorption of the laser energy, there is rapid rise in the temperature
leading once again to melting and vaporization and material removal.
Although several types of laser exist, all lasers produce (emit) intense,
coherent, highly collimated beam of single wavelength light. In material
processing applications, this narrow beam is focused by an optical lens to
produce a small, intense spot of light on the work piece surface, as shown
in figure.
Optical energy is converted into heat energy upon impact and temperatures
generated can be high to melt and/or vaporize any material.
14. Absorb the
laser energy
Rapid rise in
temperature
Melting &
evaporation
Material
Removal
Gas Assist Mechanism of
Material
Removal
In
LBM
15. Advantages:
Excellent control of the laser beam with a stable motion system achieves
an extreme edge quality. Laser-cut parts have a condition of nearly zero
edge deformation, or roll-off
It is also faster than conventional tool-making techniques.
Laser cutting has higher accuracy rates over other methods using heat
generation, as well as water jet cutting.
There is quicker turnaround for parts regardless of the complexity,
because changes of the design of parts can be easily accommodated.
Laser cutting also reduces wastage.
16. Disadvantages:
The material being cut gets very hot, so in narrow areas, thermal
expansion may be a problem.
Distortion can be caused by oxygen, which is sometimes used as an assist
gas, because it puts stress into the cut edge of some materials; this is
typically a problem in dense patterns of holes.
Lasers also require high energy, making them costly to run.
Lasers are not very effective on metals such as aluminum and copper
alloys due to their ability to reflect light as well as absorb and conduct
heat. Neither are lasers appropriate to use on crystal, glass and other
transparent materials.