The document summarizes information about the order Brachycera and some of its families including Tabanidae (horse flies and deer flies). Some key points: - Brachycera is a suborder of flies in the order Diptera. It contains over 120 families including Haematopota, Chrysopes, Pangonia, and Tabanidae. - Tabanidae ranges from medium to large in size. Females feed on mammal, bird, reptile, or amphibian blood while males do not feed. - The life cycle involves egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. Larvae can take 6-9 months to develop depending on species. Ad

1. Brachycera

2. Order :
Diptera
Suborder :
Brachycera
120 families
• Haematopota
• Chrysopes
• Pangonia
• Tabanidae.
Introduction

3. main physiological characteristics
• Antenna is reduced.
• The maxillary palp has two segments or fewer.
• The back portions of the larval head capsule extend into the prothorax.

4. Haematopota
• Many species have colorful, patterned eyes in life, a character that fades
after death
larvae

6. Chrysopa carnea
Green lacewing (Chrysoperla
carnea), sometimes
called lady with golden
eyes is an insect of
the family of lacewings.

7. Tabanidae
In some areas of
Canada, they also are
known as bull dog
flies.
Are variously known
as breeze
flies,cleggs, clegs, or
clags, deer
flies, gadflies, or zimbs.
Apart from the common
name "horse-flies",
broad categories of
biting, blood sucking

8. Tabanidae
• The various species of Tabanidae range from medium-sized to very large in
size.
• Deer flies and the Australian March flies, are known for being extremely
noisy during flight, though clegs, fly quietly and bite with little warning.
• Tabanids are extremely fast and agile fliers.
• Worldwide about 4,500 species of Tabanidae have been DESCRIBED
• Lifespan: Horseflies will develop as larvae for 1-2 years, however they only
live for a few days as adults.

9. • Diet: Adult horse flies feed on nectar and sometimes pollen.
Females: anautogenous (mammalian blood, birds or reptiles, &
amphibians as well).
• male Tabanidae are not ectoparasitic as lack the mouth parts

10. Reproduction
• Reproduction: Mating is done in
swarms,(varies specie to specie).
• Eggs are laid on stones or vegetation usually
close to water.
• laid in masses ranging from 100 to 1000
eggs(in layers on a vertical surface)
• are initially a creamy white color but soon
darken to gray and black.
• Eggs are cylindrical in shape and measure
from 1 to 2.5 mm in length. Eggs hatch in
five to seven days, depending upon ambient
weather conditions,

11. . On hatching, the larvae fall into water or moist earth, feeding
voraciously on invertebrates, such as snails, earthworms and
other insects.

15. • Larvae: Larvae use a hatching spine to break out of the egg case.
The larvae are aquatic, semi-aquatic or terrestrial.
• usually whitish in color, but also can be brownish or green
depending on the species.
• The larva breathes through a tracheal siphon located at their
posterior end.
• The larva has a small head and 11 to 12 additional segments.
• Larvae pass through six to nine stadia.
• The time spent in the larval stage can last from a few months to a
year.
• Tabanus spp. feed upon insect larvae, crustaceans, and
earthworms.
• Within two days after moving to the surface the pupal stage is
reached.

17. • Pupae: The pupae are brown colored, rounded anteriorly, tapered
posteriorly, and have leg and wing cases attached to the body. There is a
row of spines encircling each abdominal segment. A pupal "aster"
consisting of six pointed projections is located at the apex of the
abdomen. The pupal stage generally lasts from two to three weeks.

18. • Adult: The adult fly emerges from the pupal
case via a slit located along the thorax of the
case.
• In most species the males emerge before the
females.
• After emergence of both sexes, the flies mate.
• The female then deposits an egg mass and is
ready to seek a host.

19. Morphology of adults
• Adult Tabanidae are large flies with broad bodies and bulging eyes
• The males are easily differentiated from female flies because eyes are
contiguous in the males and widely separated in the females.
• The antennae are three segmented.
• The thorax and abdomen are covered with fine hairs.
• Deer flies range in length from 7 to 10 mm
• while horse flies are from 10 to 25 mm.
• The deer flies are yellow to black, have stripes on the abdomen, and
possess mottled wings with dark patches.
• Yellow flies are yellowish with the same body shape of deer flies, but have
dark purple to black eyes marked with florescent green lines.
• Horse flies are black to dark brown with green or black eyes. Adult deer
flies have apical spurs on the hind tibiae that are not present in horse flies.

21. An adult female deer fly, Chrysops
cincticornis, laying eggs.