Sheep Abortions: What Causes Them & What Can We Do About It?
Dr. Jocelyn Jansen, Disease Prevention Veterinarian—Small Ruminants, OMAF
The presentation will cover the reasons for abortions in sheep but will focus on the 3 most common infectious causes in Ontario. Prevalence of disease in Ontario, diagnosis, management of the aborting flock and prevention will also be discussed.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
1) paracentesis 2) milk tests for mastitisShahzadHur
1) Paracentesis
The perforation of a cavity of body or a cyst or similar outgrowth, especially with a hollow needle or other instruments to remove fluid.
Or
A procedure in which a thin needle or tube is inserted into body cavity (abdomen) to remove fluid from that cavity.
2) Milk Tests For Mastitis
California Mastitis test
Surf Field Mastitis Test
The Strip cup Test
Bromocresol purple test
Bromothymol blue test
Monitor and Control of Vertically Transmitted Poultry DiseasesRafael Monleon
A presentation covering the monitor and control of common vertically transmitted diseases in poultry with concentration in chickens.
Presented at various locations including BioChek Seminar in Manila, Philippines in 2014 by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
Sheep Abortions: What Causes Them & What Can We Do About It?
Dr. Jocelyn Jansen, Disease Prevention Veterinarian—Small Ruminants, OMAF
The presentation will cover the reasons for abortions in sheep but will focus on the 3 most common infectious causes in Ontario. Prevalence of disease in Ontario, diagnosis, management of the aborting flock and prevention will also be discussed.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
1) paracentesis 2) milk tests for mastitisShahzadHur
1) Paracentesis
The perforation of a cavity of body or a cyst or similar outgrowth, especially with a hollow needle or other instruments to remove fluid.
Or
A procedure in which a thin needle or tube is inserted into body cavity (abdomen) to remove fluid from that cavity.
2) Milk Tests For Mastitis
California Mastitis test
Surf Field Mastitis Test
The Strip cup Test
Bromocresol purple test
Bromothymol blue test
Monitor and Control of Vertically Transmitted Poultry DiseasesRafael Monleon
A presentation covering the monitor and control of common vertically transmitted diseases in poultry with concentration in chickens.
Presented at various locations including BioChek Seminar in Manila, Philippines in 2014 by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
EID Cow price in Bangladesh. More About in Cow price in Bangladesh on https://allalo.com/
And, Cow Weight Calculator at https://www.golgain.com/ Pls Visite Early.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
Strength and weaknesses of fmd control programme going on in india dr. kale b...Bhoj Raj Singh
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a devastating disease in many of the developing countries including India despite control programs. The FMD in India is associated with loss of about Rs. 20000 crores per annually. Government of India and different provincial governments are spending hundreds of crore rupees per year to control the disease. The FMD control programme (FMD-CP) is running in India since more than 13 years but control of the FMD is still far away dream and the Disease is regularly visiting even the government farms managed by the India's leading Veterinary and Dairy Institutes. The pros and cons of FMD-CP has been discussed in the presentation.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Common cattle diseases by Dr.Pavulraj.S, M.V.Sc., Pathology scholar, IVRI (NR...Pavulraj Selvaraj
important bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of cattle with good quality images for veterinarians in filed and college as well for better diagnosis of diseases in quick review form in presentation mode
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
EID Cow price in Bangladesh. More About in Cow price in Bangladesh on https://allalo.com/
And, Cow Weight Calculator at https://www.golgain.com/ Pls Visite Early.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
Strength and weaknesses of fmd control programme going on in india dr. kale b...Bhoj Raj Singh
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a devastating disease in many of the developing countries including India despite control programs. The FMD in India is associated with loss of about Rs. 20000 crores per annually. Government of India and different provincial governments are spending hundreds of crore rupees per year to control the disease. The FMD control programme (FMD-CP) is running in India since more than 13 years but control of the FMD is still far away dream and the Disease is regularly visiting even the government farms managed by the India's leading Veterinary and Dairy Institutes. The pros and cons of FMD-CP has been discussed in the presentation.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Common cattle diseases by Dr.Pavulraj.S, M.V.Sc., Pathology scholar, IVRI (NR...Pavulraj Selvaraj
important bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of cattle with good quality images for veterinarians in filed and college as well for better diagnosis of diseases in quick review form in presentation mode
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Overview
• Organism
• Identification
• Importance
• Geographic Distribution
• Life Cycle
• Associated Diseases
• Prevention and Control
• Recommended Actions
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
3. Organism
• Amblyomma variegatum
• Hard tick
– Family Ixodidae
• Three-host tick
• Hosts
– Small mammals, birds, reptiles
– Cattle, sheep, goats
• Can feed on humans
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
4. Identification
• Dorsal scutum
• Mouthparts
protrude
• Festoons
• Color variation
– Female: brown
– Male: orange, brightly ornamented
• Submit ticks for identification
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
5. Importance
• Feeds on livestock and humans
• Painful bites result in large wounds
– Secondary infection
– Infestation (e.g., screwworm)
• Pathogens transmitted
– Ehrlichia ruminantium
– Rickettsia africae
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
6. Geographic Distribution
• Tropics and subtropics
– Sub-Saharan Africa
– Southern Arabia
– Caribbean
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
7. Life Cycle
• Three-host tick
– Adult ticks feed on third host
• Drop to ground to lay eggs
• Eggs hatch and become larvae
– Larvae attach to first host
• Leave first host and molt into nymphs
– Nymphs attach to second host
• Nymphs drop off and molt into adults
– Adults attach to third host
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
8. Associated Diseases
• Ehrlichia ruminantium
– “Heartwater”
– Mainly affects ruminants
– Diarrhea, neurological signs,
hydropericardium
• Rickettsia africae
– Emerging zoonosis
– Fever, nausea, headache, muscle pain
– Eschar at bite site
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
9. Prevention and Control
• Exclude exotic ticks
– Pre-export inspection of animals
– Animals certified-free of ectoparasites
– Quarantine upon entry
• Acaricide treatment
• Three-host ticks
– Difficult to eradicate
– Environmental control
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
10. Recommended Actions
• IMMEDIATELY notify authorities
– Federal
• Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offices/
– State
• State Animal Health Officials (SAHO)
www.usaha.org/Portals/6/StateAnimalHealthOfficials.pdf
• Quarantine
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
11. Additional Resources
• Center for Food Security and Public
Health
– www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases
(“The Gray Book”)
– www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_respon
se/downloads/nahems/fad.pdf
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
12. Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was made possible
through grants provided to
the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa
State University, College of Veterinary Medicine from
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
the Iowa Homeland Security and
Emergency Management Division, and the
Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture.
Authors: Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM; Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM,
PhD
Reviewer: Cheryl L. Eia, JD, DVM, MPH
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Editor's Notes
Amblyomma variegatum is a hard tick that feeds on a number of domesticated animals including cattle, sheep, goats, horses and dogs, as well as humans. The long mouthparts of A. variegatum leave large wounds, and make this tick difficult to remove manually. Its bite is severe and painful, and can result in significant damage to the skin. Secondary infections can cause septic wounds or abscesses, and inflammation on the teats of cows may affect milk production. In some regions, Amblyomma bite wounds may become infested by screwworms. In addition, A. variegatum is a host for a number of microbial pathogens including Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium), the agent of heartwater, and Rickettsia africae, the agent of African tick-bite fever, which is an emerging zoonosis in rural sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean.
In today’s presentation we will cover information regarding the tick Amblyomma variegatum and the diseases it can transmit. We will also talk about how to identify the tick, and the impact this tick has had in the past and could have in the future. Additionally, we will talk about how it is transmitted and the species it affects. Finally, we will address prevention and control measures, as well as actions to take if Amblyomma variegatum is suspected.
Amblyomma variegatum is a hard tick in the family Ixodidae. It is a three-host tick. Immature ticks feed on small mammals, ground–feeding birds, reptiles, cattle, sheep and goats. Adult ticks prefer cattle, but can also be found on sheep, goats, horses, camels, dogs and some large wildlife including antelope. A. variegatum can feed on humans.
[Photo shows an Amblyomma variegatum adult tick. Source: A Walker/www.commons.wikimedia.org]
Hard ticks have a dorsal shield (scutum) and their mouthparts (capitulum) protrude forward when they are seen from above. Amblyomma ticks are large ticks with long, strong mouthparts. The palps are long; the second segment is twice as long as it is wide. Eyes are present and the festoons are well developed. The males have no adanal shields, accessory shields or subanal shield. Female A. variegatum are brown, but the males are brightly ornamented with orange. When they are engorged, the adult female ticks are about the size of a nutmeg. Tick identification to the species level can be difficult, and ticks should be submitted to an expert for identification whenever possible.
[This drawing depicts some of the anatomic characteristics displayed by ticks that are members of the genus Amblyomma. Source: CDC Public Health Image Library]
Amblyomma variegatum feeds on a number of domesticated animals including cattle, sheep, goats, horses and dogs, as well as humans. The long mouthparts of A. variegatum leave large wounds, and make this tick difficult to remove manually. Its bite is severe and painful, and can result in significant damage to the skin. Secondary infections can cause septic wounds or abscesses, and inflammation on the teats of cows may affect milk production. In some regions, Amblyomma bite wounds may become infested by screwworms. A. variegatum is a host for a number of microbial pathogens including Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium), the agent of heartwater, and Rickettsia africae, the agent of African tick-bite fever.
A. variegatum is found in the tropics and subtropics. This tick is endemic in savannas in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in southern Arabia, the Caribbean, and some islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. An eradication program is in progress in the Caribbean; St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Anguilla, Barbados and Dominica qualified for ‘provisionally free’ certification by 2002, although St. Kitts was re-infested in 2004.
[This photo shows an Amblyomma variegatum adult tick. Source: Florida Department of Health]
A. variegatum is a three-host tick. These ticks can be found on the host for several days while they feed, then they drop to the ground. Adult ticks prefer cattle, but can also be found on other livestock including camels, as well as dogs and some wildlife. The adult ticks are usually found on the relatively hairless parts of the body; most are located on the ventral body surface and the genitalia, or under the tail. Adult A. variegatum feed mainly in the rainy season, while the immature ticks feed primarily during the dry season. Females lay eggs that become larvae. Larvae attach to the first host, then drop off and become nymphs. Nymphs attach to the second host. Later, the nymphs drop off and molt into adults. Immature ticks feed on small mammals, ground feeding birds and reptiles, as well as cattle, sheep and goats.
Diseases associated A. variegatum include: Heartwater, a rickettsial disease of ruminants, which is one of the most important diseases of livestock in Africa. This tick-borne illness can significantly decrease productivity in regions where it is endemic. The symptoms begin with a sudden fever, anorexia, listlessness and dyspnea. Some animals, particularly cattle, may also develop diarrhea. These symptoms are followed by neurological signs. Hydropericardium, with straw–colored to reddish pericardial fluid, gives heartwater its name. Rickettsia africae is the agent of African tick-bite fever, which is an emerging zoonosis in rural sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean; it causes fever, nausea, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and neck stiffness. Eschars may occur at the bite site.
Measures used to exclude exotic ticks from a country include pre-export inspection and certification that the animals are free of ectoparasites, quarantines upon entry, and treatment with acaricides. In countries where A. variegatum is already present, acaricides can eliminate the ticks from the animal, but do not prevent reinfestation and must be repeated periodically. Three-host ticks spend at least 90% of their life cycle in the environment rather than on the host animal; ticks in the environment must also be controlled to prevent their spread. If ticks are already widespread in a region, eradication can be difficult. The Caribbean eradication program is based on animal identification and mandatory periodic acaricide treatment of livestock by farmers, as well as public education, surveillance, quarantines and movement restrictions.
[This photo shows a cow wading through an ectoparasitic dip. Source: Scott Bauer/U.S. Department of Agriculture]
If you suspect A. variegatum, state or federal authorities should be notified immediately. Animals suspected infested A. variegatum with should be isolated, and the farm should be quarantined until definitive diagnosis is determined.