This technical report summarizes modifications needed in a gasoline engine to enable it to run on ethanol fuel. It discusses changing the main jet, idle orifice, power valve, accelerator pump, compression ratio, cold weather starting, and thermostat. The report was submitted by Sughosh D. Deshmukh to his professor M. P. Joshi at Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management in Nagpur, India to fulfill requirements for a mechanical engineering course.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
The document summarizes an E85 conversion technology that allows vehicles to run on gasoline, E85 fuel (85% ethanol), or a mixture of both. It plugs into the fuel injector and requires no other modifications. Benefits include reduced fuel costs, lower emissions, and supporting domestic ethanol production. The technology has a lifetime warranty and works automatically without needing switches or monitoring.
Modifications are needed in gasoline engines to use ethanol fuel blends. For blends up to E10, no changes are typically needed. For higher blends, modifications like increasing the diameter of inlet orifices and the accelerator pump are required to properly adjust the air-fuel ratio. Additional changes like increasing the compression ratio or installing pre-heating systems may be needed for cold starting when using high-ethanol blends. Proper adjustments can help utilize the higher octane and cleaner burning properties of ethanol fuel in engines.
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
This presentation is about cam less engine.
1)Introduction
2)what is engine ?
3)working of coventional Engine.
4).sensor used in engine
1)Engine load sensor
2)Exhaust gas sensor
3)Valve position sensor
4)Engine speed sensor
5)Advantages
This document provides an overview of compressed air engines. It begins with an introduction describing how compressed air engines can help reduce environmental problems from fossil fuel usage. It then defines what an engine is and provides a brief history of compressed air engines dating back to the late 1600s. The document goes on to describe how a compressed air engine works, involving intake and exhaust valves and the conversion of compressed air into mechanical motion. It also discusses Tata Motor's plans to develop an Indian car powered by compressed air. Advantages include not requiring gasoline while disadvantages include limited refueling speed and capacity. The conclusion states compressed air technology could be a viable alternative fuel option.
Crdi technology is more efficient and advance technology in the field of automobile engineering. This technology is using at a large scale by a number of car companies. In this presentation you will find the basic principle, working, and component description of crdi technology.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
The document summarizes an E85 conversion technology that allows vehicles to run on gasoline, E85 fuel (85% ethanol), or a mixture of both. It plugs into the fuel injector and requires no other modifications. Benefits include reduced fuel costs, lower emissions, and supporting domestic ethanol production. The technology has a lifetime warranty and works automatically without needing switches or monitoring.
Modifications are needed in gasoline engines to use ethanol fuel blends. For blends up to E10, no changes are typically needed. For higher blends, modifications like increasing the diameter of inlet orifices and the accelerator pump are required to properly adjust the air-fuel ratio. Additional changes like increasing the compression ratio or installing pre-heating systems may be needed for cold starting when using high-ethanol blends. Proper adjustments can help utilize the higher octane and cleaner burning properties of ethanol fuel in engines.
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
This presentation is about cam less engine.
1)Introduction
2)what is engine ?
3)working of coventional Engine.
4).sensor used in engine
1)Engine load sensor
2)Exhaust gas sensor
3)Valve position sensor
4)Engine speed sensor
5)Advantages
This document provides an overview of compressed air engines. It begins with an introduction describing how compressed air engines can help reduce environmental problems from fossil fuel usage. It then defines what an engine is and provides a brief history of compressed air engines dating back to the late 1600s. The document goes on to describe how a compressed air engine works, involving intake and exhaust valves and the conversion of compressed air into mechanical motion. It also discusses Tata Motor's plans to develop an Indian car powered by compressed air. Advantages include not requiring gasoline while disadvantages include limited refueling speed and capacity. The conclusion states compressed air technology could be a viable alternative fuel option.
Crdi technology is more efficient and advance technology in the field of automobile engineering. This technology is using at a large scale by a number of car companies. In this presentation you will find the basic principle, working, and component description of crdi technology.
Air powered cars use compressed air instead of gasoline to run. They store compressed air in high-pressure carbon fiber or glass fiber tanks at around 4500 psi. The compressed air is fed into an engine that drives the pistons to power the car. Air powered cars produce no emissions and could help address issues of declining fossil fuels and reducing pollution. Several companies are working to develop and produce air powered cars for the mass market within the next few years.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
CRDI stands for common rail direct injection and directly injects fuel into engine cylinders via a single common rail connected to all fuel injectors. It was introduced to remove drawbacks of earlier fuel systems and allows even petrol engines to run with very lean fuel mixtures. The key components are a high pressure fuel pump, common rail, injectors, and engine control unit. CRDI provides benefits like 25% more power and torque, superior pickup, reduced noise and vibrations, and lower fuel consumption. While it has higher initial costs and maintenance than older systems, CRDI lowers emissions and improves engine performance.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
This document proposes a concept for a hybrid motorcycle that uses hydrogen produced through electrolysis of water, along with conventional gasoline, to improve fuel economy and power output while reducing emissions. It describes using an electrolysis system to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water, which can then be directly fed into the engine. The engine is connected to an alternator to generate current and power the electrolysis process. Key advantages include increased mileage, less fuel consumption, lower pollution and emissions, and cost savings. It also discusses using a supercharger forced induction system to boost air intake into the engine for higher performance.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as alternative fuels.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas (mostly methane) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. It is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel that is used in vehicles. CNG produces fewer emissions and is cheaper than gasoline or diesel. While CNG vehicles require a high-pressure storage tank that takes up space, manufacturers are developing solutions like roof and underbody storage to address this disadvantage. CNG is also safer and more readily available than liquefied natural gas (LNG), making it more suitable for powering vehicles.
This document discusses dual fuel engines. It begins with an introduction explaining that dual fuel engines use a gaseous fuel inducted into the engine cylinder along with air, and a small amount of diesel fuel is injected as a pilot fuel to ignite the air-gas mixture. It then discusses factors that affect combustion in dual fuel engines like pilot fuel quantity and injection timing. The document outlines advantages of dual fuel engines such as reduced emissions and lower operating costs compared to diesel or natural gas engines. It concludes that dual fuel engines can substitute up to 70% of diesel fuel with a gaseous fuel like natural gas.
Traction control systems help prevent wheel slippage and maintain traction under acceleration. The document discusses the history of traction control which originated from 4-wheel drive systems and antilock braking systems. It describes different types of traction control systems including limited slip differentials and how they work. Examples are given of traction control systems used in cars, motorcycles, and race vehicles to improve safety and performance by avoiding wheel slip during acceleration and turns.
This document provides an overview of common rail direct injection (CRDI) technology for diesel engines. It discusses the history and development of CRDI, the operating principle, key components like the high-pressure pump and fuel rail, and how it works. CRDI allows for more precise fuel injection compared to older direct injection systems, improving power, efficiency and reducing emissions. It sees widespread use in modern passenger vehicles from many automakers. The document also covers the differences between direct and indirect injection, advantages and disadvantages of CRDI, and common applications.
A simple carburetor can only supply the correct air-fuel ratio at one throttle position. To address this, modern carburetors include additional systems like an idling system, auxiliary port system, power enrichment system, and accelerating pump system. These systems allow the carburetor to meet the engine's demands under different operating conditions like idling, cruising, acceleration, and high power.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
A seminar presentation on performance of turbochargers in engines. A minor/ major project presentation for B.Tech/MTech students. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
Camless engines eliminate mechanical linkages like camshafts that traditionally open and close intake and exhaust valves. Instead, camless engines use electro-hydraulic or electromechanical systems to provide infinite control over valve timing, lift, and duration. This allows for greater engine efficiency and power. Sensors detect operating conditions and an electronic control unit actuates solenoids and hydraulic systems to optimize valve behavior for each situation. While camless engines are more expensive and complex than traditional designs, their performance advantages are expected to lead to their increased adoption over time.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL JOINT SHAFT FOR ROLLING MILLSSughosh Deshmukh
The properties of steels made by rolling of billets
are mainly dependent on the process of forming. The
performance of the rolling mill depends on the Universal
joint shaft through which the power is transmitted to the
rollers of a mill. This report mainly focuses on the
analysis of universal joint shaft for rolling mills because this
shaft is subjected to vibrations caused due to the jerk
produced during the passing of billet through the rollers.
a seminar report on multi-mode 2/4 stroke internal combustion enginehardik9343
The document summarizes a seminar presented by Mohammed Husain Esmail Masalawala on multi-mode 2/4-stroke internal combustion engines. The seminar addressed increasing demand for internal combustion engines, scarcity of fuel, and pollution issues. It explored areas of interest like power, efficiency, and emissions. It discussed engine types including suction ignition, compressed ignition, homogeneous compressed charged, hybrid, and boosted engines. The seminar proposed a concept of a multi-mode engine and discussed technological requirements, results, implementation areas, and concluded with highlighting the need for more efficient engines.
Air powered cars use compressed air instead of gasoline to run. They store compressed air in high-pressure carbon fiber or glass fiber tanks at around 4500 psi. The compressed air is fed into an engine that drives the pistons to power the car. Air powered cars produce no emissions and could help address issues of declining fossil fuels and reducing pollution. Several companies are working to develop and produce air powered cars for the mass market within the next few years.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
CRDI stands for common rail direct injection and directly injects fuel into engine cylinders via a single common rail connected to all fuel injectors. It was introduced to remove drawbacks of earlier fuel systems and allows even petrol engines to run with very lean fuel mixtures. The key components are a high pressure fuel pump, common rail, injectors, and engine control unit. CRDI provides benefits like 25% more power and torque, superior pickup, reduced noise and vibrations, and lower fuel consumption. While it has higher initial costs and maintenance than older systems, CRDI lowers emissions and improves engine performance.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
This document proposes a concept for a hybrid motorcycle that uses hydrogen produced through electrolysis of water, along with conventional gasoline, to improve fuel economy and power output while reducing emissions. It describes using an electrolysis system to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water, which can then be directly fed into the engine. The engine is connected to an alternator to generate current and power the electrolysis process. Key advantages include increased mileage, less fuel consumption, lower pollution and emissions, and cost savings. It also discusses using a supercharger forced induction system to boost air intake into the engine for higher performance.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as alternative fuels.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas (mostly methane) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. It is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel that is used in vehicles. CNG produces fewer emissions and is cheaper than gasoline or diesel. While CNG vehicles require a high-pressure storage tank that takes up space, manufacturers are developing solutions like roof and underbody storage to address this disadvantage. CNG is also safer and more readily available than liquefied natural gas (LNG), making it more suitable for powering vehicles.
This document discusses dual fuel engines. It begins with an introduction explaining that dual fuel engines use a gaseous fuel inducted into the engine cylinder along with air, and a small amount of diesel fuel is injected as a pilot fuel to ignite the air-gas mixture. It then discusses factors that affect combustion in dual fuel engines like pilot fuel quantity and injection timing. The document outlines advantages of dual fuel engines such as reduced emissions and lower operating costs compared to diesel or natural gas engines. It concludes that dual fuel engines can substitute up to 70% of diesel fuel with a gaseous fuel like natural gas.
Traction control systems help prevent wheel slippage and maintain traction under acceleration. The document discusses the history of traction control which originated from 4-wheel drive systems and antilock braking systems. It describes different types of traction control systems including limited slip differentials and how they work. Examples are given of traction control systems used in cars, motorcycles, and race vehicles to improve safety and performance by avoiding wheel slip during acceleration and turns.
This document provides an overview of common rail direct injection (CRDI) technology for diesel engines. It discusses the history and development of CRDI, the operating principle, key components like the high-pressure pump and fuel rail, and how it works. CRDI allows for more precise fuel injection compared to older direct injection systems, improving power, efficiency and reducing emissions. It sees widespread use in modern passenger vehicles from many automakers. The document also covers the differences between direct and indirect injection, advantages and disadvantages of CRDI, and common applications.
A simple carburetor can only supply the correct air-fuel ratio at one throttle position. To address this, modern carburetors include additional systems like an idling system, auxiliary port system, power enrichment system, and accelerating pump system. These systems allow the carburetor to meet the engine's demands under different operating conditions like idling, cruising, acceleration, and high power.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
A seminar presentation on performance of turbochargers in engines. A minor/ major project presentation for B.Tech/MTech students. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
Camless engines eliminate mechanical linkages like camshafts that traditionally open and close intake and exhaust valves. Instead, camless engines use electro-hydraulic or electromechanical systems to provide infinite control over valve timing, lift, and duration. This allows for greater engine efficiency and power. Sensors detect operating conditions and an electronic control unit actuates solenoids and hydraulic systems to optimize valve behavior for each situation. While camless engines are more expensive and complex than traditional designs, their performance advantages are expected to lead to their increased adoption over time.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL JOINT SHAFT FOR ROLLING MILLSSughosh Deshmukh
The properties of steels made by rolling of billets
are mainly dependent on the process of forming. The
performance of the rolling mill depends on the Universal
joint shaft through which the power is transmitted to the
rollers of a mill. This report mainly focuses on the
analysis of universal joint shaft for rolling mills because this
shaft is subjected to vibrations caused due to the jerk
produced during the passing of billet through the rollers.
a seminar report on multi-mode 2/4 stroke internal combustion enginehardik9343
The document summarizes a seminar presented by Mohammed Husain Esmail Masalawala on multi-mode 2/4-stroke internal combustion engines. The seminar addressed increasing demand for internal combustion engines, scarcity of fuel, and pollution issues. It explored areas of interest like power, efficiency, and emissions. It discussed engine types including suction ignition, compressed ignition, homogeneous compressed charged, hybrid, and boosted engines. The seminar proposed a concept of a multi-mode engine and discussed technological requirements, results, implementation areas, and concluded with highlighting the need for more efficient engines.
purification of water using solar stillMohamed Ahmed
Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a “Solar Still”. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option. Solar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh water in order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.
This document describes a project to generate electricity from speed breakers. It discusses three mechanisms - roller, rack and pinion, and crankshaft - that can convert the kinetic energy of vehicles passing over speed bumps into rotational motion. Graphs show the relationship between voltage generated, vehicle speed and weight. Advantages include using wasted energy and providing power for street lights. Challenges are low outputs and maintenance needs. Future work could aim for heavier vehicles and more efficient designs to increase power generation for rural electrification.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace gasoline and diesel in the future due to concerns over depletion of fossil fuels and harmful emissions. It describes some of the key alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, and gases. Ethanol shows promise because it can be produced from agricultural waste at low cost and reduces harmful emissions from engines. The document also discusses the various ways these alternative fuels can be used in engines and their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, it examines the need to shift to alternative fuels and provides an overview of some of the most promising options.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, including their properties, suitability for engine modifications, and combustion and emission characteristics compared to gasoline or diesel. It covers alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It also discusses performance parameters like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiencies, and emissions like carbon dioxide, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons for engines running on these alternative fuels.
This document summarizes information about biodiesel production from jatropha seeds in India. It discusses that biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process where jatropha oil reacts with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce methyl esters and glycerin. Jatropha is identified as a suitable non-edible oil source that can grow in varied climates and provide additional benefits. The economics of jatropha biodiesel production are presented, showing the costs and revenue from co-products. Initial trials of biodiesel train and bus services in India are also summarized, alongside national production targets.
Natural gas is primarily made up of methane and is a non-renewable fossil fuel found underground. It is formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals and is cleaner burning than other fossil fuels when combusted, emitting lower levels of harmful byproducts. Natural gas is colorless, odorless, and combustible. It is used primarily for electric power generation, industrial purposes, residential heating, and commercial needs. The Chinese were the first to transport and use natural gas through bamboo pipelines 500 BC to boil sea water.
Natural gas is composed primarily of methane. It is created through the decomposition of organic material and is located in underground deposits around the world. While natural gas emits less carbon than other fossil fuels when burned, methane is a potent greenhouse gas that traps much more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Fracking allows access to natural gas deposits trapped in shale rock formations but can lead to methane leaks during the process. More research is needed to fully understand the environmental and health impacts of increased natural gas extraction and use through fracking.
This document provides details about an electrical engineering seminar on electromagnetic bombs presented by Reshav Kumar. It includes an acknowledgement, certificate of approval, table of contents, and 11 chapters discussing various aspects of electromagnetic bomb technology, effects, delivery, targeting, limitations, and doctrinal use. The document reviews explosive pumped flux compression generators, explosive/propellant driven MHD generators, and high power microwave sources as relevant technologies, and discusses electromagnetic bomb lethality, targeting, delivery, defense, and proposed doctrines for their use in electronic combat, offensive counter air, and other military operations.
The document discusses how the Toyota production system and Kaizen mentality exemplify the power of continual improvement through collectivist ideals. It explains that Toyota's approach, which originated in Japan, is rooted in Zen Buddhism and focuses on honesty, humility, integrity, compassion, and respect for others. This collectivist mindset has led to highly advanced vehicles and demonstrates that achieving success through cooperation rather than individual greed. A list of links provides examples of key Toyota concepts.
Este documento describe los virus informáticos, sus características, métodos de infección, tipos y formas de protegerse. Explica que los virus son programas dañinos que se replican a sí mismos para manipular, destruir o robar información. También analiza diferentes tipos de antivirus y sus fortalezas y debilidades para detectar virus. Concluye que es difícil prevenir la propagación de virus y es importante evitar métodos de infección y mantener software antivirus actualizado.
This document describes a 7-inch tablet with a 163PPI display, 16GB of internal storage that can be expanded up to 64GB via external storage, dual-SIM functionality, a grippy design, and accessories included in a stylish gift box.
Este documento presenta el Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley General de Minería del Perú. Resume las principales secciones de la ley, incluyendo las actividades mineras permitidas, los tipos de concesiones, los derechos y obligaciones de los titulares de concesiones, y la jurisdicción minera. También incluye notas al pie de página sobre decretos y leyes relacionadas y una lista de los títulos y capítulos que comprenden la ley.
This document outlines a business proposal for a party bus service called "Transporting the Party" that would provide transportation from homes to clubs or events while also serving as a mobile dance club. The summary is as follows:
The proposal is for a bus transformed into a disco that would provide transportation and entertainment to customers at an affordable price, allowing them to save on taxi costs and not have to drive after drinking. The objective is to offer a comfortable and affordable service so that people no longer have to worry about having a designated driver. The founders believe the investment will pay off quickly as word of mouth grows and more routes and buses can be added.
STUDIES ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH CERAMIC COATED COMBUSTION ...IAEME Publication
Vegetable oils and alcohols (methanol and methanol) are important substitutes for diesel fuel as they are renewable in nature. However drawbacks associated with vegetable oils (high viscosity and low volatility) and alcohols (low cetane number) call for engine with hot combustion chamber with its significance characteristics of higher operating temperature, maximum heat release, higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and ability to handle the lower calorific value fuel. Methanol was inducted into the engine through a variable jet carburetor, installed at the inlet manifold of the engine at different percentages of crude vegetable oil at full load operation on mass basis. Crude vegetable oil was injected at near end of compression stroke
Vegetable oils as Diesel Fuels for Rebuilt Vehicles QW9
This document discusses using vegetable oils and animal fats as diesel fuels in standard diesel engines. It summarizes results from tests of a passenger car running on rapeseed oil, chicken fat, and blends of rapeseed oil with ethanol. The key findings are:
1) Vegetable oils and animal fats have higher viscosity than diesel fuel, which can cause incomplete combustion and deposits. Various approaches can help address this, such as blending with diesel, heating the oils, or adding alcohols.
2) Engine tests showed maximum power and torque were lower when running on vegetable oils/animal fats compared to diesel fuel, due to their lower energy content.
3) Emissions of particulate matter and
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
This study examined the effects of various ethanol-gasoline blends on emissions from spark ignition engines. Ethanol was blended with gasoline at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by volume to create gasohol fuels. These fuels were tested on a 1000cc 4-cylinder engine using a gas analyzer and a 100cc single cylinder engine to generate PUC reports. The results showed that SOx, NOx, and HC emissions generally decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, with the exception of HC which initially decreased then increased from E20 to E25. E20 showed the optimum reduction in emissions, with SOx reduced by 48%, NOx by 20%, and HC by 81% compared to pure gasoline
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Design of Eco Friendly Gasoline Engine using Bio Gasoline for Energy C...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into designing an eco-friendly gasoline engine that uses biogasoline to conserve energy. The researchers tested blending methanol with gasoline in ratios of 30-70% and 20-80% in a variable compression ratio engine. They found that using a 20% methanol blend reduced fuel consumption and lowered emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides compared to gasoline alone. The methanol blend also improved the engine's performance. Therefore, the researchers concluded that a 20% methanol-gasoline blend can be an effective alternative fuel that reduces emissions and fuel use while helping address future gasoline shortages.
Engine Performance and Emission Test of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil, Methanol...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: In this study, diesel fuel, Methanol and Waste Plastic Pyrolysis oil with an addition of cetane additive blends were tested in a four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine. The objective of adding Cetane Additive is to improve the combustion of blended fuel and have better performance characteristics for the blend. The Cetane additive addition is as recommended by TOTAL AC2010A. The 1ml cetane additive is added to 1000ml of blended fuel. The main objective of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a diesel engine which uses waste plastic pyrolysis oil in alternation of an ordinary diesel which are available in the market. Four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was used in this study to find out the brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions with the fuel of fraction methanol and Waste plastic pyrolysis oil in diesel. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diesel at certain mixing ratio of 5:5:90, 10:10:80 and 15:15:70 of methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil to diesel respectively. Experimental results of blended fuel and diesel fuel are also compared.
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance of a spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol and gasoline as fuel. Ethanol was produced from fermented groundnut shells. The engine was tested using blends with 0-80% ethanol in 20% increments. Test results showed that blending 40% ethanol achieved optimal engine performance with increased power and volumetric efficiency compared to gasoline alone. Higher ethanol blends like 60% and 80% performed similarly to the 40% blend. Specific fuel consumption increased slightly with higher ethanol content due to ethanol's lower energy density. In conclusion, a 40% ethanol blend can be effectively used as a supplementary fuel in spark ignition engines.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of operating a diesel engine in dual fuel mode using LPG and processed waste engine oil. Key findings from the study include:
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commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
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This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the combustion performance and tailpipe emissions of a diesel engine run on blends of palm methyl ester (biodiesel), diesel, and ethanol. Six test fuels were evaluated: pure diesel, pure palm methyl ester, 95% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 80% diesel + 15% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 95% diesel + 5% ethanol, and 80% palm methyl ester + 15% diesel + 5% ethanol. The engine was run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and compression ratio of 18.5. Results for brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NO, and
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EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
Theoretical analysis of compression ignition engine performance fuelled withIAEME Publication
This document analyzes the performance of a compression ignition engine fueled with honge oil and its blends with ethanol through simulation and experimental testing. A simulation model based on the first law of thermodynamics is used to predict the engine's brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, and emissions when fueled with neat honge oil, 80% and 20% honge oil-ethanol, 70% and 30% honge oil-ethanol, and 60% and 40% honge oil-ethanol. Experimental results are used to validate the simulation model. The simulation and testing show that a blend of 70% honge oil and 30% ethanol achieves the highest brake thermal efficiency compared to
- The document discusses an experimental study on the effects of ethanol carburetion on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine.
- Ethanol was introduced into the engine's intake manifold using a carburetor at a flow rate of 1.39 kg/hr, while diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder. This created a dual-fuel system.
- The results showed that ethanol fumigation reduced smoke emissions and NOx at lower loads but increased NOx at higher loads compared to diesel alone. It also increased HC emissions across all loads but reduced CO at lower and medium loads. Brake thermal efficiency decreased at lower loads but increased at medium and higher loads.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteris...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on blends of neem biodiesel, ethanol, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine with variations in the percentage of EGR from 0-20%. Key findings include:
1) Increasing the percentage of EGR in the fuel mixture resulted in reductions in oxides of nitrogen emissions from the engine. The maximum reduction was observed at 20% EGR.
2) Using ethanol in the fuel blends helped reduce emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide compared to operation on pure diesel, especially at higher EGR rates.
3) Among the biod
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
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Seminar report on modifications for ethanol engines
1. SHRI RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT, KATOL ROAD, NAGPUR, INDIA -440013
Department of Mechanical Engineering
2012-2013
Technical Seminar Report
On
“MODIFICATIONS IN GASOLINE ENGINES FOR USE OF
ETHANOL FUEL”
Submitted by
Sughosh D. Deshmukh
Under the guidance of
Prof. M. P. Joshi
1
2. SHRI RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND MANAGEMENT, NAGPUR, INDIA-440013
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sughosh D. Deshmukh has completed the technical
seminar work on “Modifications in gasoline engines for use of
ethanol fuel” in partial fulfilment of the requirements of fifth semester B.E. in
Mechanical Engineering as prescribed by Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur
University at S.R.C.E.M., Nagpur.
Prof. M. P. Joshi Prof. M. M. Gupta
Seminar Guide H.O.D.
Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering Department
2
3. Acknowledgement
I am thankful to my guide Prof. M. P. Joshi whose personal enrolment in
the technical seminar presentation and report has been a major source of
inspiration for me to be flexible in my approach and thinking for tackling
various issues. He assumes the critical role of ensuring that I am always on the
right track.
I also extend my gratitude to Prof. M. M. Gupta (H.O.D, Mechanical
Dept.) without whose support, co-operation and guidance this paper
presentation would not have been a success.
Last but not the least we would like to say a big thanks to all the staff and
assistants of mechanical department.
Prof. M. P. Joshi Prof. M. M. Gupta
Seminar Guide H.O.D.
3
4. Abstract
The prices of fuels are rising to new heights day after day. Driving for
pleasure has been a thing of past. The need for using some alternatives for
gasoline or diesel fuel is the need of the hour.
Some alternative fuels like CNG, LPG, LNG, Hydrogen gas, Alcohols,
biodiesel etc are thought of after petrol and diesel. One such alternative fuel that
can be used in place of petrol especially is ethanol fuel.
Due to differences in the properties of ethanol fuel and gasoline fuel, the
engine designed for gasoline fuel cannot be used for ethanol fuel directly. There
are some modifications that are needed in the engine for use of ethanol fuel.
This report tries to explain some such modifications which are necessary
in gasoline engine for the use of ethanol fuel.
4
5. Index
1. Introduction to ethanol and properties----------------------------------7
2. Comparison between different fuels ------------------------------------8
3. Modifications --------------------------------------------------------------9
3.1. Mainjet changes-------------------------------------------------------10
3.2. Idle orifice changes---------------------------------------------------11
3.3. Power valve changes-------------------------------------------------12
3.4. Accelerator pump changes-------------------------------------------13
3.5. Compression ratio changes------------------------------------------14
3.6. Cold weather starting-------------------------------------------------16
3.7. Thermostat changes---------------------------------------------------17
4. Initial use of alcohol fuel-------------------------------------------------18
5. Fuel injection systems-----------------------------------------------------19
6. Benefits of using ethanol fuel--------------------------------------------20
7. Disadvantages of ethanol fuel--------------------------------------------21
8. Common ethanol fuel mixtures------------------------------------------22
9. Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------23
10. References------------------------------------------------------------------24
5
6. List of figures and tables
Fig. 1: Main jet orifice
Fig. 2: Idle orifice jet
Fig. 3: Power valve
Fig. 4: Accelerator pump jets
Fig. 5: High compression piston
Fig. 6: Milled piston
Fig. 7: A turbocharger
Fig. 8: air pre heater schematic
Fig. 9: ethanol percentages.
Table 1: comparison between calorific value of different fuels.
Table 2: modification in parts
6
7. Introduction to ethanol
Ethanol is the systematic name defined by the IUPAC nomenclature of
organic chemistry for a molecule with two carbon atoms (prefix "eth-"), having
a single bond between them (suffix "-ane"), and an attached -OH group (suffix
"-ol"). It is a volatile, flammable, and colourless liquid. Best known use
of ethanol is found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as
a solvent, and as a fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply
as alcohol or spirits. The molar mass of ethanol is 46.07 g/mol. The density of
ethanol is 0.785 g/cm3. Heat of vaporization is 840 kJ/kg.
Ethanol has a boiling point of 78.37 oC and melting point of -114 oC The
vapour pressure at 20 oC is 5.95 KPa. Viscosity of the compound at 20 oC is
0.0012 Pa-s.
Ethanol is a versatile solvent, miscible with water and with many organic
solvents,including aceticacid, acetone, benzene, carbontetrachloride, chloroform
, ethylene glycol, glycerol, nitro methane, and toluene. It is also miscible with
light aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane and hexane, and with aliphatic
chlorides such as trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene.
Ethanol's miscibility with water contrasts with the immiscibility of
longer-chain alcohols (five or more carbon atoms), whose water miscibility
decreases sharply as the number of carbons increases.
Ethanol-water mixtures have less volume than the sum of their individual
components at the given fractions.
Ethanol has a high self ignition temperature of around 326 oC, as
compared to petrol (240-280 oC) or diesel (210 oC).
7
8. Comparison between different fuels
The following table gives the properties of various compounds, which
can be used as fuels.
Research
Fuel type MJ/L MJ/kg octane
number
Dry wood (20% moisture) - ~19.5 -
Methanol 17.9 19.9 108.7
Ethanol 21.2 26.8 108.6
E85 25.2 33.2 105
(85% ethanol, 15%
gasoline)
Liquefied natural gas 25.3 ~55 -
Autogas (LPG) 26.8 50 -
(60% propane +
40% butane)
Aviation gasoline 33.5 46.8 100/130 (lean/rich)
(high-octane gasoline, not
jet fuel)
Gasohol 33.7 47.1 93/94
(90% gasoline + 10%
ethanol)
Regular gasoline/petrol 34.8 44.4 min. 91
Premium gasoline/petrol max. 104
Diesel 38.6 45.4 25
Charcoal, extruded 50 23 -
Table 1: Comparison between calorific value of different fuels.
Octane rating is the measure of performance of motor or aviation fuel.
8
9. Modifications
Required for converting gasoline engines for use of ethanol fuel
The engine which is designed for the use of gasoline fuel cannot be used
with ethanol fuel. Ethanol has higher octane rating than petrol. Hence
compression ratio to be achieved while using ethanol is more than that while
using petrol. Also, the calorific value of ethanol is less than petrol; hence more
fuel is needed to be burnt to obtain a certain amount of energy, as compared to
petrol. Ethanol is a cleansing agent. When used in engine, it cleans the dirt and
filth is formed in the engine. This may damage some parts of the engine and
make them useless.
Taking into account all these properties of ethanol, certain modifications
are required in the engine. The modifications vary depending on the maker of
the engine, technologies used, percentage of ethanol to be used as fuel, etc.
Major areas where modifications are necessary are as follows.
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10. Main jet modifications
The first thing to be altered is the main metering jet in the carburettor. In
most carburettors, this is a threaded brass plug with a specific-sized hole drilled
through the centre of it. This hole is called the main jet orifice, and its diameter
dictates how rich or lean the air/fuel mixture will be when the car is travelling at
cruising speeds. Naturally, the smaller the hole is, the less fuel will blend with
the air and the leaner the mixture will be. As the orifice is enlarged, the mixture
gets richer.
Since alcohol requires a richer air/fuel ratio, it's necessary to bore out the
main jet orifice when using ethanol fuel. In order to operate the engine
successfully on alcohol fuel, it's necessary to enlarge this opening from 20 to
40%.
There are some carburettors that do not use fixed-size jets alone, but also
utilize device known as a "metering rod". This is usually a thin, tapered or
stepped rod that's suspended within the jet orifice, which may or may not be
removable. The fuel, in this case is drawn through the space between the rod
and its housing. Depending on how far the throttle is opened, the metering rod is
lifted out of the hole. Since the rod is thick at its "base" (near the top), and
progressively thinner at its tip (toward the bottom) - the farther it's drawn out of
the hole, the more fuel is allowed to flow between the central rod and the
opening.
The conversion on this type of metering system is basically the same as
the fixed-jet conversion. To enlarge the orifice, either remove the metering rod
and very carefully drill the jet or turn the brass rod slightly. The diameter, if
increased in size, should be increased anywhere from 15 to 35%.
Fig. 1: Main jet orifice
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11. Idle orifice changes
Most carburettors will require additional idle circuit enlargement in order
for the engine to run at slowest or idle speeds. This is because the circuit which
is fed by the main jet operates fully only when the throttle plate within the
throat of the carburettor is opened past the idle position. When the plate is in the
idle position, the air/fuel mixture is allowed to enter the manifold only through
the idle orifice. If this orifice isn't large enough, it will not provide the needed
amount of air/fuel blend to keep the engine running.
In some engines, it may only be needed to loosen the idle mixture screw
at the base of the carburettor in order to provide the correct amount of fuel. In
some engines, it is possible that the seat itself, into which the tapered screw
extends, must be enlarged in order to accomplish the same thing.
In most cases, if the seat has to be bored out, it can be enlarged up to
50%. This will allow a full range of adjustment with the idle mixture screw,
even if one wants to go back to gasoline fuel.
As a precaution against the idle screw's vibrating loose from its threaded
opening, the idle mixture screw spring can be coupled with a couple of small
lock washers. This will prevent the screw from turning even if it's drawn out
farther from the seat than it normally would be.
Fig. 2: Idle orifice jet
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12. Power valve changes
Most modern auto carburettors have a valve, known as a power valve that
allows extra fuel to blend with the air/fuel mixture when the accelerator is
depressed, in order to enrich the mixture under load conditions. This is a
vacuum-controlled valve, is spring loaded, and shuts off when it isn't needed in
order to conserve fuel.
The power valve used in some of the carburettors is somewhat difficult to
alter and, besides, is sufficient for alcohol use in its normal configuration if it's
working properly. However, there are some carburettors that have easily
replaceable power valves which are available in various sizes. If a power valve
with a 25% increased dimension or so is used, the air/alcohol mixture will be
sufficiently enriched to give engine needs more power when needed.
Fig. 3: Power valve
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13. Accelerator pump changes
In addition to a power valve, almost all automotive carburettors utilize an
accelerator pump. This is a mechanically activated plunger or diaphragm that
injects a stream of raw fuel directly down the throat of the carburettor when the
accelerator is suddenly depressed.
The reason the accelerator pump is incorporated into modern carburettors
is that as the accelerator is pressed and more air/fuel mixture is drawn into the
cylinders, some of the liquid particles in the blend tend to stick to the walls of
the intake manifold, effectively leaning out the mixture by the time it reaches
the combustion chambers. The extra squirt of fuel that is added by the
accelerator pump makes up for this initial lean condition.
In order to adapt the accelerator pump to use alcohol effectively, the size
of the injection orifice needs to be increased. (anywhere from 10 to 25% is
fine.)
As an alternative to enlarging the hole, simple adjustment of the stroke
length of the pump arm in order to feed more fuel is sufficient. Most
carburettors installed on recent engines already have a provision for seasonal
adjustment, so it's just a matter of putting the pump on its richest setting. Other
carburettors, too, have threaded rods that can be adjusted to accomplish the
same thing.
Fig. 4: Accelerator pump jets
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14. Compression ratio changes
The ratio is calculated by the following formula:
Where,
b= cylinder bore (diameter)
s= piston stroke length
Vc= clearance volume.
CR is the ratio cylinder volume when piston is at BDC to the cylinder
volume when piston is at TDC.
This modification will do a great deal to improve engine performance and
economy. The compression ratio hike will take advantage of the potential that
ethanol has to offer as a fuel. Optimally, the ratio can be increased to 14- or 15-
to-1. But even a nominal increase to 12-to-1 will result in a vast improvement
over the standard 8- or 8.5-to-1 that most manufacturers incorporate into their
engines today.
The most inexpensive way to increase the compression ratio is to install a
set of high compression pistons. The forged units are designed to pack the
air/fuel charge tightly into the combustion chamber for increased power, and
have special relief notches built into their heads for valve clearance. However,
some engines may not tolerate a 15-to-1 compression ratio with standard
connecting rods and bearings. These components, too, may have to be replaced
with high-strength competition grade parts.
Another way of increasing compression ratio slightly is by "milling'' the
surfaces of the cylinder head and/or block.
A third - and perhaps the most versatile - way of effectively increasing
the compression ratio is by installing a turbocharger. These units, although
range high in price, provide a pressure boost in the combustion chamber
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15. proportional to the engine's RPM. Hence, compression would not be excessive
during engine start-up as it would be with the other methods.
No problem is encountered with a severe compression ratio increase,
unless switching back to gasoline fuel. To switch back to gasoline, installing a
water injection cooling system that would allow operating the car even on
regular fuel without fear of detonation would be helpful.
Fig. 5: High compression piston Fig. 6: Milled piston Fig. 7: A turbocharger
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16. Cold weather starting
Since alcohol doesn't vaporize as easily as does gasoline, cold weather
starting can be a problem, especially if the engine itself is cold. To alleviate this
undesirable situation, a combination cold start/dual-fuel system can be used,
which can work with any engine.
The various other remedies to overcome this problem are as follows:
Fuel preheating
In extremely cold climates, it may be necessary to preheat the alcohol
fuel before it enters the carburettor. This can be accomplished easily by
installing a fuel heater.
This can be achieved by passing the fuel through a tube, which passes
over the engine radiator. The hot engine parts will heat the fuel sufficiently. But,
this is not a very effective method, as while starting the cold engine, passing the
fuel over the radiator makes no effect. The engine should be started by some
alternative ways.
Air preheating
Most trucks and autos have air filter housings which are designed to
allow heated air from around the exhaust manifold to channel through a duct
and enter the carburettor when the engine first starts from a cold state. As the
engine warms up, a flap within the air cleaner "snorkel" shuts off this supply of
warm air and allows ambient air from the engine compartment to enter instead.
This flap is usually either thermostatically or vacuum controlled.
External resistance type air pre heaters may also be used for this purpose.
Fig. 8: air pre heater schematic
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17. Thermostat changes
In order to get maximum efficiency from your engine, the thermostat
within the engine block may need to be changed. A thermostat is designed to
hold the coolant within the cylinder head till it achieves the desired temperature.
Depending on the engine's operating conditions, the thermostat may cycle open
and shut regularly over the span of a few minutes.
The thermostat decides the temperature at which the coolant will enter the
head. As the working temperature of an ethanol fuel engine is less than that of a
petrol engine, the thermostat may need to be changed.
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18. Initial use of alcohol fuel
An engine altered as per the above modifications will run well on alcohol.
But the alcohol will act as a cleansing agent. And will not only clean out the
tank, fuel lines, and filters, but will also purge engine's internal parts of built-up
carbon, gum, and varnish deposits.
In effect, suddenly a lot of filth will be floating around in fuel. And it
may be enough to clog the fuel filter to the point of not allowing any fuel to
pass. Loosened internal engine deposits can foul the spark plugs badly.
In addition to the fact that alcohol is a cleaning agent, it is also a solvent.
And this means that certain types of plastics used in the fuel system of the
engine may be attacked by it.
In engines that use plastic components, however, there are several areas
of potential deterioration: 1. within the fuel tank, both the float and the strainer
on the fuel intake tube may be plastic. 2. The fuel lines themselves if they are
the clear, flexible type, may also soften. 3. The fuel pump diaphragm may also
be subject to failure. 4. Plastic in-line fuel filters should be replaced with metal
ones. 5. Many modern carburettors use plastic float needles, seals, and floats.
Of course, not all plastics are subject to corrosion, and neither are all
types of rubber. Generally, butyl rubber (like the type used in inner tubes)
should be avoided.
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19. Fuel injection systems
Since some vehicles are equipped with fuel injection rather than
carburettors, we will briefly touch on the use of alcohol with that system. There
are two important factors in a fuel injection setup: injection timing and control
jet diameter. Fortunately, since many systems now use an electronically
controlled timing sequence, injection timing is not critical in a fuel injected
engine. Neither performance nor economy can be improved substantially by
either advancing or retarding the injection timing process.
Control jet diameter, on the other hand, is an important factor. If the size
of the control jets (which are the equivalent of the metering jets in a carburettor)
is increased, the engine will operate well on alcohol fuel. An increase of 15-
20% is all that's necessary to accomplish the conversion.
An interesting feature of the fuel injection system is that it doesn't require
any gasoline during the cold weather starting process to fire the engine up.
Since the fuel is injected at a pressure of about 250 PSI, the alcohol fuel is
sufficiently vaporized to ignite easily within the combustion chamber.
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20. Benefits of using ethanol fuel
1. Ethanol is obtained from a number of sources, both natural and
manufactured.
2. It is a high octane fuel with octane number over 100. Engines using high
octane fuels can run more efficiently by using higher compression ratios.
3. It produces less overall emissions compared to gasoline.
4. When ethanol is burned, it forms more moles of exhaust gasses, which
gives higher pressure and more power in expansion stroke.
5. It has high latent heat of vaporization which results in a cooler intake
process. This raises the volumetric efficiency of the engine and reduces
the work input in the compression stroke.
6. Alcohols have low sulphur content and hence help in reducing emissions
and pollutions.
7. Ethanol can be made naturally from crops like sugarcane or by
fermentation of food grains. (It can be made even at home!)
20
21. Disadvantages of ethanol fuel
1. Ethanol has low energy content.
2. More ethanol fuel needs to be burned to obtain same energy as obtained
by petrol.
3. Ethanol has poor ignition characteristics.
4. Ethanol has almost invisible flames, which are dangerous while handling
the fuel.
5. Odour of ethanol is very offensive.
21
22. Common ethanol fuel mixtures
Various types of ethanol fuel mixtures can be used. Ethanol mixtures
usually range from E5 to E100. The numerical representing the percentage of
ethanol in the mix. Commercially available mixtures E85 and E100 need
modifications in the engine, while other mixtures can be used without any
modifications.
Fig. 9: ethanol percentages.
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23. Conclusion
For use of ethanol in engine, with alcohol percentage above 85%, some
modifications are required. The modifications can be summarised as in the
following table.
Exhaust system
Intake manifold
Ignition system
Fuel pr. Device
Cold start syst.
Ethanol blend
Fuel injection
Carburetor
Fuel pump
Fuel filter
Motor oil
Fuel tank
<=
5% NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
E5-
E10 YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
E10-
E25 YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO
E25-
E85 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO
E85-
E100 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
Table 2: modification in parts
23
24. References
Internal Combustion engines- V Ganesan, 4th edition TMH publications.
"Sustainable bio-fuels: prospects and challenges” Joseph (2007) in The Royal
Society (2008).
Hydrous ethanol vs. gasoline-ethanol blend: Engine performance and
emissions- Rodrigo C. Costa, José R. Sodré Pontifical Catholic University of Minas
Gerais, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MG, Brazil.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol
running_on_alcohol.tripod.com
Image source: Google.
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