The document discusses parasites and goats at the Dakota Goat Association's statewide conference. It provides an overview of the American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control, which develops novel parasite control methods and educates producers. Key topics covered include the biology of parasites, anthelmintics (dewormers), anthelmintic resistance, and integrated parasite control strategies like combination treatments and copper oxide wire particles.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
www.petsgroomingtips.com is one of the front-runners in providing complete digital information to the pet owners, which would guide theme through various process of grooming their beloved kids. A shabby puppy or kitten not only appears dirty but soon infested with disease if not treated properly. Our various tutorials and free PDF guides cover every aspect of the grooming process.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
www.petsgroomingtips.com is one of the front-runners in providing complete digital information to the pet owners, which would guide theme through various process of grooming their beloved kids. A shabby puppy or kitten not only appears dirty but soon infested with disease if not treated properly. Our various tutorials and free PDF guides cover every aspect of the grooming process.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one),
but have also been seen in a variety of non ruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally.
Paratuberculosis is found worldwide
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one),
but have also been seen in a variety of non ruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally.
Paratuberculosis is found worldwide
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
This presentation covers five topics: hoof health, feed costs, birthing percentage, orphan lambs/kids, and parasite control. It was given to the New River Valley Sheep & Goat Club on 2/20/16.
This presentation on mineral and vitamin nutrition (in sheep and goats) was part of a six part webinar series. It was presented by Dr. Dan Morrical from Iowa State University.
Deworming in animals- An overview of AntheminticsDr Shifa Ul Haq
The presentation covers various aspects of deworming in animals. It includes the symptoms of worm infestation, harms caused by parasites, various groups of anthelmintic drugs and their mode of action and some natural anthelmintic products.
PowerPoint presentation for online FAMACHA certification in 2020. Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension. You can apply for online FAMACHA certification by watching this video, passing quiz, and submitting video of yourself demonstrating proper FAMACHA scoring. If you meet the certification requirements, you will receive a certificate of competence and be able to purchase a FAMACHA card from the University of Maryland. If you are interested, contact Susan Schoenian at sschoen@umd.edu.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. PARASITES AND GOATS
DAKOTA GOAT ASSOCIATION
STATE WIDE GOAT CONFERENCE - OCTOBER 20, 2017
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu - (301) 432-2767 x343
www.wormx.info - www.sheepandgoat.com
2. PRESENTATION TOPICS
• American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control (ACSRPC)
• Overview
• Biology of parasites
• Anthelmintics (dewormers) 101
• Anthelmintic resistance
• Combination treatments
• Copper oxide wire particles
• Nematode trapping fungus
• Fecal egg counting
3. AMERICAN CONSORTIUM FOR SMALL
RUMINANT PARASITE CONTROL
A group of scientists, veterinarians, and extension specialists devoted to (1) developing
novel methods for sustainable control of gastro-intestinal nematodes in small ruminants
and (2) educating the stakeholders in the small ruminant industry on the most up-to-date
methods and recommendations for control of gastrointestinal nematodes.
4. WEB SITE
WORMX.INFO OR ACSRPC.ORG
Go-to place for information about internal parasites
Not Facebook or Google!
5. BLOG: https://www.wormx.info/blog
• Subscribe to WORMINFO
listserv to receive an email
when something new has
been posted to the web
site.
• To subscribe, send an
email to
listserv@listserv.umd.edu.
In the body of the message,
write subscribe
WORMINFO.
LISTSERV
RECENT ADDITIONS TO WEB SITE
BLOG AND LISTSERV
8. OVERVIEW OF PROBLEM
• Gastro-intestinal parasites are the primary
health problem affecting sheep and goats
worldwide.
• GI parasites can be an obstacle to
profitable and sustainable small ruminant
production in many climates and
production systems.
• Small ruminants are more susceptible to
parasitism than other farm livestock
• Goats are more susceptible than sheep.
• Problem is worsened by drug resistance.
9. GOATS AND PARASITES
WHY ARE THEY SO SUSCEPTIBLE?
• Goats are browsers or intermediate grazers.
• They rely on feeding strategies to avoid
ingestion of infective worm larvae, which are
found mostly in first two inches of vegetative
growth.
• Unlike sheep, goats are unable to reduce
establishment of infective worm larvae or to
expel adult worms.
• In goats, immunity is rarely completely effective
against worms.
• Exposure to worms is necessary to develop
immunity; low levels are insufficient.
12. USUALLY MAJOR
1. Haemonchus contortus
Barber pole worm
2. Trichostrongylus spp.
Black scour worm (bankrupt
worm)
3. Teladorsagia (Ostertagia)
Brown stomach worm
1. Cooperia
small intestinal
worm
2. Nematodirus
threadneck worm
3. Oesophagostomum
nodule worm
4. Bunostomum
hook worm
USUALLY MINOR
NEMATODES – ROUNDWORMS - STRONGYLES
5. Trichuris ovis
whipworm
6. Strongyloides
threadworms
7. Lungworms
8. Parelaphostrongylus
tenuis
Meningeal worm
13. MAJOR ROUNDWORMS
• Haemonchus contortus
Barber pole worm
• Trichostrongylus spp.
Black scour worm
• Teladorsagia (Ostertagia)
Brown stomach worm
Eggs look the same; need to hatch larvae in order to differentiate species.
Trichostrongylus/Teladorsagia are often not differentiated even when doing larvae ID.
15. ROUNDWORMS CAN BE
HARD TO CONTROL
• Short, direct life cycles
• No intermediate host
• Ability to engage in hypobiosis
• Barber pole worm is prolific egg layer
• Goats slow to develop immunity.
• Compromised immunity of peri-
parturient female.
• Widespread and growing drug
resistance
17. HYPOBIOTIC LARVAE
Adult
worms in
GI tract
L4 larval
stage
L4 larvae in “arrested
development”
Eggs in
feces
During winter, most
larvae are in “arrested
development.” Few
larvae survive
prolonged cold. This
allows worms to
survive over winter (as
hypobiotic larvae) and
re-infect pastures
following spring.
Hypobiotic larvae is
the primary means by
which worms survive
in a northern climate.
18. PERI-PARTURIENT EGG RISE (PPER)
• Loss of immunity during late gestation
and early lactation; occurs from several
weeks before to several weeks after
parturition
• Well-documented phenomenon in
sheep; also documented in goats.
• With spring kidding, PPER often
coincides with hypobiotic larvae
resuming their life cycle.
• Need to have a strategy for dealing with
periparutient egg rise.
• Primary source of pasture
19. COCCIDIA (EIMERIA SPP.)
THE OTHER BIG PARASITE PROBLEM
• Single-cell protozoan parasite.
• Has more complex life cycle than roundworms.
• Host-specific
• Not all species are pathogenic (harmful).
• Affects lambs/kids mostly before and after
weaning.
• Sheep develop strong and lifetime immunity;
goats probably less so.
• Causes diarrhea, but not always, and general ill-
thrift
• Associated with poor hygiene and management.
https://attra.ncat.org/attra-
pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=483
20. PREVENTION
• Good hygiene, nutrition, and
management.
• Coccidiostats in mineral, feed, or water
Need to feed or put in water before risk period
1. Lasalocid (Bovatec®) - sheep
2. Monensin (Rumensin®) - goats ( horses)
3. Decoquinate (Deccox®) - both
4. Amprolium (Corid®) - ELDU, OTC
• Natural control
• Sericea lespedeza pellets
• Other (?)
• Amprolium (Corid®)- ELDU, OTC
• Sulfa drugs (Di-Methox®) - ELDU, Rx, VFD
Damages lining of small intestines.
Damage can be permanent (“runts”)
TREATMENT
COCCIDIOSIS
21. WHAT ABOUT TAPEWORMS?
MONIEZIA EXPANSA
• Tapeworms are the only parasite visible in the
feces. Diagnosed by seeing segments in
feces.
• Tapeworms tend to be non-pathogenic; not
harmful, but they’re blamed for a lot, usually
no benefit to treatment (goats?).
• Lambs develop immunity at very young age.
• Tapeworms can cause mild unthriftiness and
digestive disturbances, intestinal blockages
(rare) and affect gut motility, predisposing
lambs to enterotoxemia (occasionally).
• Treat with albendazole (Valbazen®) or
praziquantel (in some horse dewormers,
ELDU)
https://www.wormx.info/tapeworms
22. WHAT ABOUT MENINGEAL WORM?
PARALAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENIUS
• Parasite of white tail deer.
• Also called deer or brain worm.
• Sheep, goats, alpacas, and llamas are
all abnormal hosts.
• Infection requires an intermediate host,
terrestrial snail or slug.
• Causes various neurological symptoms.
• No diagnostic test in live animal.
• No FDA-approved or proven treatment.
• Cornell University has been evaluating
treatment protocols: fenbendazole
(SafeGuard®) + anti-inflammatory drugs
(Dexamethasone or Banamine).
https://nydairyadmin.cce.cornell.
edu/uploads/doc_392.pdf
24. WHAT IS AN ANTHELMINTIC?
• Compound used to kill gastro-intestinal
parasites (worms) without harming host.
• More commonly called wormer, dewormer or
drench.
• Anthelmintics have different chemistries.
• Chemistry determines which worms they are
effective against, mode of action, and withdrawal
period(s).
• Anthelmintics are grouped by chemistries.
• There is cross-resistant among drugs in the
same groups, having the same modes of action.
25. THERE ARE THREE (SORT OF 4) “CHEMICAL”
CLASSES OF DEWORMERS FOR SMALL
RUMINANTS (IN THE US).
GROUP 1
Benzimidazoles
(BZ)
GROUP 2
Macrocylic lactones (ML)
GROUP 3
Nicotinic agonists
Avermectins Milbemycins Imidazo-thiazoles Tetrahydro-pyrimidines
Fenbendazole
SafeGuard®
Panacur®
Ivermectin
Ivomec®
Moxidectin
Cydectin®
Quest®
Levamisole
Prohibit®
Leva-Med®
Tramisol®
Levasol®
Morantel tartrate
Rumatel®
Albendazole
Valbazen®
Doramectin
Dectomax®
Pyrantel
Strongid®Eprinomectin
Eprinex®
Oxfendazole
Synanthic®
26. ANTHELMINTICS FDA-APPROVED FOR GOATS
1
Benzimidazoles
3b
Morantel
Fenbendazole
SafeGuard®
Albendazole
Valbazen®
Feed premix
Rumatel
Adult worms Not approved
Larvae (L4) Not approved sporadic
Hypobiotic larvae Not approved
Lungworms Not approved
Tapeworms Not labeled Not approved
Liver flukes Adult stage
Coccidia
External parasites
Persistent activity
Safety wide 10x (sheep)
pregnancy restriction
~20x (sheep)
Dosage 1.2 ml/50 lbs. 4 ml/100 lbs. Varies by product
Meat withdrawal 6 days 7 days 30 days
Milk withdrawal 0 days
27. EXTRA-LABEL ANTHELMINTICS FOR GOATS
1
Benzimidazoles
2a
Avermectins
Ivomec®
sheep drench
2b
Milbimycins
Moxidectin
Cydectin® sheep drench
3a
Levamisole
Prohibit®
Leva-Med®
Fenbendazole
SafeGuard®
Albendazole
Valbazen®
Adult worms
Larvae (L4) Limited
Hypobiotic larvae Limited
Lungworms
Tapeworms Double dosage
Liver flukes Adult stage
Coccidia
External parasites Some
label for bot control
Some
Not labeled
Persistent activity
Safety wide 10x
pregnancy
restriction
20x 5x 3x
Dosage 1.1 ml/25 lbs. 2 ml/25 lbs. 6 ml/25 lbs. 4.5 ml/25 lbs. Depends on
dilution
Meat withdrawal 16 days
(1 day for each additional day used)
9 days 14 days 17 days 4 days
Milk withdrawal 4 days
(1 day for each additional day used)
7 days 9 days 8 days 3 days
https://www.wormx.info/dewormers
29. IN WORM
• Worms develop resistance to drugs.
Can’t be killed!
Pass resistant genes onto next
generation.
• Some animals are more resistant to
parasites.
Ability to reduce parasite establishment.
Pass resistance genes onto next
generation.
IN ANIMAL
TWO KINDS OF RESISTANCE WHEN WE
TALK ABOUT INTERNAL PARASITES
30. WHAT IS ANTHELMINTIC
RESISTANCE?
• Genetic ability of a worm to survive a dose of
anthelmintic which would normally be
effective.
• Only worms that survive treatment carry
genes that confer resistance.
• Result of selection through exposure of worm
population to an anthelmintic.
• When more than 5 percent of worms are
“drug tolerant”; i.e. failure to reduce FEC by
95% or more (some say 90%).
http://www.scops.org.uk/what-is-resistance.html
31. ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE
• In the US, worms have developed resistance to
all dewormers and dewormer classes, though it
varies by geographic region and farm.
• Worse in Southeast due to increased parasite risk
and need for deworming.
• Worse on farms that frequently deworm or use
improper deworming practices.
• Most farms have resistance to at least two
dewormers; some farms have resistance to all
dewormers/classes. 0
20
40
60
80
100
Benzimidazoles Ivermectin Levamisole Moxidectin
Maryland Virginia Georgia
32. WHAT ABOUT RESISTANCE IN MORE
NORTHERN CLIMATES?
Farm
Fenbendazole
%FECR
Ivermectin
% FECR
A 16 77
B 70 41
C 38 78
D 0 0
• There is growing suspicion
that the geographic range of
the barber pole worm is increasing
and that resistance to deworming
agents is on the rise.
• A pilot project in Alberta (2015)
showed that many Alberta sheep
flocks have high parasite burdens
and that ivermectin and fenbendazole
-resistant parasites may be common
in the province.
• NCAT is working with Montana State University Extension to determine
anthelmintic resistance in Montana, Wyoming, and Utah.
33. ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IS
INEVITABLE, BUT CAN BE DELAYED.
Practices that accelerate development of resistant worms
1. Frequent deworming
2. Whole flock treatments
3. Calendar based treatments
4. Treat and move strategy
5. Rotating dewormers
6. Underdosing
7. Depositing drug in mouth instead of deep into oral cavity.
8. Use of persistent activity dewormers
9. Use injectable dewormers
10.Use pour-on dewormers.
11.Use of feed dewormers*
12.Improper storage of dewormers
34. FECAL EGG COUNT
REDUCTION TEST
• Compare before and after fecal egg counts
from same animals.
• Old protocol compared post-treatment FECs of
treated animals vs. control (untreated) group.
• ~15 animals per drug tested
• Minimum FEC of 250 epg*, preferably higher.
• Can use individual or pooled (composite)
samples.
• Cost varies. Can learn to do yourself or send to
parasitology lab.
• Labor-intensive laboratory test that
determines resistance to all dewormers
and classes from a single pooled fecal
sample (from ~10 animals).
• Minimum FEC of 500 epg.
• Also identifies larvae: % Haemonchus
Trichostrongyles eggs look the same.
• Test done exclusively by Dr. Ray Kaplan’s
lab at the University of Georgia.
• $450 per sample
DRENCHRITE® TEST
TWO WAYS TO TEST FOR
ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE
37. “THERE NOW IS VERY STRONG
EVIDENCE THAT USING COMBINATION
TREATMENT IS THE BEST METHOD FOR
USING DEWORMERS AND SHOULD BE
INSTITUTED ON ALL FARMS
IMMEDIATELY.”
DR. RAY KAPLAN, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA (JANUARY
2017)
http://www.wormx.info/combinations
38. RATIONALE FOR
COMBINATION TREATMENTS
• Most farms have resistance to at
least two of the three major groups of
dewormers; some have resistance to
all.
• At first introduction, drug efficacy is over
99%.
• Once efficacy falls below 95%, drug
resistance is present, though drug is still
useful for treatment.
• As effectiveness of dewormer decreases
(<95%), as it is used more, it provides less
and less benefit to animals.
• Below 50%, it is no longer effective as sole
There is already resistance to Zolvix® in
other countries. Zolvix® is not sold in US.
39. WHY GIVE COMBINATION
TREATMENTS?
• Contrary to popular belief, rotating between
dewormers will not prevent resistance from
developing. In fact, it will allow worms to develop
resistance to multiple drugs simultaneously. It is
no longer recommended.
• Research done in New Zealand has shown that
the best approach is to use several different
dewormers at one time as a combination
treatment.
• When combined with “best management
practices” (that help to maintain refugia),
combination treatments may improve drug
efficacy and result in a reversion back toward
susceptibility.
Most dewormers sold in New Zealand and Australia
are combination products (multiple drug actives in
same product); combination products are not
available in US.
40. HOW DO COMBINATIONS WORK?
• Unlike rotating drugs, there is an
additive effect with each drug used
in a combination treatment.
• By achieving a higher efficacy,
there are fewer resistant worms
that survive treatment.
• The sooner you start using
combination treatments the better,
as you achieve the greatest
difference in the percentage of
resistant survivors when efficacy of
dewormers is high.
Drug 1 Drug 2 Drug 3 Combo12 Combo123
80% 80% 80% 96.00% 99.20%
90% 90% 90% 99.00% 99.90%
60% 95% 98.00% 98.00%
60% 60% 95% 84.00% 99.20%
99% 99% 99.99% 99.99%
60% 60% 60% 84.00% 93.60%
50% 50% 50% 75.00% 87.50%
40% 40% 40% 64.00% 78.40%
95% 80% 20% 99.00% 99.20%
41. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING
COMBINATION TREATMENTS
• Purchase and administer each dewormer separately in a
separate syringe.
• Do not mix dewormers. They are not chemically
compatible. Only veterinarians have the right to compound
medications.
• Administer each dewormer at full dose based on an
accurate weight.
• Can give one drug immediately after the other.
• Observe withdrawal period of drug with longest withdrawal
period
42. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING
DEWORMERS IN COMBINATION
Valbazen® Cydectin® Prohibit®*
Goats 4 ml/50 lbs.
[9 days meat]
[7 days milk]
9 ml/50 lbs.
[17 days meat]
[8 days milk]
Depends on dilution
[4 days meat]
[3 days milk]
https://www.wormx.info/dewormers
46. WHAT ARE COPPER OXIDE WIRE
PARTICLES (COWPS)?
• Tiny metal rods of copper oxide
(Cu2O).
• Poorly absorbed, slow release form of
copper versus copper sulfate which is
very absorbable; therefore, greater
potential for toxicity (especially in
sheep).
• Has been shown to reduce barber pole
worm infections in sheep and goats.
• Available as copper supplement
(different brands) for cattle (12.5 and
25 g) and goats (2 and 4 g). https://www.wormx.info/copper-oxide-wire-particles
47. COPPER BASICS
• Goats require more copper than sheep in their
diets and are less susceptible to copper toxicity.
• Copper metabolism is very complicated, with
several antagonists (interactions), including
molybdenum, sulfur, zinc, cadmium, and iron.
• Copper absorption is more important than copper
concentration in diet.
• Copper requirements have been set at 15, 20, and
25 ppm for lactating, mature, and growing goats
respectively [NRC, 2007].
• The maximum tolerable amount is unknown for
goats.
48. YOU CAN ASSESS THE
COPPER STATUS OF
YOUR HERD
• Copper toxicity is less likely in goats, but it
can occur, as can a copper deficiency.
• Blood copper levels can be misleading
• Excess copper accumulates in liver.
• Collect liver and kidney samples for
testing.
• Frozen or chilled samples can be sent to
Michigan State University for testing.
https://www.animalhealth.msu.edu/
52. NEMATODE TRAPPING FUNGUS
DUDDINGTONIA FLAGRANS
• Duddingtonia flagrans is a
nematophagous fungus, meaning that it
traps, paralyzes, and consumes
parasites.
• Non-chemical, biological control of the
free-living stage of nematode parasites.
• Substantially reduces number of infective
worm larvae, including multi-resistant
larvae.
• Is fed to grazing animals. Spores resist
digestion. No effect on host animal.
Passes through into manure.
• Reduces amount of reinfection from
contaminated pasture. Interrupts of life
www.duddingtonia.co
m
53. USING FUNGUS TO CONTROL PARASITES
• Not commercially available. Not yet.
• Dr. Jim Miller from Louisiana State
University (retired) has been told that
product (fungus) should be available
sometime early 2018.
• Will need to feed every day to maintain
effect.
• Cost may be issue.
• Greatest application is probably zoo
animals.
55. QUALITATIVE
• Positive or negative. Yes or no. - or +
• Mix feces with flotation solution.
Place cover slip on meniscus. Put on
slide.
• Estimates number of eggs in a fresh sample
of manure: eggs per gram of feces (EPG).
• Mix known amount of feces (2-4 g) with
known amount of flotation solution (26-28
ml)
• Fill chambers of McMaster slide.
QUANTITATIVE
FECAL EGG COUNTS (FECS)
• You can learn to do your own
fecals or send sample to a
parasitology lab.
• Microscope (100x)
Mechanical stage helpful
• McMaster egg counting slide
• Homemade flotation solution
56. THREE PRIMARY USES OF
FECAL EGG COUNTS
1. Determine treatment efficacy by comparing before and
after fecal egg counts from a group of animals (~n=15)
• Determine drug resistance on your farm
• Determine efficacy of alternative treatment(s)
2. Monitor pasture contamination
• How fast is pasture contamination building up?
• Determine when to move animals
3. Identify resistant and susceptible animals
• Differentiate between resistance and resilience
• Need sufficient parasite challenge to get data separation (at
least 500 epg group average, 1000 epg better)
By
themselves,
fecal egg
counts are not
a good
diagnostic tool
for making
individual
deworming
decisions.
57. SUSAN SCHOENIAN
S H E E P & G O AT S P E C I A L I S T
U N I V E R S I T Y O F M A RY L A N D E X T E N S I O N
S S C H O E N @ U M D . E D U – ( 3 0 1 ) 4 3 2 - 2 7 6 7
X 3 4 3
S H E E PA N D G O AT. C O M – W O R M X . I N F O
Thank you for your attention.
Questions?
Comments?
https://www.slideshare.net/schoenian