This document summarizes the history and uses of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers work through processes like stimulated emission and outlines the active mediums and components of different laser types. It describes common dental lasers like CO2, diode, Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers and their applications. These include soft tissue procedures, caries detection and removal, periodontal therapy, implant treatment, bleaching and more. Precautions, advantages and disadvantages of each laser are also summarized.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
This lecture reviews the role of laser therapy in dentistry in particular for Periodontal treatment. Dr. Smith reviews many of his own cases with the audience.
Please contact Dr. Smith with questions.
drsmith@cpident.com
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
This lecture reviews the role of laser therapy in dentistry in particular for Periodontal treatment. Dr. Smith reviews many of his own cases with the audience.
Please contact Dr. Smith with questions.
drsmith@cpident.com
Lasers in oral & maxillofacial surgery/oral surgery courses by indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This presentation provide overview on the uses of laser in Endodontic dentistry. This presentation was demonstrated by Dr Mahmoud Ellabban, Demonstrator, Endodontic department, Faculty of dental medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt. and i have it's permission to publish his presentation.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
Lasers in oral & maxillofacial surgery/oral surgery courses by indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This presentation provide overview on the uses of laser in Endodontic dentistry. This presentation was demonstrated by Dr Mahmoud Ellabban, Demonstrator, Endodontic department, Faculty of dental medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt. and i have it's permission to publish his presentation.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
Laser /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lasers in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
PRESENTATION 4- Basics of Laser in Dermatolgy
It includes -
Laser spectrum
Definition Laser
Classification of Lasers
Laser Theories
Laser terminology
Laser Hazards
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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2. LASER HISTORY
In 1917, Albert Einstein published ideas on stimulated
emission radiation.
3. Based on the Albert Einstein’s theory of spontaneous
and stimulated radiation, Miaman in 1960 develops
the Ist prototype of laser by using crystal of ruby as
the active medium that emit a coherent radiation
light, when stimulated by energy.
In 1961, the first gas laser was described by Javan et
al.
The application of laser in dental tissues was
reported by Stern, Sognnaes and Goldman in 1964.
4. INTRODUCTION
L LIGHT
A AMPLIFICATION
S STIMULATED
E EMISSION
R RADIATION
Laser is a device that utilizes the natural oscillations
of atoms or molecules between energy levels for
generating coherent electromagnetic radiations
usually in the ultraviolet, visible or infrared regions of
the spectrum.
5. Light
It is the form of electromagnetic energy that behaves
as a wave and a particle unit of energy called as
photon.
Normal light appears white due to combination of seven
basic colors.
Laser light on the other hand is monochromatic
(specific colour), and each wave is identical in physical
size and shape.
Amplification
It takes place inside the laser, identifying the
components of laser instrument shows how laser light is
produced. The centre of the laser is called the Laser
cavity.
6. Active medium:
Is composed of the chemical elements, molecules or
compounds.
Lasers are generically named after the material of the
active medium that can be a container of gas such as
canister of CO2 gas.
a solid crystal of yttrium, aluminium and garnet (YAG).
a solid state semiconductor such as diode laser.
7. Pumping Mechanism:
It surrounds the active medium such as flash lamp
strobe device, electrical circuit, electrical coil or similar
source of energy that pumps energy into the active
medium.
When this pumping mechanism pumps the energy
into the active medium then energy is absorbed by the
electrons in the outermost shell of active medium’s
atoms.
8. Optic resonator
It is the arrangement of mirrors, forming the standing
wave cavity resonator for the light wave.
Mirror can be flat or spherical.
9. Stimulated Emission
This is the process by which laser beam is produced inside
the laser cavity.
It was proposed by Albert Einstein in 1916 that when
smallest unit of energy is absorbed by electrons of an atom,
a brief excitation occurs.
Photon travelling in the path of exited atom having same
excitation energy level that would result in the release of 2
quanta or coherent wave of 2 photons.
These photons in turn are then able to energise more atoms
in a geometric progression which further cause the emission
of additional identical photons resulting in an amplification of
10. Radiation
It refers to light waves produced by the laser as a
specific form of electromagnetic energy.
Very short wavelength of approx. 350nm are termed as
ionizing and are able to penetrate biologic tissue
deeply.
They can produce charged atoms and molecules that
pose a mutagenic effect on cellular DNA.
The wavelength greater than 350 nm cause excitation
and heating of tissue.
11. Mode Of Emission
Continuous
The energy is emitted constantly as long as laser is
activated.
e.g. CO2 and Diode laser
Pulsed
Gated : it is a variation of continuous wave mode.
Periodic alteration in the delivery of laser light is seen,
which is achieved by electronic/ mechanical shutter.
This helps to limit undesirable residual thermal damage
seen with continuous mode.
12. Free Running
In this mode, large peak of energy is emitted within
microsecond followed by long period in which laser is
off.
It is pulsed due to the pumping mechanism within the
laser.
Undesirable thermal damage is low in this mode.
e.g. Nd: YAG, Er: YAG and ER: Cr: YSGG.
13. Laser Effect On Tissues
Laser interact with tissue by the following mechanisms:
Reflection
Transmission
Scattering
Absorption
14. Reflection:
The beam bounces off the tissue with no effect in target
tissue. This can be dangerous as it can be directed to
any unintentional object such as eyes, so wavelength
specific safety glasses with side shields are
recommended.
Transmission
Laser energy passes directly through the tissue without
any effect on it. But it is highly dependent on wavelength
of laser light.
15. Scattering
It occurs when the light energy bounces from molecule
to molecule within the tissue. It distribute the energy
over a large volume of tissue, dissipating the thermal
effect.
It can cause heat transfer to tissues adjacent to the
surgical site and unwanted damage could occur.
Absorption
The amount of energy absorbed by the tissue
characteristics such as pigmentation, water content and
on laser wavelength.
The principal laser tissue interaction is photothermal.
Absorbed light energy gets converted to heat and can
lead to warming, coagulation or excision and incision of
16. Tissue Temperature
As the laser energy is transferred to the tissue, its
temperature begins to increase.
Target tissue effects in relation to temperature:
Tissue Temperature Observed Effect
37-50 Hyperthermia
60-70 coagulation, protein
denaturation
70-80 welding
100-150 vaporization, ablation
> 200 carbonization
17. Classification of Lasers
On the basis of its light spectrum
UV light: 100-400nm
not used in dentistry.
Visible light: 400-750nm
Most commonly used in dentistry ( Argon, Diagnodent
laser)
Infrared light: 750-10000nm, most dental lasers are in
this spectrum.
18. On the basis of material used:
Gas : CO2
Liquid : not so far in clinical use.
Solid: Diodes, Nd: YAG, Er: Cr: YSGG, Er: YAG.
On the basis of hardness:
Soft laser: are of cold energy emitted as wavelengths,
which stimulate cellular activity.
e.g. Helium-neon, Gallium- arsenide.
Hard lasers : Can cut both soft and hard tissues.
e.g. Argon laser, CO2, Nd: YAG.
20. ARGON LASER
Soft tissue incisions and ablations
Caries detection
Composite curing
Also FDA approved to be used in
bleaching.
Bactericidal to perio-pathogens
21. CO2 lasers
CO2 LASER is a LASER based on
gas mixture that contains CO2,
helium, nitrogen, some hydrogen,
water vapour and xenon.
Hydrogen and water vapour can
help to
reoxidise carbon monoxide, formed
in
discharge of CO2 LASER.
The depth of LASER incision is
proportional to the power setting
and duration of exposure
22. CO2 LASER is used with power setting of 5-15 watts, either
in pulsed mode or continuous mode.
CLINICAL USE
More soft tissue water loving.
Less depth of penetration.
Mostly used to treat superficial mucosal lesions such as
apthus ulcer lesions, dentin hypersensitivity .
Depigmentation,
Implant soft tissue surgery
Frenectomy
Gingivectomy
23. PRECAUTIONS
Should avoid contact with hard tissue, especially tooth
structure.
DISADVANTAGES
Root surface notching
Charing
Delayed wound healing
24. DIODE LASER
Most commonly used soft
tissue laser.
It is a active medium LASER
manufactured from
semiconductors, using
combinations of aluminium,
gallium, arsenide crystals.
These semiconductors get
activated or pumped when an
electrical current passed
through it.
25. Which then produces an elliptical shaped display of
monochromatic light.
This light is then focussed into a very small thread of
light and directed into fibreoptic which then carries it to
the target tissue.
The semiconductor diode available in 3 different
wavelength
810- 830 nm
940 nm
980 nm
Both 810-830 and 980 nm wavelength may used for
nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
26. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Soft tissue ablation and incision.
Sub gingival curettage.
Bacterial decontamination.
Caries and Calculus Detection.
Gingivectomy
Frenectomy
Depigmentation
ADVANTAGE
Portable instrument because of its small size.
27. Precaution
Should avoid contact with hard tissue, as it may
cause damage to root cementum and bone during
subgingival curettge.
DISADVANTAGE
Tissue penetration is less than Nd: YAG LASER.
Charring.
28. Nd: YAG lasers
It has a solid active medium
garnet crystal combined with
yttrium and aluminium doped
with neodymium ions.
Meyer in 1985 modified an
opthalmic Nd: YAG LASER for
dental use.
29. CLINICAL USE
Excellent soft tissue laser
Has more penetration depth.
Is more hemoglobin and melanin loving.
Used for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity
Removal of granulation tissue.
Lesion ablation
Incisional and excisional biopsies of both benign and
malignant lesion.
Bleaching
Deepithelization reflection of periodontal flaps.
Depigmentation.
30. Precaution
should avoid hard tissue contact.
DISADVANTAGE
Tissue penetration from LASER may cause thermal
damage 2-4 mm below surface wound, causing
underlying hard tissue damage.
31. Er: YAG lasers
It is an active medium of solid
crystal of yttrium, aluminium,
garnet that is doped with
erbium.
It is a hard tissue laser.
Well absorbed by the soft and
hard tissue.
32. Clinical applications
Approved by AAP best for
Peri-implantitis
Root surface debridement
Resective osseous surgeries
Cavity preperation of incipient caries.
PRECAUTIONS
It must be used with adequate water spray when cutting
hard tissues
33. Recent Advances
Waterlase
It is a revolutionary device that uses laser energised
water to cut and ablate soft and hard tissues.
Periowave, a photodynamic disinfection system uses
nontoxic dye along with low intensity lasers enable
singlet oxygen molecules to destroy bacteria.
34.
35. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Procedure Power
Cavity preperation 3.5- 4.5 W
Access cavity preperation 6 W
Root canal shaping &
sterilization
1.5- 2.5 W
Gingivectomy, Frenectomy 1.5- 3 W
Periodontal pocket sterilization 1- 1.5 W
Osteotomy & bone harvesting 1.5- 3 W
Bone contouring 1.5- 3 W
36. Lasers in Non- Surgical Periodontal
Therapies
Sulcular Debridement with Fibre-optic Laser
It is done before any instrumentation even probing.
Its main objective is to affect the bacteria within the
sulcus.
To reducing the risk of bacteremia caused from
instrumentation.
To lower the microbe count.
37. The fibre is placed within the sulcus and swept vertically
and horizontally against the tissue wall away from the
tooth, with smooth flowing motion for 7-8 seconds on
the lingual aspect then on buccal aspect of each tooth.
Decontamination
It removes biofilm within the necrotic tissue of the
pocket wall.
It uses a rapid, gliding, multidirectional motion with tip of
the fibre in constant contact with the pocket wall.
38. Coagulation
It also causes coagulation by sealing the capillaries of the
healthy tissues.
Soft tissue lasers are a good choice in bacterial reduction
and coagulation.
LASER in Calculus removal
Er: YAG is mainly used for the calculus removal due to the
minimal thermal changes seen on the root surfaces.
Chen RE et al (2002) reported that the erbium group of
lasers have shown a significant bactericidal effect against P.
gingivalis, actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
Reduction of interleukins and pocket depth was also noted.
39. Lasers in Surgical Therapies
Osseous Surgery
Lasers provide an advantage over conventional
instruments due to lack of vibrations of hand piece, that
increase surgical precision.
It also improves the comfort of both patient and doctor
by markely reducing the noise and eliminating the
vibrations associated with bone cutting.
Er: YAG laser is safe and useful for bone removal or
recontouring when used concomitantly with saline
40. Gingivectomy and Gingivoplasty
Lasers are attracted by specific chromophores.
The non-inflammed, fibrotic gingiva is treated with
diode and Nd:YAG.
When the gingiva is hyperaemic and inflammed, less
power is needed because of high amount of
chromophore in the tissue.
For fibrotic tissue, more power is needed to incise as it
has less chromophore.
42. Frenectomy
lasers such as Nd: YAG, Er: YAG, CO2 enable
minimally invasive soft tissue procedures.
Free Gingival Graft
gingival recession is the most common problem that
involves the mandibular anterior teeth due to broad
muscle pull.
Treatment of this by using lasers with free gingival
graft minimizes the post operative complications.
43. Lasers and Implants
Gingival enlargement is relatively common around
implants when, they are loaded with removable
prosthesis.
Lasers can be used for the treatment of peri- implantitis.
Er: YAG laser due to its bactericidal and
decontamination effect can be used in maintenance of
implants.
Some researchers have also suggested that Er:YAG
laser can be used to prepare holes for the implant
placement in the bone in order to achieve faster
osteointegration of placed implant.
It also produces less tissue damage as compare to
44. other procedures that can be done with lasers cane be:
Depigmentation
Crown lengthening
Vestibuloplasty
Deepithelization of reflected periodontal flap.
Operculectomy.
45. Advantages of Lasers
Has great hemostasis
Bactericidal effect
Minimal wound contraction
Cause less pain
Can cut, ablate and reshape the tissues more easily as
compare to conventional scalpel
Less time consuming
46. CONCLUSION
With the advancement in technology in dentistry, lasers
appear as an alternative or adjunctive to conventional
mechanical periodontal treatment.
Currently, among the different lasers available, Er:YAG
possess the characteristics suitable for dental
treatment, due to its dual ability to ablate soft and hard
tissues with minimal damage.
In addition, it also possess bactericidal effects, ability to
remove plaque and calculus make it a promising tool for
periodontal treatment.