This document summarizes echinococcosis, a parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. It discusses the causative organisms, epidemiology, transmission between definitive and intermediate hosts, clinical signs in humans and animals, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention/control strategies. The major species that cause disease are E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli, and E. oligarthrus, with E. granulosus being the most common cause of human infection globally. Transmission occurs when eggs from an infected carnivore are accidentally ingested by an intermediate host. In humans and intermediate hosts, clinical signs depend on the size, number and location of cyst
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type. The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. Less common forms include polycystic echinococcosis and unicystic echinococcosis. The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years.
Brucellosis, a bacterial disease caused by members of the genus Brucella, is an important zoonosis and a significant cause of reproductive losses in animals.
After showing this Presentation you will able to differentiate between each type of intestinal parasite in cattle.
In this Presentation we will study the life cycle of each type
And we will able to make control ,prevention and treatment of each type
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type. The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. Less common forms include polycystic echinococcosis and unicystic echinococcosis. The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years.
Brucellosis, a bacterial disease caused by members of the genus Brucella, is an important zoonosis and a significant cause of reproductive losses in animals.
After showing this Presentation you will able to differentiate between each type of intestinal parasite in cattle.
In this Presentation we will study the life cycle of each type
And we will able to make control ,prevention and treatment of each type
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Overview
• Organism
• History
• Epidemiology
• Transmission
• Disease in Humans
• Disease in Animals
• Prevention and Control
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
4. The Organism
• Cestode parasites
– Family Taeniidae
• Currently recognized
species
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Echinococcus multiocularis
• Echinococcus vogeli
• Echinococcus oligarthrus
• Echinococcus shiguicus
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
5. The Organism
• Echinococcus granulosus
– Cystic echinococcosis
– Unilocular echinococcosis
– Cystic hydatid disease
• Multiple species and strains
• E. granulosus sensu lato
– General term for all species and strains
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
7. The Organism
• E. multilocularis
– Alveolar echinococcosis
– Alveolar hydatid disease
– Multilocular echinococcosis
– Multivesicular hydatidosis
• Multiple strains
– Less distinct than E. granulosa s.l.
– E. shiquicus a distinct species?
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
8. The Organism
• Echinococcus vogeli and
Echinococcus oligarthrus
– Polycystic echinococcosis
– Unicystic echinococcosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
9. The Organism:
Zoonotic Species
• G1 (sheep strain)
E. granulosus s.l.
– Most frequent cause
of disease in humans
• Other species may be
important regionally
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
12. Distribution
• E. multilocularis
– Northern hemisphere
• Eurasia, Europe, North America
• E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus
– Central and South America
• E. shiquicus
– China
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
14. Transmission
• Indirect life cycle
– Definitive hosts ingest cysts in
tissues of intermediate hosts
– Cysts develop into tapeworms
– Gravid proglottids or eggs shed in
feces by definitive host
– Eggs ingested by intermediate hosts
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
15. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
16. Transmission:
E. granulosus s.l.
• Definitive hosts
– Canids
– Felids
– Hyaenids
• Intermediate hosts
– Herbivores
– Humans
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
17. Transmission:
E. multilocularis
• Definitive hosts
– Wild carnivores (e.g., fox)
– Domestic dogs and cats
• Intermediate hosts
– Small mammals (rodents)
– Domesticated mammals
– Humans
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
18. Transmission
• E. vogeli
– Definitive hosts
• Bush dogs
• Domestic dogs
– Intermediate
hosts
• South American
rodents
(e.g., pacas)
• E. oligarthrus
– Definitive hosts
• Wild felids
– Intermediate
hosts
• Rodents
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
19. Zoonotic Transmission
• Humans act as intermediate hosts
• Ingest tapeworm eggs shed by
definitive hosts
– Contaminated fruits, vegetables,
herbs, water
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
21. Disease in Humans
• Incubation period
– Month to years
– 20 to 30 years documented for cysts
that grow slowly and are not in a critical
location
• Clinical signs
– Depend on size, number and location
of metacestodes
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
22. Disease in Humans:
E. granulosus s.l.
• May be asymptomatic
• Usually one cyst present
• Cyst location
– 60 to 70% in liver
– 20 to 25% in lungs
• Symptoms dependent on cyst
location
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
23. Disease in Humans:
E. multilocularis
• Cysts usually found in liver
• Cysts not enclosed within membrane
– Invade surrounding tissues
– Disease is progressive and malignant
• May be asymptomatic
if cyst dies early in
development
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
24. Disease in Humans:
E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus
• Cysts usually originate in liver
– Can spread to nearby organs/tissues
• Symptoms dependent on cyst
location
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
25. Diagnosis
• Imaging techniques
– Ultrasound, radiology,
MRI, CT
• Serology
• Biopsy
• Detection of protoscolices
– Cyst fluid, sputum
• PCR
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
26. Treatment
• Surgical removal of cysts
– May not be possible to remove entire
cyst depending on size and location
• Anti-parasitics
• Wait-and-see
– Small, inactive cysts
• Liver transplant
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
28. Disease in Animals
• Incubation period
– Months to years
• 20 to 30 years documented
• Clinical signs
– Depend on cyst size, number, location
– Often asymptomatic until cysts invade
adjacent tissues/organs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
29. Clinical Signs:
Definitive Hosts
• Usually asymptomatic
– Even with heavy parasite burden
• Disease rarely occurs
– Enteritis
– Diarrhea
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
30. Clinical Signs:
Intermediate Hosts
• E. granulosus s.l.
– Cysts grow slowly
– Asymptomatic until surrounding
tissues/organs become involved
• Livestock typically slaughtered before
this occurs
– Liver and lung most affected
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
31. Clinical Signs:
Intermediate Hosts
• E. multilocularis
– Cysts most often found
in liver
– Metastatic lesions occur
in other organs
• Lungs, brain
– Rodents may die within
weeks of infection
• Multiple organs affected
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
32. Clinical Signs:
Intermediate Hosts
• E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus
– Not documented in domesticated
animal intermediate hosts
– Zoo outbreaks
• Nutrias
• Nonhuman primates
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
33. Post Mortem Lesions
• No lesions in definitive hosts
• Intermediate hosts
– Cysts grossly apparent
• E. granulosus s.l.
– Fluid-filled
– Fibrous wall
– Liver, lungs, other internal organs
• E. multilocularis
– Liver, lungs, CNS
– Multilocular, semisolid
– Lobulated
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
34. Diagnosis: Definitive Hosts
• Routine fecal testing not appropriate
– Cannot differentiate from Taenia spp.
– Tiny proglottids in feces not noticeable
• ELISA
– Screening for definitive hosts
• PCR
– Fecal samples
• Morphology
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
35. Diagnosis:
Intermediate Hosts
• Usually discovered at necropsy
• Histology
• Antigen detection
• PCR
• Serology
– Not generally used in domestic animals
• Poor response in usual intermediate hosts
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
36. Treatment
• Anthelmintic drugs
– Praziquantel
• Surgery
– Intermediate hosts
– Follow with long term daily anti-
parasitics
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
38. Prevention in Humans
• Control echinococcosis in domestic
animals
– Don’t feed livestock entrails to dogs
– Don’t allow dogs and cats to hunt
– Regularly test and/or treat animals
allowed outside
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
39. Prevention in Humans
• Minimize risk of egg ingestion
– Wash fruits and vegetables
– Wash hands frequently
– Avoid untreated water sources
– Do not handle wild carnivores
or their carcasses
– Thoroughly cook meat
before eating
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
40. Prevention in Humans
• Wear personal protective equipment
• Regular surveillance
– Laboratory personnel
– Children exposed to feces of infected
animals
• No vaccine
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
41. Prevention in Animals
• Regular surveillance
• Treat infected animals (dogs)
– Praziquantel
– Multiple doses required
• Vaccination
– Recombinant
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
42. Additional Resources
• Center for Food Security and Public Health
– www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• CDC
– http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/
• World Health Organization
– http://www.who.int/echinococcosis/en/
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012
43. Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was made possible
through grants provided to
the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa
State University, College of Veterinary Medicine from
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
the Iowa Homeland Security and
Emergency Management Division, and the
Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture.
Authors: Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM; Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM,
PhD; Ariel Pleva, MPH
Reviewer: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012