Modern fuels include renewable fuels synthesized from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Biofuels are considered modern fuels and are made from biomass sources like plants and waste. First generation biofuels are made from food crops while second and third generation biofuels can be made from non-food sources like cellulosic biomass and engineered plants. The production of biofuels is increasing but has led to concerns about food prices and using food for fuel. Future fuels will likely focus on electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles to address sustainability and emissions issues.

1. Modern fuels and their
environmental impacts
SAURAV ANAND
GURUNG
16157 1

2. ONLY
FOR
HIM
2

3. “DISCLAIMER”
 Thisistotallyonlyforstrongheartedindividualsthatlove
andcarefornature.
 ThisisnotaworkofFiction.Althoughthisdoesnotstopyou
fromenjoyingtheslides.
 OurFutureisatagraveriskbutletsnotforgetthatweareno
morethanahero.Itsjusttherighttimetoprovethat.
 Letsspreadenvironmentalawarenesstoprotectnatureand
restorepeaceandsustainabilityallaround.
3

4. What are modern fuels ?
 Modern Fuels are renewable fuels synthesized from
renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar.
 Renewable fuels have gained in popularity due to
their sustainability, low contributions to the carbon
cycle, and in some cases lower amounts of greenhouse
gases.
4

5. 5

6. 6

7. OTHER MODERN FUELS ?
“Perhaps the most recent change to modern
fuels has been the introduction of bio-fuels.”
Biofuelis any fuel that is derived from
biomass, recently living organisms or their
metabolic by-products, such as manure from
cows.
It is a renewable energy source, unlike other natural
resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels.
7

8. First Generation Biofuels-First
generation biofuels are biofuels which are produced from
food crops (sugar or oil crops) and other food based
feedstock (e.g. food waste).
 These biofuels are on the market in considerable amounts
today and their production technologies are well established.
The most important biofuels of the 1st-generation are
bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
LETS CLASSIFY IT !!!!!!
8

9.  Bioethanol is produced by fermenting sugars from starch and sugar biomass
(e.g. cereal crops such as corn or maize and sugarcane). It can be used in pure form
in specially adapted vehicles or blended with gasoline in any proportion up to 10%
(US), provided that fuel specifications are met.
 Ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (ETBE) is synthesized from bioethanol and
isobutylene. It can be blended with gasoline in any proportion up to 15%. It is
currently the biggest biofuel contributor in Europe.
 Biodiesel (FAME) is made from vegetable oils of rapeseed, soya, palm fruits
or other oil crops via the reaction of triglycerides with methanol and alkali or acid
(transesterification process). It can be used in pure form in specially adapted
vehicles or be blended with automotive diesel in any proportion up to 5% (up to
30% for captive fleets).
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced
from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant
material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source.
Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic
organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of
biodegradable materials 9

10. “the production of 1st-generation BIOFUELS is
commercial today, with almost 50 billion litres
(approx. 39.5 million t) of bioethanol and 5.4
million tonnes of biodiesel produced
worldwide(2006)”
10

11. 11

12. 12

13. 13

14. Rise of the Food vs. Fuel crisis
and the shift towards cellulosic ethanol
"...large increases in biofuels production in the United
States and Europe are the main reason behind the steep
rise in global food prices"-World Bank policy research
working paper July 2008
14

15.  Second Generation Biofuels Different from the 1st generation the
so called second or ‘next’ generation of future biofuels can be produced from wider
range of feedstocks, which are represented mainly by non-food crops. For example, the
whole plant biomass can be used or waste streams that are rich in lignin and cellulose,
such as wheat straw, grass, or wood.
In order to breakdown this biomass, two main conversion pathways come into
consideration:
 1) HYDROLYSIS (can be done via chemical and biochemical pathways) of ligno-
cellulose into sugars, which can then be fermented into alcohol - this technology is best
known as 'cellulosic bioethanol' and is still in development
 2) THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES (use of high temperatures to
pyrolyse or gasify biomass) of lignocelluloses to a raw gas or oil. The resulting gas is then
treated and conditioned into synthesis gas (syngas), consisting mainly of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. This gas can further be processed into different types of liquid
and gaseous fuels via different fuel syntheses. Fuels from this route are then called
'synthetic biofuels'.
15

16. 16

17. Third Generation Biofuels rely on
biotechnological interventions in the feedstocks themselves.
Plants are engineered in such a way that the structural building
blocks of their cells (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose), can be
managed according to a specific task they are required to
perform.
 For example, plant scientists are working on developing trees
that grow normally, but that can be triggered to change the
strength of the cell walls so that breaking them down to
release sugars is easier.
 In third generation biofuels, a synergy between this kind of
interventions and processing steps is then created: plants
with special properties are broken down by functionally
engineered enzymes. Notably, this latter generation of
biofuels is only gradually being explored.
17

18. MODERN FUELS FOR
TRANSPORTATION
18

19. CAN I USE BIOFUEL FOR MY VEHICLE ????
Bio-fuels have been introduced to decrease our dependence on
fossil fuels, clean tailpipe emissions and lower our carbon footprint,
these outcomes can be achieved when used in the right vehicle.
 Ethanol blended fuels should not be used in carburettor equipped
vehicles.
 A list of vehicles that can use ethanol blended fuels is available on the
FCAI website (http://www.fcai.com.au). As a general rule no vehicle
built before 1986 should be run on an ethanol blended fuel, and
vehicles built 1986 or after should only do so at the manufacturers
recommendations.
19

20. What vehicles should run on ethanol blends?
 In Australia two types of Ethanol petrol blend’s are available, E10 and
E85. Most new vehicles are suitable for operation on E10 however only a
select few can run on E85.
 Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend
ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around 25%
ethanol and 75% gasoline (E25).
 Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10%
ethanol.
20

21. 21

22. What happens if I do put E10 in my classic car?
The results will vary, details on the effects have been studied by Orbital Engines Pty Ltd,
reports are available from the Department for Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
In the report titled “Assessment of the Operation of Vehicles in the
Australian Fleet on Ethanol Blend Fuels” the
following issues among others were raised, regarding vehicles considered incompatible with
ethanol blends:
 Performance and Driveability
 Hesitation on acceleration
 Difficult starting
 Stalling
 Durability
 Loss of compression
 Higher combustion temperatures
 Premature engine failure due to piston and valve deposits
 Blocked fuel filters, increased debris in fuel lines
 Material Compatibility
 Fuel hoses shrinking and swelling
 Failure of diaphragms and accelerator plunger seals
 Corrosion of carburettor, leading to possible sticking throttle.
22

23. INDIAN
SCENARIO
23

24. 24

25. NO PROBLEM AT ALL !!!!!
 The focus for development of biofuels in India
will be to utilize waste and degraded forest and non-forest
lands only for cultivation of shrubs and trees bearing non-
edible oil seeds for production of bio-diesel.
 In India, bio-ethanol is produced mainly from molasses, a by-
product of the sugar industry.
 In future too, it would be ensured that the next generation of
technologies is based on non
food feedstocks. Therefore, the issue of fuel vs. food security is
not relevant in the Indian context.
25

26.  Ethanol is mainly being produced in the country at
present from molasses, which is a by-product of the sugar
industry. 5% blending of ethanol with gasoline has already
been taken up by the Oil Marketing Companies
(OMCs) in 20 States and 4 Union Territories.
10% mandatory blending of ethanol
with gasoline has become effective from October, 2008
in these States.
26

27.  The blending would have to follow a protocol and certification
process, and conform to The Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS)
specification and standards, for which the processing industry and OMCs
would need to jointly set up an appropriate
mechanism and the required facilities.
 Section 52 of the Motor Vehicles Act
already allows conversion of an existing engine of a vehicle to use biofuels.
 Engine manufacturers would need to suitably modify the engines to
ensure compatibility with biofuels, wherever necessary.
27

28. 28

29. The development of automobiles with heat engines is one of the greatest
achievements of modern technology. However, the highly developed
automotive industry and the large number of automobiles in use around the
world have caused and are still causing serious problems for society and
human life. Deterioration in air quality, global warming, and a decrease in
petroleum resources are becoming the major threats to human beings.
More and more stringent emissions and fuel consumption regulations are
stimulating an interest in the development of safe, clean, and high-
efficiency transportation. It has been well recognized that electric, hybrid
electric, and fuel cell-powered drive train technologies are the most
promising solutions to the problem of land transportation in the future.
CONCLUSION
29

30. 30

31. Bibliography
 Boyle G. 2003, Renewable Energy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
 Dincer I. 2000, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4, 157.
 Jaccard M. 2006, Sustainable Fossil Fuels - The Unusual Suspect in the
Quest for Clean and Enduring Energy, Cambridge University Press.
 Government of India, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy National
Policy on Biofuels
 BIO-FUELS Technology Status and Future Trends, Technology
Assessment and Decision Support Tools Sivasamy Arumugam 1, Sergey
Zinoviev1, Paolo Foransiero1, Stanislav Miertus1, Franziska Müller-
Langer2, Martin Kaltschmitt2, Alexander Vogel2, Daniela Thraen2
31